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Part VIII




Local Governments
Table of Contents
The Nature of Local Governments
Definition and Purpose of Local Governments
Characteristics of Local Government
Decentralization, Devolution and Deconcentration
Local Governments in the New World
Patterns of Local Governments
English Model
Soviet Model
French Model
Traditional Model
Two-Tier and Multiple-Tier System
Local Autonomy
Reasons for the Creation of Local
Governments
Relationship with the Center
Under a Dual System
Under a Fused System
Local Government in the Philippines
General Supervision over Local
Governments
Revenue and Taxing Power of LGUs
Regional and Metropolitan Government
Local Governments
Local government is a government for
particular locality like a town, city,
country or a village. It is subordinate
to the central or national government.
It does not have natural powers but it
only derives authority and functions
from a higher- level government. Thus,
local government is merely a creation
of national government.
There are three evolving theories
concerning the nature of local
governments, namely: historical
theory; legal theory; and
competence theory.
1. Historical Theory
The theory contends that decentralization
is a natural right of the people in local
communities toward self-determination.
Local government is seen as an essential
element of democracy in harnessing and
consolidating the varied interests of the
people in a more responsive approach. It is
believed that local villagers are far more
effective to address and solve their local
problems themselves than someone from
the outside.
2. Legal Theory
The theory contends that strong
centralization of government powers is
much superior in harnessing and
coordination the needs and services of
the people in varying communities.
They can respond to development
uniformly, accessibly and predictably
rather than leaving this task to local
communities that may lack resources
and technical capabilities for effective
community organizing and
development.
3. Competence Theory
The existence of local governments in
a state should be based on
performance and accomplishment.
Local governments should earn their
existence and the failure to apply and
exercise power means incompetence
and a denial for self-government or
determination.
Local government is a worldwide concept
of governance. It is found not only in
federal or unitary states but also in most
forms of government and political systems.
It is called through various names like
prefects, communes, municipalities,
regions and so forth. It is the lowest level
of elected territorial bodies constituting a
sub- national organization within a state.
Countries anywhere in the world make use
of local governments for administrative
purposes and those services are
effectively delivered and made them
available throughout their territorial
jurisdictions.
Law usually constitutes local governments
as subordinate political bodies of
provincial authorities in federal states, or
they are subsidiary unites under national
government in unitary states. In organizing
a local community in the direction of
economic growth, certain autonomy is
given to constituted local bodies to
accelerate development. In this
decentralized system, a dispersal of power
is extended to local government units to
enable them to meet the needs of the
constituencies and to crystallize as well
their interests towards more progressive
and self-reliant communities.
Definition and Purpose of
   Local Governments
Local governments may be defined as
political subdivisions of a nation or a
state constituted by law, which have
substantial control over local affairs,
including the power of taxation. The
governing body of local government
may either be elected or appointed.
Local governments are widely
recognized in every democratic
state as general purpose units
created by the national
government. They represent vital
constituent parts of the nation’s
politico-administrative system
and play an important part in the
administration of public services.
Characteristics of Local
         Government
1. Local governments are defined territorial
   boundaries with political and administrative
   jurisdictions;
2. Local governments are non-sovereign
   communities with subordinate status,
   governments which are below the national
   government;
3. Local governments have authority and power
   to undertake public activities;
4. Local governments are continuing
   organizations with population of more or less
   numerous; and
5. Local governments are municipal
   corporations.
Local governments in the Philippines are
territorial subdivisions of the state, which
are the provinces, cities, municipalities,
and barangays. A distinct provision of the
law likewise provides for the creation of
regional governments namely: Cordillera
Administrative Region and ARMM –
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.
Above all, the MMDA as a metro wide
system of governance has been accepted
to address the problems of rapid
urbanization, which cannot be solved
independently by a local government unit.
In general, the functions of local
   governments may be gleaned from the
  following features they usually perform:
a. Local governments provide greater political
   participation from the people at lower level
   communities;
b. Local units impart socio-economic services
   for the constituency consistent with national
   government policies;
c. Local governments offer a means of dividing
   power, responsibilities and functions by
   geographic area or locality of the state; and
d. Local governments confer or vest upon
   political distinction among disparate local
   communities.
What makes local government
particularly important in unitary
states is that in most areas, it is the
only form of government outside the
center. Unitary system implies the
sovereignty lies exclusively with the
central government. In theory,
national government can abolish
lower level governments should it
wished to.
