1. CON 123
Cementitious Materials
Session 1
Introduction to Cementitious Materials

2. Introduction to Cementitious Materials
Typical uses for normal or
general use cements
include (left to right)
highway pavements,
floors, bridges, and
buildings.

3. Introduction to Cementitious Materials
Typical uses for normal or
general use cements
include (left to right)
highway pavements,
floors, bridges, and
buildings.

4. Cementitious Material
Definition: Any material which has cementing
properties or contributing to the formation of
hydrated calcium silicate compounds.

5. Cementitious Materials
 Hydraulic Portland Cement
 Blended Hydraulic Cement
 Performance Cement
 Slag Cement
 Fly Ash
 Silica Fume

6. Aerial view of a cement plant.

7. Basic Ingredients
• Calcium Oxide - CaO
• Silica - SiO2
• Alumina - Al2O3
• Iron Oxide - Fe2O3

8. Rotary kiln (furnace) for manufacturing Portland cement clinker.
Inset view inside the kiln.

9. Clinker & Gypsum
Clinker Gypsum
Portland cement clinker is formed by burning calcium and siliceous raw
materials in a kiln. This particular clinker is about 20 mm (3¼ - 4 in.) in
diameter.
Gypsum, a source of sulfate, is interground with Portland clinker to form
Portland cement. It helps control setting, drying shrinkage properties, and
strength development.

10. Hydraulic Portland Cement
 A cement that sets and hardens by chemical
interaction with water and capable of doing so
underwater
 A cement that contains only hydraulic
Portland clinker, 5% limestone and gypsum
 A cement that has prescriptive requirements

11. Blended Hydraulic Cement
 A cement that consists of two or more
inorganic constituents, one which is not a
Portland cement clinker or a cement
 Ingredients are proportioned and prescribed
with some performance attributes

12. Performance Cement
 A Blended Hydraulic Cement
 A Cement that consists of two or more
inorganic constituents
 A cement that performance criteria alone
governs the product constituents

13. Portland Cement Shipments by Type
Type V White
TYPE III3% 0% Blended
3% 1%
Types I & II
93%

14. Slag - Manufacture
Iron Blast Furnace
Iron Ore Limestone/Coal
Fusion at
1400 to 1600 C
Slag
Pig Iron

15. Slag - Manufacture
 Molten blast furnace slag is tapped from the
blast furnace, moved through a hot runner on
the blast-furnace work floor. Dropped in a
“blow” box to a jet-process granulator.
 GGBF is glassy - with the right chemistry and
morphology to form hydraulic cement when
finely ground.

16. Slag - Manufacture
Hot Runner

17. Slag Cement
 Slag Cement, also known as ground
granulated blast furnace slag, Ggbfs
 Slag Cement is a ground glassy granulated
material formed when molten blast-furnace
slag is rapidly chilled as by immersion in water

18. What is Fly Ash?
• Finely divided material
that is removed from the
exhaust gas of a high
temperature combustion
process of coal burning
power plants.

19. Source of Coal Fly Ash
• Coal Source and Ash Composition
• Stack Gases Contain Liquefied
Minerals
• Cooling of Gases form Spherical
Particles
• Electrostatic or Bag-House
Precipitators

20. Silica Production & Silica Fume
Silica fume is a byproduct
of producing silicon metal
or ferrosilicon alloys in an
electric-arc furnace.
The raw materials going
into the furnace, the
electric-arc furnace (2000
C), and the smoke
collection system are
shown.

21. Silica Production & Silica Fume

22. What is Silica Fume?
 Very fine non-crystalline silica produced in
electric arc furnaces as a byproduct of the
production of elemental silicon …..
-- ACI 116R

23. What is Silica Fume?
• Cement grains (left) and
silica fume particles
(right) at the same
magnification.
• The longer white bar in
the silica fume side is 1
µm long.
• ACI 234R-96, Guide to
the Use of Silica Fume
in Concrete.

24. Historical Prospective
 Ancient Egyptians used calcined gypsum
 Greeks and Romans used calcined limestone
 Romans combine volcanic ash and lime
(Pozzuoli, near Vesuvius)

25. Roman Structures
 Coliseum in Rome
 Pantheon in Rome

26. Beginning of the Industry
• John Smeaton,
Commissioned in 1759
to rebuild Eddystone
Lighthouse
• Mixing of Pozzolana
with limestone
Isle of Portland quarry stone (after which Portland cement was named)
next to a cylinder of modern concrete.

27. Natural Cement
 Stronger than a hydraulic lime
 Manufactured in Rosendale, New York (1800’s)
 Used to build Erie Canal, 1818

28. Hydraulic Cement
 Joseph Aspdin, patented “Portland Cement”,
1824
 Portland cement, resemblance to color of
natural limestone
 Limestone quarried: Isle of Portland off
English Channel

29. Portland Cement
 Exports to North America, 1865
 Shipments to United States, 1868
 First Portland Cement produced in US, Coplay,
Pennsylvania 1871

30. Introduction
Please return to Blackboard and watch the
following video:
 Video 1: Chemical Compounds in Portland
Cement