3. Agenda
Overview
mobile communication
cellular radiation
regulation
research
precautionary measures
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4. MobileBasic Facts – Basic Facts
Mobile Phones –
Phones
• Allow communication from any location via a network of base stations
• Information is transmitted from the mobile phone to the base station and vice
versa via high-frequency electromagnetic fields
• Radiation intensity is greatest close to its source, i.e. a mobile phone's antenna
• Radiation is only strong while the phone is transmitting, not while idle state
• Radiation decreases sharply with distance to the phone
• Radiation exposure during a call depends on:
– mobile phone emits less when connection quality is good
– better outdoors than in a building
– improves with proximity to a base station
– When connecting to the network and switching from one cell to another, mobile
phones briefly transmit at maximum output power and this is only slowly
reduced
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6. Typical Transmission Power Values
Typical Transmission Power Values
dBm
Power Notes
level
60 dBm 1 kW = 1000 W Typical RF power of microwave oven elements
Maximum output from a UMTS/3G mobile phone
33 dBm 2W
Maximum output from a GSM850/900 mobile phone
30 dBm 1 W = 1000 mW Maximum output from a GSM1800/1900 mobile phone
15 dBm 32 mW Typical WiFi transmission power in laptops.
0 dBm 1.0 mW Bluetooth standard radio, 1 m range
Typical maximum received signal power (−10 to −30 dBm) of
−10 dBm 100 µW
wireless network
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7. SAR
Exposure measurements
• SAR - Specific Absorption Rate
• Electromagnetic radiation (W) that is absorbed by the human body (kg)
• Determined using a human head "phantom"
• Published on the internet and in the instruction manuals
• SAR is measured in a "worst-case" scenario
• 1.6 W/kg exposure limit according to the International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
(ICNIRP, adopted 1996)
• The lower SAR of the device, the lower the radiation that is absorbed by the
body
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9. Regulation
UK :
When buying a mobile phone, Russia:
one must insist on low SAR Establishment of institutions
levels to asses the affects of
Department of Health 2005 mobile radiation
Russia Senate & Ministry of
Health 2009;
USA:
San Francisco is first in the US to
adopt regulations which obligate full Finland:
disclosure of SAR levels at every Parents are requested to
mobile phone sales point (June recommend their children to
2010) use text messages rather
Senate & Ministry of Health 2009 than calls
Finnish Radiation and Nuclear
Safety Authority
France:
Legislative initiative to ban mobile Israel:
sales without speaker and to ban Switzerland:
When buying a mobile Children and teens
mobile advertising to teenagers should use mobile
Senate & Ministry of Health 2009 phone, one must insist on
low SAR levels phones only in cases of
Federal Office of Public Health emergency
2009 Ministry of Health 2008
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10. Research
• Around 35 studies till today (starting 1996), all on adults
Interphone
• Published June 2010 - 13 countries, 10 years
• overseen by the World Health Organization (WHO )
• compared cell phone usage for more than 5,000 people with brain tumors
(glioma and meningioma) and a similar number of healthy controls.
• People who use their mobile phones for at least 30 minutes a day for 10
years (“heavy users”) have a greater risk of developing brain cancer
(30%- 40%).
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11. Research Cont.
Cosmos
• World Health Organization (WHO) and the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA).
• Long term health monitoring of a large group of people to determine if there are any health
issues linked to long term exposure to radio frequency energy from cell phone use.
• Started in 2010, COSMOS study will follow approximately 300,000 adult cell phone users in
Europe for 20 to 30 years
Mobi-Kids
• International multi-center study involving 14 European and non-European countries
• Investigating the relationship between exposure to radio frequency energy from communication
technologies including cell phones and brain cancer in young people
• Started in 2010, nearly 2000 young people between 10 to 24 years
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16. tawkon is a unique approach to handling public concerns
of mobile radiation
reduce exposure… without reducing usage
Drive Safely Eat Wisely Talk Responsibly
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