It has been observed that most small
countries that are democratic
societies with a history of rule by
sovereign emperors and monarchs
like Japan, France, and Great Britain,
there are three ways in which unitary
sates can disperse power from the
center: decentralization,
deconcentraton, and devolution.
Decentralization, Devolution
    and Deconcentration
Decentralization may be defined as
the dispersal of authority and
responsibility and the allocation of
powers and functions from the center
or top level of government to regional
bodies or special- purpose authorities,
or from the national to the sub-
national levels of government.
Decentralizaiton may also take form of
devolution or political decentralization,
which is the transfer of authority and power
from the central government to the local
governments to perform certain
governmental functions and services.
Political decentralization involves the
granting of authority and power to the
provincial, city and municipal governments
to manage their own affairs, which process
partakes of the nature of what is commonly
referred to as local autonomy.
One form of decentralization is what
may be termed as decentralization is
what may be termed as
deconcentration or administrative
decentralization, which is the
delegation of authority by a central
government ministry or department to
field offices to undertake certain
programs or perform administrative
functions.
There are several reasons why
decentralization is adopted and applied as a
    tool of development administration.
1.   It enables maximum participation of the people
     concerned in the decision-making processes on issues
     that concern them directly. Decisions, aside from
     ensuring maximum citizen participation, are also more
     responsive to the needs of the people.
2.   Lower levels of government are encouraged and trained,
     to be more self- reliant through decentralization.
3.   It hastens the decision-making processes, doing away
     with traditional red tape of having to go all the way up
     the central authorities for action or authority to perform
     appropriate actions, and then downwards.
4.   Decentralization decongests the central government of
     certain functions that could well be done at the lower
     levels.
Furthermore, there are several modes
by which the process of
decentralization can be
operationalized. These include: (1)
devolution which essentially is the
transfer of power for the performance
of certain functions from the national or
central authorities to the lower levels
of government; and (2) deconcentration
which, essentially, is the process
delegating functions from the central
government to field or regional units.
Devolution exits when central
government grants some decision-
making autonomy to new lower levels
like regional governments in France,
Italy and Spain. Devolution is the
transfer of political power and
authority from the central national
government to local government units
of a state.
It has been noted in Abueva (1998)
that the devolution of powers to local
units raises three basic concerns: (a)
the capabilities of local units to
absorb the necessary responsibilities
and raise resources; (b) the fear
among many sectors that devolution
will create local warlords; and (c) the
fragmentation of the delivery of the
basic services.
Deconcentration may also refer to the
assignment of functions to adhoc
bodies and special authorities created
in the region to render technical
assistance on regional development.
Administrative decentralization,
legislation, just with issuance of an
executive or administrative order.
Deconcentration then implies to the
location of central government
employees away from the capital
region. “The case for a
deconcentrated structure is that it
spreads the work around, enabling
field offices to benefit from local
knowledge and freeing central
departments to focus on policy
making”.
In the Philippines, RA 7160 became the legal
instrument that strengthened the spirit of
democracy, and attain the highest possible
level of development at the local levels in
the Philippines. It is so designed in enriching
the capabilities and maximizing limited
resources of Local government units, herein
referred to as LGUs for brevity, by
empowering the people through direct
participation in the affairs of the
government.
The Local Government Code provides
for much greater powers and
responsibilities by which local
governments may come up with
different programs and activities
fashioned to uphold the general
welfare of the people.
Local Governments in the
         New World
The status of local government is
distinguished between the new world and
the old world of Europe. The new world
like the United States, New Zealand,
Canada and Australia regard local
government with utilitarian purpose or
function. Local governments are organized
to facilitate infrastructure services and
provide basic amenities for the villages.
Even local licensing and regulatory
services are established independent of
political parties to address specific
concerns.
Patterns of Local
        Governments
There are traditionally four basic
patterns of local governments:
the English Model, the Soviet
Model, the French Model and the
Traditional Model.
1. English Model
Local governments of England since time
immemorial assumed wide range of
powers and responsibilities toward
community organizing, and more on
stirring economic growth at the
grassroots. This typology of local
government came from the Anglo Saxon
period long before the Norman invasion of
the eleventh century. The English pattern
of local government is decentralized in
character and by nature dominated by
local legislative councils, committee
bodies and voluntary citizen organization.
