The document provides an introduction to paraphrasing and citation and avoiding plagiarism. It discusses what constitutes plagiarism and some common forms of intentional and unintentional plagiarism. It then offers a four-step process for properly paraphrasing others' work, including selecting the relevant information, putting it in your own words, citing the original author, and comparing your work to the original. The document stresses the importance of paraphrasing to avoid plagiarism and demonstrate your understanding.

1. An Introduction to Paraphrasing & Citation

3. 72% In the United States… … of students admitted cheating on a written assignment Based on the research of Donald L. McCabe, Rutgers University Source: “CIA Research.” Center for Academic Integrity, Duke University, 2003 < http://academicintegrity.org/cai_research.asp >.

6. What are the Consequences?

10. SOLUTION? PARAPHRASING!

13. 4 STEPS TO PARAPHRASING

14. #1 Select only the information you need

15. Aim: What might happen (politically and socially) if human lifespan increases? As one scientific breakthrough after another increases our understanding of human ageing, it becomes increasingly possible to slow or even reverse this process. With authoritative predictions of possible lifespans up to 150, 300 or even more, new costs loom. What will be the effect on family life, as multiple generations begin to overlap and the distinctions of physical age and mental maturity between them begin to blur? What new medical problems will emerge in this generation of unprecedentedly aged? More importantly, given that life-extending medications are likely to be restricted to those with the money to pay for them, what will be the national or even the global response to the presence of a wealthy class of 'immortals' among the 'mayflies' of ordinary people? Is it not inevitable that the concentration of power and wealth in the hands of a few will be intensified as such individuals live longer? More optimistically, when 200 years in the future becomes a part of an individual's own lifetime, perhaps we will see a surge in foresight and planning among our leaders, who can no longer consign quite so many of the negative consequences of their decisions to a later generation.

16. Aim: How has European settlement in Australia affected different Australian birds? Not all species have suffered from land clearing. A few bird species, such as the magpie, together with larger kangaroos such as the Eastern Grey and Red, have expanded their range as clearing creates more of their favoured grassland and open woodland habitats, while some butterflies have also expanded their range as far as Alice Springs, following the trees and flowers planted around homesteads across the outback. Not all species have suffered from land clearing. A few bird species, such as the magpie , together with larger kangaroos such as the Eastern Grey and Red, have expanded their range as clearing creates more of their favoured grassland and open woodland habitats , while some butterflies have also expanded their range as far as Alice Springs, following the trees and flowers planted around homesteads across the outback.

17. Aim: You need figures to show that teenagers may also suffer from the disease of atherosclerosis (i.e. they may have their blood vessels blocked with fatty 'plaque'). Dissecting out the arteries of some 1020 subjects below the age of 18 (the otherwise healthy victims of accidents, murder or other non-illness related deaths), our study revealed that 10% had as much as 40% of their arteries clogged with plaque. This life-threatening level of atherosclerosis was attributed to changes in diet and exercise levels in the general community over the past 50 years. Dissecting out the arteries of some 1020 subjects below the age of 18 (the otherwise healthy victims of accidents, murder or other non-illness related deaths), our study revealed that 10% had as much as 40% of their arteries clogged with plaque . This life-threatening level of atherosclerosis was attributed to changes in diet and exercise levels in the general community over the past 50 years.

18. #2 Use your own words

19. Use synonyms

20. More than half of the business women who attended the conference were in business with their husbands The terrible accident on the Karak Highway was the result of bad weather. Raw honey is believed to be an ancient treatment for healing wounds. There has been unrest in most parts of the region due to the civil war.

21. Interchange active and passive voices

22. Andrew repaired the machine. The problem was due to the electrical circuits being wired wrongly.

23. On Tuesday night, a heavy storm ravaged Kuala Lumpur. The storm destroyed dozens of houses and buildings in the inner city.

24. #3 Give credit to original author

26. Examples “ We live in the shadow of the sixties. Of all the artificial constructs by which we delineate our immediate past, ‘the sixties’ have the greatest purchase on the mass imagination. They stand rightly or not, as the dominant myth of the modern era” Green, J. (1999) All Dressed Up: Sixties and the Counter-Culture, London: Jonathan Cape Ltd

28. #4 Compare what you wrote with original text

30. Spot the mistakes (1) Copied word for word without attribution - Plagiarism Original “ At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.” Student’s Work At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.

