Presented By: Aman Saxena, Amir Suhail.

1. ASSOCIATION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS NIRMAAN 2014
EARTHQUAKES : CAUSES , ANALYSIS
RESISTANT DESIGNS AND INNOVATION
AMAN SAXENA AMIR SUHAIL
II CE,HBTI-K II CE,HBTI-K

2. LAYERS
• WHAT IS EARTH QUAKE?
• ITS CAUSES
• EFFECTS
• EARTH QUAKE ENGINEERING
• RESISTANT DESIGN

3. What is an
earthquake?
An earthquake is a sudden
release of energy due to shifts
in the earth’s plates that has
been stored in the rocks
beneath the earth’s surface
which causes a trembling or
shaking of the ground. The
energy that is released from the
ruptured rock travels in waves
which are known as seismic
waves.
There are two types of seismic
waves; body waves which
travel through the interior of
Earth and surface waves which
travel on Earth's surface. The
two body waves are primary
waves (p-waves) and
secondary waves (s-waves).

4. The compressional (push-pull)
wave will vibrate parallel to the
direction that the wave is
traveling up to speeds of 4 to 8
km per second (2.49 to 4.35
miles per second). The S-wave
vibrates perpendicular to the
direction of travel and can travel
up to speeds of 2 to 5 km per
second ( 1.24 to 3.11 miles per
second).
Love waves and Raleigh
waves are known as Surface
waves. Surface waves are the
slowest of the seismic waves,
but because they travel near the
surface of Earth and contain a
range of oscillating frequencies
they often cause the most
damage

5. World Earthquake Fault Lines

6. • Ground Shaking: Shakes structures constructed on
ground causing them to collapse
• Liquefaction: Conversion of formally stable
cohesionless soils to a fluid mass, causing damage
to the structures
• Landslides: Triggered by the vibrations
• Retaining structure failure: Damage of anchored
wall, sheet pile, other retaining walls and sea walls
• Fire: Indirect result of earthquakes triggered by
broken gas and power lines
• Tsunamis: large waves created by the
instantaneous displacement of the sea floor during
submarine faulting

7. Ground Shaking
Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves.
High frequency body waves shake low buildings more.
Low frequency surface waves shake high buildings more.
Intensity of shaking also depends on type of subsurface material.
Unconsolidated materials amplify shaking more than rocks do.
Buildings respond differently to shaking depending on
construction styles, materials
 Wood -- more flexible, holds up well.
 Earthen materials, unreinforced concrete -- very vulnerable to
shaking.

8. What is liquefaction?
This residential and commerial building sank more
than three feet into the partially liquefied soil.

9. Liquefaction is a type of ground failure in which water saturated sediment turns
from a solid to a liquid as a result of shaking, often caused by an earthquake or
even a volcanic eruption. In order for the liquefaction to occur the sand grains must
be fine grain sand that are not closely packed together nor must it be held but some
sort of cohesion. The intense shaking causes the strength of the soil to become
weak and the sand and water begin to flow.

10. Nishinomia Bridge 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan
Flow failures of structures - caused by loss of strength of underlying soil
Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

11. Lateral Spreading: Liquefaction related
phenomenon
Upslope portion of lateral spread at Budharmora, Gujarat

12. Inadequate attachment of building to foundation

13. Building design: Buildings that are not designed for
earthquake loads suffer more

14. Increased water pressure causes collapse of dams

15. Cracked Highway, Alaska, 1964
Lateral spreading in the soil beneath embankment causes the
embankment to be pulled apart, producing the large crack
down the center of the road.