2. Soviet Model
As early as the 1917 Revolution, local
governments in former Soviet Union
were already in existence. During this
period, Russia typified local
governments into regions, provinces,
districts and cantons, which consist of
several villages. By nature the former
Soviet local government type is
hierarchical in character yet
decentralized. Only one dominant party
however controls and manages local
government systems.
3. French Model
This type of local government
system originated during the
French revolution up to the
Napoleonic Age. It is hierarchical
and centralized in nature,
characterized by executive
domination and legislative
subordination.
4. Traditional Model
Local governance is naturally inherent
among the people in a village or
community. A system of government
normally resulted from the relationship
of the inhabitants, with defined but
autocratic system of executive,
legislative and judicial powers, usually
controlled by a local chieftain. Although
it has a rather simple structure of
command obedience. It is usually
solidify by community practice and
traditions.
The International Union of Local
Authorities (IULA), observing “an
obvious resemblance between the
structure of local government in
neighboring countries, classified local
government systems in terms of
geography and culture (including
language, religion, governmental
traditions and philosophy and closely
related history).
Thus, it came up with the
  following classification
1. Anglo Saxon Group: The United States, Australia, Union
   of South Africa, United Kingdom, Canada
2. Eastern Europe Group: Former Soviet Union, Poland,
   Bulgaria and former Yugoslavia
3. Central and Northwest Europe Group: Germany, Austria,
   Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg
4. South Europe Group: France, Italy, Greece, Spain,
   Portugal
5. West Asia and East Africa Group: all Islamic countries,
   mostly Arab and Arab influenced states
6. South Asia and East Africa Group: India, Sri Lanka,
   Malaysia, Sudan, Burma, Ethiopia
7. East Asia Group: Thailand, the Philippines, Japan
While the Philippines is classified
under East Asia Groups, it can easily
be categorized as that of southern
European pattern (in the IULA’s
classification) or the French Model.
The local government system in the
Philippines is colonial experience
transplanted by Spain and continued
by America.
Two-Tier and Multiple-Tier
         System
France has a two-tier system. Local
governments are created by the
national government. It is highly
centralized characterized by
executive dominance. In principle,
a two-tier local government system
has some advantages: there is
simplicity in terms of allocation of
functions and finances;
smaller numbers of local government
units with short line of political
command. On the contrary, the two-
tier system carriers also negative
effects: many local units are too big
to serve as catchment areas and
criticize as inadequate for physical
and economic planning.
Philippines is a multiple tier system.
Local governments are subdivided on
smaller categories: provinces, cities,
municipalities and barangays. Local
government in deep tier system is
more democratic and participatory.
They easily satisfy political objectives
of the people and government, and
lower levels are mobilized for social,
community developments and are far
more effective in engaging citizen’s
participation.
A deep/ multiple tier system is more efficient
for planning and economic coordination,
with greater opportunity and stability in
changing functional assignments. On the
contrary, they also breed disadvantages; as
they tend to complicate and cause problems
in allocation of tasks, complicate financial
allocation by central government. The
creation of multiple tiers also evokes long
line of command, and also they breed
politically expensive organizational setup.
Local Autonomy
The concept of local autonomy has
always been related to the general
idea of decentralization. It should be
emphasized however that local
autonomy is more specifically related
to political decentralization than to
administrative decentralization.
Local autonomy is a level of
independence granted to local
government units to administer freely
their own local affairs with the view to
address the needs of the people living
therein and at the same time promote
the welfare of the constituency. Local
autonomy is understood in general as
the ability of local units for self-
government in varying tiers of local
governments in a state.
Hence, local autonomy is the
degree of self-determination
exercised by a local government
unit vis-à-vis the central
government. Decentralization is a
necessary prerequisite to local
autonomy.
Brillantes (1993) noted that there are
 major criteria in determining local
     autonomy or self-government:
1. There must be local officials elected in the
   area be it at the provincial, city, municipality
   or barangay level;
2. The area of local autonomy must possessed
   clearly defined areas of responsibility;
3. The relationship between national and local
   government must be specifically identified
   and those aspects of major responsibilities
   clearly outlined or delineated; and
4. The local government engaging certain
   degree of self-government must likewise
   enjoy fiscal capability in generating local
   revenues for its development ad community
   programs.