31. Spot the mistakes (2) The 2nd sentence is directly lifted but only the 1st is attributed – Plagiarism Original “ At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.” Student’s Work Green (1999) points out the inevitability of encountering the word ‘revolution’ when looking at the sixties. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.

32. Spot the mistakes (3) This is still plagiarism. The essay example just exchanges one word for another. Original “ At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.” Student’s Work At the core of any discussion of what occurred during the sixties, one unavoidably meets the word ‘revolution’. For the intention of this discussion, it is necessary to separate the ‘revolution’ into two parts.

33. Spot the mistakes (4) The source is correctly referenced. No plagiarism. Original “ At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.” Student’s Work Green (1999) argues that any discussion of ‘the sixties’ inevitably involves use of the term ‘revolution’. In his book, he chooses to divide this ‘revolution’ into two distinct parts.

34. Exercises!

37. Please Summarize Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. &quot;Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers,&quot; Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348

40. At KDU, plagiarism is dealt with via an anti-plagiarism system known as Turn-It-In .

41. SAMPLE!

44. Get your lecturer to give you the CLASS ID and PASSWORD relevant to your class!

45. http://tlc-kdu.blogspot.com

46. Quotation Green (1999) writes that “we live in the shadow of the sixties. Of all the artificial constructs by which we delineate our immediate past, ‘the sixties’ have the greatest purchase on the mass imagination. They stand rightly or not, as the dominant myth of the modern era”. Summary Green (1999) argues that the sixties are the pivotal period of the modern world.

47. Paraphrasing and quoting For Green, ‘the sixties’ have a strong resonance in contemporary culture, describing them as “the dominant myth of the modern era” (1999, p62) Summary For Green (1999), the idea of ‘the sixties’ has a very powerful hold on our contemporary culture. Summary Green (1999) argues that the sixties are the pivotal period of the modern world.

48. “ Leadership almost always involves thinking and acting like the underdog. That’s because leaders work to changethings, and the people who are winning rarely do. “ Leadership requires bravery. Managing doesn’t, and following the rules to make a living doesn’t. It migh tbe hard work, but it feels safe. Changing things – pushing the envelope and creating a future that doesn’t exist yet (at the same time you’re criticized by everyone else) – requires bravery.” Godin, S. (2008) Tribes : We need you to lead us , New York: Penguin

49. A key factor in explaining the sad state of American education can be found in overbureaucratization, which is seen in the compulsion to consolidate our public schools into massive factories and to increase to mammoth size our universities even in underpopulated states. The problem with bureaucracies is that they have to work hard and long to keep from substituting self-serving survival and growth for their original primary objective. Few succeed. Bureaucracies have no soul, no memory, and no conscience. If there is a single stumbling block on the road to the future, it is the bureaucracy as we know it. Edward T. Hall, Beyond Culture , Anchor Publishing, 1977, p. 219 Original Text

50. “ American education is overly bureaucratic. This is manifest in the increasing size of educational institutions, even in small states. Bureaucracies are bad because they tend to work to promote their own survival and growth rather than that of the institution, as was their initial objective. Most bureaucracies fail because they have a conscience or a soul. I believe that bureaucracies are the biggest stumbling block on the road to the educational future.” BAD!

51. “ Bureaucratization has proved to be a major stumbling block on the road to our educational future. American institutions have become factories that are more conducive to the growth of bureaucratic procedures than to the growth of the students who attend them. Bureaucracies have to work long and hard to keep from promoting their own survival rather than the educational goals that were their primary objective.” GOOD but BAD!

52. Bureaucratization has proved to be a major stumbling block on the road to our educational future. American institutions have become factories that are more conducive to the growth of bureaucratic procedures than to the growth of the students who attend them. This means that, as Edward T. Hall says in his book, Beyond Culture , today's educational institutions &quot;have no soul, no memory, and no conscience&quot;.” BAD!

53. In his book, Beyond Culture , Edward T. Hall discusses the problems posed by the increasing bureaucratization of American educational institutions. Hall maintains that overbureaucratization is one of the key factors governing the state of education in America today. He points to the tendency of bureaucracies to promote their own growth and survival first and foremost, and observes that few overcome that tendency. He believes that this is responsible for the fact that many public schools bear a closer resemblance to factories than to educational institutions. In Hall's words , &quot;Bureaucracies have no soul, no memory, and no conscience.&quot; (Hall, 1977) GOOD!