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History of nursing
1. History of Health Care & Nursing Rasheed Ahmed Khan Nursing instructor ION(DUHS)
2. NURSING: DEFINITIONS Nursing (as an art) Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people Nursing (as a science) It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific research and logical analysis. Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem.
3. Cont ………… Nursing (as a profession ) Profession- a calling in which its members profess to have acquired special knowledge by training or experience, or both so that they may guide, advise or save others in that special field. Florence Nightingale Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.
4. Cont ………. Virginia Henderson Nursing is the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform independently if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
5. Cont ……….. Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping relationship in which the nurse assist the client to achieve and obtain optimal health. – 1987 Themes that are common to these definition: • Nursing is caring • Nursing is an art • Nursing is a science • Nursing is client-centered • Nursing is holistic • Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration • Nursing is a helping profession
6. Cont …….. American Nurses Association (ANA) 1973 Nursing is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family, and community during health and illness. 1980 Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.
7. Cont …….. 1995 ANA acknowledge four essential features of contemporary nursing practice: • Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to health and illness. • Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding of the client or group’s subjective experience. • Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment. • Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.
8. Nurse: Definition Nurse • Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish • One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled • One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. • An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health.
9. Patient: Definition Patient • Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to Bear” • An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance • An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery due to illness or a disease. • Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is physically or mentally disabled.
20. ANCIENT INDIAN First civilizations were highly developed 1500 BC Ayurveda Explains hygiene, disease prevention, major/ minor surgery, children’s disease, inoculation, materia medica, disease of CNS & GUS 1400 BC- Sushruta ‘ Father of Surgery’ in India. Charaka wrote ‘Internal medicine’
21. ANCIENT INDIAN King Ashoka (272 – 236 BC) Public hospitals with male nurses and some older women, hospitals for animals. Universities (monasteries) of Taxila & Nalanda (Bihar) Nurses should have 3 qualities – high standards, skills and trustworthiness 1 AD Superstition & magic replaced by more up-to-date practice. But medicine remained in the hands of priest physician, who refused to touch blood and pathological tissue
22. ANCIANT INDIAN 1000 AD Brahmin influences gained strength and re-established itself. Buddhism declined. Brahmins were priest physicians Rigid Hindu caste system. No dissection. Superstition and magic replaced practice of medicine
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30. The Crusades • Europe rose to reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims • Hospitals developed on the battlefields • Knight Hospitaliers of St. John’s of Jerusalem cared for the injured • Knights organized nursing care • Had a probationary period before you could wear the “ white” robes of knighthood • Nursing became acceptable for women and encouraged by Catholic Church