The intermediate units of local government
coordinate services in a larger area and
supervise lower levels of local authorities.
These are variously called provinces,
counties, prefectures, changwat or special
structures such as regional or metropolitan
governments. Below them are the basic
units of local government, those performing
services for the people who live together in
a community. These are the cities, in
townships, districts, panchayats, tambons,
and the likes.
They perform services that include
sanitation, protection to lives and
property, and provision of public
utilities. In a few countries, a lower
and smaller form of local government
forms the sub-municipal level, typified
by the barangays in the Philippines,
the parishes in the United Kingdom,
and the mahalle in Turkey (Bautista,
1993).
The International Union of Local
Authorities (IULA) noted that the
number of tiers of local governments
depends on geography, population,
number of basic units and degree of
centralization. The Philippines several
layers may be attributed to its
geographic perculiarities, centralist
experience, and historical basis of its
barangays.
In the Philippines, there is a specific
constitutional article providing for
local governments (Art. X of the 1987
Constitution). Sec. 2 particularly
encourages the central government to
assure self-governance or autonomy
of all local governments at all times.
The territorial and political
subdivisions of the Republic of the
Philippines are the provinces, cities,
municipalities, and barangays. There
shall be autonomous regions in
Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras
as hereinafter provided. (Sec. 1 Art X)
In the Philippines, local
governments are political
subdivisions created by law.
These subdivisions are
provinces, cities, municipalities
and barangays
Under the Local Government Code of
 1991, the following terms are given
  their definitions and basic nature:
a. Provinces. A province is comprised
of a group of municipalities and
component cities. The role of the
province is to coordinate national
development process through
effective integration of programs and
project of all its sub-localities, and
assume basically area-wide functions,
roles and activities.
b. Cities. A city is similar to municipality, but
is more urbanized and better developed. It is
created and governed by a law, RA 7160,
others are governed by special law known
as charter. Thus, the term charted city. A
city serves as a general purpose government
for the coordination and delivery of all basic,
regular and direct services within its
jurisdiction. A city may be either component
or highly urbanized.
• A component city is a part of the
  province in which it is
  geographically located and is under
  its administrative supervision,
• A highly urbanized city is
  independent of the province in which
  it is geographically located.
c. Municipalities. A municipality
consists of a number of barangays,
and serves primarily as a general
purpose government for the
coordination and delivery of basic,
regular, and direct services within its
jurisdiction.
d. Barangays. A barangay is the basic
political unit of the government. It
serves as the primary planning and
implementing unit of government
programs, projects and activities, and
as a forum in which the collective
views of the people in the community
may be crystallized and considered.
Moreover, the political subdivisions of
the state shall enjoy local autonomy.
By virtue of Local Government Code of
1991, local governments are to be
vested with local autonomy and are
mandated to help promote political
democracy and enhance
administrative efficiency in the
delivery of public services.
The promotion of local autonomy is a basic
state policy. In fact with RA 7160, the Local
Government Code of the Philippines, local
government units today enjoy adequate
powers, responsibilities and functions to
cope with their interests, needs and
problems, with which they assume
significant familiarity and understanding
than the central government, this, local
units shall not be prohibited in securing their
full developmental goals and actions.
Devolution and local autonomy officer
LGUs great challenge and opportunity
to govern their affairs and develop
their resources for the benefit of the
people in their communities who may
participate more actively in the
processes of democracy and
development at the grassroots.
Reasons for the Creation of
    Local Governments
In most countries of the world there are
at least two levels of government, the
upper level and the local level. Usually
the upper level government in the
sovereign state, or “the government of
he whole country”. As a sovereign
national or central government in
assumes the functions of determining
and managing its own local affairs
without interference from the outside
world.
The central government pursues an
exclusive function, which lower levels
cant perform, such as foreign relations
or coinage of money, and also capable
of commanding state recognition from
other nation-states in international
system. On the other hand, below the
upper level government is the
“government of the parts”, which level
of typology may vary from one state to
another based on historical experience
or political systems of one state.
Local governments are legal
authorities “constituted by laws”
providing services, with the
rights and the necessary
organization to regulate their
own affairs.
