Lecture 4

9. OLTP vs. OLAP

12. Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids all time item location supplier time,item time,location time,supplier item,location item,supplier location,supplier time,item,location time,item,supplier time,location,supplier item,location,supplier time, item, location, supplier 0-D(apex) cuboid 1-D cuboids 2-D cuboids 3-D cuboids 4-D(base) cuboid

14. Example of Star Schema Sales Fact Table time_key item_key branch_key location_key units_sold dollars_sold avg_sales Measures time_key day day_of_the_week month quarter year time location_key street city province_or_street country location item_key item_name brand type supplier_type item branch_key branch_name branch_type branch

15. Example of Snowflake Schema Sales Fact Table time_key item_key branch_key location_key units_sold dollars_sold avg_sales Measures time_key day day_of_the_week month quarter year time location_key street city_key location item_key item_name brand type supplier_key item branch_key branch_name branch_type branch supplier_key supplier_type supplier city_key city province_or_street country city

16. Example of Fact Constellation Sales Fact Table time_key item_key branch_key location_key units_sold dollars_sold avg_sales Measures Shipping Fact Table time_key item_key shipper_key from_location to_location dollars_cost units_shipped time_key day day_of_the_week month quarter year time location_key street city province_or_street country location item_key item_name brand type supplier_type item branch_key branch_name branch_type branch shipper_key shipper_name location_key shipper_type shipper

21. Data Warehousing Process Overview

24. Data Warehousing Architectures

25. Data Warehousing Architectures

26. Data Warehousing Architectures

28. Data Warehousing Architectures

29. Data Warehousing Architectures

30. Data Warehousing Architectures

31. Data Warehousing Architectures

32. Data Warehousing Architectures

33. Data Warehousing Architectures

35. A Concept Hierarchy: Dimension (location) all Europe North_America Mexico Canada Spain Germany Vancouver M. Wind L. Chan ... ... ... ... ... ... all region office country Toronto Frankfurt city

37. A Sample Data Cube Total annual sales of TV in U.S.A. Date Product Country All, All, All sum sum TV VCR PC 1Qtr 2Qtr 3Qtr 4Qtr U.S.A Canada Mexico sum

38. Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube all product date country product,date product,country date, country product, date, country 0-D(apex) cuboid 1-D cuboids 2-D cuboids 3-D(base) cuboid

45. Multi-Tiered Architecture Data Warehouse OLAP Engine Analysis Query Reports Data mining Monitor & Integrator Metadata Data Sources Front-End Tools Serve Data Marts Data Storage OLAP Server Extract Transform Load Refresh Operational DBs other sources

47. Data Warehouse Development: A Recommended Approach Define a high-level corporate data model Data Mart Data Mart Distributed Data Marts Multi-Tier Data Warehouse Enterprise Data Warehouse Model refinement Model refinement

55. Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube Computation B A B 29 30 31 32 1 2 3 4 5 9 13 14 15 16 64 63 62 61 48 47 46 45 a1 a0 c3 c2 c1 c 0 b3 b2 b1 b0 a2 a3 C 44 28 56 40 24 52 36 20 60

56. Multi-way Array Aggregation for Cube Computation A B 29 30 31 32 1 2 3 4 5 9 13 14 15 16 64 63 62 61 48 47 46 45 a1 a0 c3 c2 c1 c 0 b3 b2 b1 b0 a2 a3 C 44 28 56 40 24 52 36 20 60 B

65. Examples: Discovery-Driven Data Cubes

70. An OLAM Architecture Data Warehouse Meta Data MDDB OLAM Engine OLAP Engine User GUI API Data Cube API Database API Data cleaning Data integration Layer3 OLAP/OLAM Layer2 MDDB Layer1 Data Repository Layer4 User Interface Filtering&Integration Filtering Databases Mining query Mining result

75. Data Warehousing Architectures

81. Data Integration and the Extraction, Transformation, and Load (ETL) Process

89. Data Warehouse Development

103. Real-Time Data Warehousing

104. Real-Time Data Warehousing