16. Lateral Deformation and Spreading
 Down slope movement of soil, when loose
sandy (liquefiable) soil is present, at slopes as
gentle as 0.50
 In situations where strengths (near or post
liquefaction) are less than the driving static
shear stresses, deformations can be large, and
global instability often results

17. Mexico City Earthquake, 1985
8.1 Magnitude
Poorly constructed buildings caused thousands of deaths

18. Northridge Earthquake, 1994
Southern California, USA
6.7 Magnitude
most houses were wooden and did not collapse

19. Kobe Earthquake Japan 1995 Structures in Kobe built since 1981 had
been designed to strict seismic codes. Most of these buildings withstood the
earthquake. In particular, newly built ductile-frame high rise buildings were
generally undamaged.

20. Northridge Earthquake Southern California 1994

21. A major cause of damage
was liquefaction of the
recent alluvial deposits that
under laid large portions of
the city. The result was
excessive settlements and
bearing capacity failures
for countless buildings,
most of which were
supported on shallow
foundations. This new
building was not yet
occupied at the time of the
earthquake. Again, the
bearing failure of its mat
foundation was related to
its relatively large height-
to-width ratio.
Adapazari, Turkey, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake

22. Damage due to Earthquakes
Earthquakes have varied effects, including
changes in geologic features, damage to man-
made structures and impact on human and animal
life.
Earthquake Damage depends on many
factors:
 The size of the Earthquake
 The distance from the focus of the
earthquake
 The properties of the materials at the site
 The nature of the structures in the area

23. Damage to the Intercontinental Hotel during Mexico City's 1985 earthquake was
severe even though the building was relatively new

24. Oakland Bridge failure

25. Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms
and vertically displaces the overlying water.
The water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium
position. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts
under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium.
Tsunami travels at a speed that is related to the water depth - hence,
as the water depth decreases, the tsunami slows.
The tsunami's energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave
speed and wave height, remains nearly constant.
Consequently, as the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into
shallower water, its height grows. Because of this effect, a tsunami,
imperceptible at sea, may grow to be several meters or more in
height near the coast and can flood a vast area.
Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis

26. Tsunami Movement: ~600 mph in deep water
~250 mph in medium depth water
~35 mph in shallow water
Tsunami

27. The tsunami of 3m height at Shikotan, Kuril Islands, 1994
carried this vessel 70 m on-shore. The waves have eroded the
soil and deposited debris.

28. Foundation failure in Kerala during Tsunami (December 26th, 2004)

29. Earthquakes
sometimes cause fire
due to broken gas
lines, contributing to
the loss of life and
economy.
The destruction of lifelines
and utilities make impossible
for firefighters to reach fires
started and make the
situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco
Earthquake Destruction: Fire

30. What is Earthquake Engineering?
Earthquake engineers are
concerned with creating
earthquakes resistant designs and
construction techniques to build of
all kinds
of bridges, roads and buildings.
Earthquake engineers are faced with
many uncertainties and must be
smart in their decisions in
developing safe solutions to
challenging problems. They rely
on state-of-the-art technology,
materials science, laboratory
testing and field monitoring.

31. Shock Table Test Facility for Evaluating
Earthquake Resistant Features in Buildings
Table
(payload 5000kg)
Fund. Freq. 90Hz
Masonry Building
Models
Pendulum
(1.8m length & 600kg mass
Max. swing 400)
Rebound beam
Research & Development
 Indigenous design and fabrication of
test facility
 Novel earthquake resistant features
for masonry buildings
 Simulating failure patterns same as
those observed in buildings after an
earthquake
Data acquisition
system
Table acceleration response for a swing
angle of 300
Corner
containment
reinforcement
with triangular
link
containment
reinforcement
with link
Peak table acceleration 1.1g

32. Behavior of building models after 13 shocks
Model 1
(ERF as per
IS 4326:1993)
Model 2
(ERF as per
IS 4326:1993
plus additional
R C band at
Sill level and
Containment
reinforcement
One fourth scale models
Model 1
Response at top of cross wall
Model 2
Response at top of cross wall
Response after 5 shocks

33. Building Design
After the earthquake in Mexico City, Mexican officials adopted a new design that can protect the buildings from
earthquakes. This design was developed by some engineers at the University of California at Berkeley.
Looking at the diagram below you can see that the braces form an X which are anchored in concrete blocks at
the base and on the roof of the building.
In diagram A we have conventional steel bracing. Under the stress of the earthquake one of the braces collapses
under the stress. If all the braces begging to snap then the structural integrity of the building fails.
Now in diagram B, the engineers at Berkely used a hydraulic jack to pull or stretch the rods. Once the rods are
prestressed they can now be anchored to the base and to the roof of the building. The braces now have some
room to contract thereby strengthening the structural integrity of the building.