They are established or organized consistent
 with the principles of decentralization, thus
they came to exist for the following reasons:

1. Local government come to exist as
administrative convenience to the state
creating them, particularly in delegating
administrative functions to field agencies
making them more accountable to the
people and at the same time promoting
better and effective delivery of social and
welfare services;
2. Local government are directly responsible
in crystalling the interests of the people
living in common political units, and are in
better positions to serving them. Certainly
local officials know the best the needs and
interests of local population. Thus, they can
easily come up with local ordinances
responding to specific area concerns than
the national government which concerns are
much broader and which may not
immediately address to local needs and
conditions;
3. Local governments boost the
civil morale of the population as
they can directly participate in
the political affairs and
processes towards more efficient
local governance at the grass
root levels;
4. Local government can become
effective partners of the central or
national government in harnessing not
only community development and
growth but also national development
and growth. The closer the people to
the government the better the
governance would become; and
5. Local governments also provide a
better understanding of the
relationships between the desired
project objectives and the resources
available to implement them. In the
process, of mobilizing local resources
they also promote participation of the
people.
Relationship with the
           Center
Normally, local government units or the sub-
national governments’ relationship with the
central is seen on two models: dual system
and fused system model. The model is
evaluated on these two premises that is
whether local governments operate as
political entities distinct and separate from
the central or national authority (dual) or
whether local governments operate as part
of a single organization (fused).
1. Under a Dual System
Local governments retain freestanding
status setting their own internal
organization and employ staff on their own
condition of service. Staff tend to move
horizontally from one local authority to
another rather than vertically, between
central and local governments. Ultimate
responsibility rests with the center but local
government employees do not regard
themselves as working for the same
employer as civil servants based at the
center.
Britain is a traditional example of a
dual system. Hence, a dual system of
local government. Although the center
is sovereign, local authorities are not
seen as part of single state stature.
2. Under a Fused System
Central and local governments combine to
form a single sphere of public authority.
Both levels express the leading authority
of the state. The two levels are normally
joined in the office of the prefect, a central
appointee who oversees the
administration of particular community,
and reports to the Ministry of the Interim in
the Capital. In theory, prefectoral system
signifies central dominance by
establishing a clear unitary hierarchy
running from national government through
the prefect to local authorities.
France is a classic example of a fused
system. Hence, a fused system exits
when centrally appointed prefect
supervises local authorities. The
localities, although possessing
considerable autonomy in practice,
form part of a uniform system of
administration applying across the
country.
Local Government in the
        Philippines
The Local Government Code of 1991
is considered the landmark legislation
of the Aquino administration.
Otherwise known as RA 7160, which
look took effect on 1 January 1991.
The Local Government Code of 1991 is so far
the best democratic decentralization
program of the Philippines. It ensures the
widest possible autonomy at the local levels
by granting Local Government Units
expanded powers, enhanced functions and
most needed financial bases to propel
economic advancement. An analysis of
these forces is contained in the provisions of
RA 7160.
The impetus aims to make them
effective partners of central
government in revitalizing national
progress and spurring local
development. The constitutional roles
of LGUs are explicitly provided for (Art
X of the 1987 Constitution), thus,
enabling them to be of significance at
the grassroots.
Sec. 3 The Congress shall enact a local
government code which shall provide for
more responsive and accountable local
government structure instituted through a
system of decentralization with effective
mechanisms of recall, initiative, and
referendum, allocate among the different
local government units their powers,
responsibilities, and resources, and provide
for the qualifications, election, appointment
and removal, term, salaries, powers and
functions and duties of local officials, and all
other relating to the organization and
operation of the local units.
A host of massive governmental services
have been devolved to LGUs upon the
adoption of the Local Government Code,
social welfare and development, public
works, and highways, health, agriculture,
and environment and natural resources. In
fact, under the Code, the President shall
only exercise supervisory powers over LGUs
in order to make them truly self-reliant
communities for national development.
The Local Government Code in the
Philippines has devolved to local
government units the following functions of
national government agriculture, health,
social services, environmental protection,
and local public works. Several regulatory
functions of national agencies have likewise
been devolved. These include
reclassification of agricultural lands,
enforcement of environmental laws,
inspection of food products and quarantine,
enforcement of national building code,
enforcement of environmental laws and so
forth.