34. Earthquake-Resistant Structure
Building designed to prevent total collapse, preserve life, and minimize
damage

35. 1.Excavation, fill placement, groundwater
table lowering
2.Densification through vibration or
compaction
3.Drainage through dissipation of excess
pore water pressure
4.Resistant through inclusions
5. Stiffening through cement or chemical
addition
Types of Ground Improvement by Function

36. Other methods
• Displacement piles: densification by
displacement of pile volume, usually
precast concrete or timber piles
→Compaction grouting: densification by
displacement of grout volume

37. Earthquake resistant design of geotechnical structures
Geotechnical structures like,
Retaining wall/Sheet pile
Slope
Shallow foundations
Deep foundations
Must be designed to withstand the earthquake
loading

38. INNOVATIONS
AND
RESURGENCE
OF
TRADITIONAL
KNOWLEDGE

39. Engineers chose a hybrid girder design that combined the rigidity, noise
absorption, and low cost of concrete with the precision manufacturing offered
by steel. The system’s reinforced-concrete support piers are designed to
withstand the seismic forces of earthquakes measuring up to 7.5 on the
Richter scale.
High-Speed Magnetic Levitation Rail Line Shanghai, China 2004

40. Nepal Develops Earthquake Resistant Architecture
A plan for safer houses in rural areas
Nepal has a history of being devastated by major
earthquakes every 75 to 100 years, with the first
recorded as early as 1255 AD. In 1934 Nepal
experienced a deadly earthquake that resulted in the
death of 8,500 people and destruction of 20 percent
of valley structures, at a time when the population
was far less than at present. Seismologists are
predicting the occurrence of a large earthquake of
this kind in the near future, which is likely to be most
intense in the urban core.
http://www.archidev.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=273

41. Ninety percent of Nepalese houses are made of stone and
unfired bricks. The Structural Engineers in Nepal are
retrofitting current structures for about $25/home. By
creating a one-meter square grid of punched holes in the
stone wall covered with a 10
cm mesh of bamboo on the inside
and outside the homes become
earthquake resistant. This net is
Secured to the wall by means of
12-gauge Gabion wire, (a form of
riprap contained in a wire cage that
is very useful in erosion control.),
which is inserted through the
holes and fastened strongly. It is covered with a stucco
of mud, which is used in rural areas in order to ensure
longer life for the bamboo mesh.

42. The Lefkas (Greece) earthquake resistant
technique Two-story houses are built with a ground
floor of rough boulder masonry and three lines of wooden
posts (one along each long wall, and one in the middle of
the room) support the first floor. This one is erected in
wood-frame construction (Dajji).
Foundations are laid on a three-layer round-poles mat,
which could behave as a spring if a gap was left around.
The main benefit is outspread of the foundation surface.
"Dajji" is traditional in Cashmere (India). It is
very efficient and affordable. A wooden frame is
built without bracing. The empty rectangular or
square "panels" are filled with a mesh of wood and
stone cemented with mud. These panels work as
bracing, but allow slight movement, and give
elasticity to the whole structure. Thus, the house is
able to move and to absorb the earthquake’s
movement.
Another advantage of this technique is to be
(comparatively) lightweight, and thus being less
stressed by earthquakes.
http://www.archidev.org/article.php3?id_article=1027

43. BIBLIOGRAPHY
en.wikipedia.org
State departments of various countries for
images

44. THANK YOU