Also, the code provides the legal and
institutional mechanisms for the participation of
organized groups in civil society in local
governance and development activities. In
mandates the representation of NGOs and
people’s organizations in local special bodies
and specifies the number of seats to be
allocated for this purpose. These include the
local development councils, the local health
board, and the local school board. This had
provided an effective mechanism for promoting
the local accountability and responsiveness and
underscores the fact that NGOs and Pos play a
complementary and reinforcing role in the
government’s development efforts. (Abueva,
1998)
General Supervision over
     Local Governments
Art X, Sec. 4 states: The President of the
Philippines shall exercise general
supervision over local governments.
Provinces with respect to component cities
and municipalities with respect to
component barangays shall ensure that the
acts of their component units are within the
scope of their prescribed powers and
functions.
It should be noted that the President
should only have the power of
supervision over LGUs not any more
the power to control them, which
means a direct authority to manage
the LGUs. The power of the President
to supervise in only limited to the
purpose of ensuring that the LGUs
perform their functions based on
mandates of the Constitution, and on
the standards of the Code.
Therefore, in order to assure the goals
of local autonomy, provinces and
cities in respect to their component
cities and municipalities, and
component municipalities and
barangays, respectively shall exercise
power to supervise only inasmuch as
to ensure “that the acts of their
component units are within the scope
of their assigned powers and
functions”.
Revenue and Taxing Power of
          LGUs
Sec. 5 Each local government unit shall have
the power to create its own sources of
revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and
charges subject to such guidelines and
limitations as the Congress may provide,
consistent with the basic policy of local
autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and charges
shall accrue exclusively to the local
governments.
The Constitution grants fiscal autonomy to
LGUs in creating their own sources of
revenues and to levy taxes, imposes fees
and charges within their immediate
territorial jurisdiction, subject to the
limitation determined by Congress. The
proceeds of those locally generated
resources shall accrue to the public funding
of local government concerned.
In terms of taxation, local governments have
the power to raise different types of fees,
along with other charges. The biggest local
tax resource comes from real property taxes
and business taxes. Fees and charges are
levied from the use of public utilities,
facilities, and equipment owned and
operated, and maintained by local
governments within their boundaries. The
most common are local roads, markets,
slaughterhouses, and public parking lots.
One of the newest local sources under the
RA 7160 is the community tax, replacing the
old national residence tax, which has to be
paid by every inhabitant 18 years of age or
over who has been regularly employed on a
wage or salary basis or who is engaged in
business or occupation, or who owns real
property of an assessed value of Php 1,000
or more, or who is required to file an income
tax.
Further, local governments units shall have
a just share, as determined by law in the
national taxes which shall be automatically
released to them (Art. X, Sec 6), and local
government shall be entitled to an equitable
share in the proceeds of the utilization and
development of the national wealth within
their respective areas, in the manner
provided by law, including sharing the same
with the inhabitants by way of direct
benefits (Sec. 7).
Local governments also have a share
in the proceeds derived from the
utilization and development of the
national wealth (at 40%) within their
respective areas. These include
shares from mining taxes, royalties,
forestry and fishery charges, and
other surcharges, interests or fines in
any co-production, joint venture or
production sharing agreement.
Any government agency or
government-owned or controlled
corporation engaged in the utilization
and development of the national
wealth is also required to share their
proceeds with the local government
unit (s) concerned.
Apart from the regular members of local
councils in different tiers of local
government, the Code also provides for
sectoral representations in local government
such as the creation of Local School Board,
Local Development Council, and Local
Health Board in every council. This is to
ensure greater political participation of the
different sectors of the society in policy and
decision-making processes (Sec. 9).
Regional and Metropolitan
        Government
A dominant feature of the twentieth
century is the rapid growth of cities in
developing as well as in developed
states. The emergence of the
metropolis with all its attendant
problems has become the increasing
concern of government.
Metropolis refers to:
A huge multi-million population center of
trade, finance, culture, and world power…It
combines the function of central leadership
and production of the main bulk of material
goods and services. Its influence
consolidates huge areas up to 1000 miles
outside the central city into vast
metropolitan regions.
The concept of urbanization
commonly refers to the growth of
population concentrations, which is
the development of towns and cities.
It is also used to connote the
proportion of a population living in
urban places and changes in social
organization that result from such
population concentrations.
Urbanization is thus a process-the
process by which rural areas are
transformed into urban areas. In
demographic terms, urbanization is an
increase in population concentration;
organizationally, it is an alternation in
structure and functions
Demographically, urbanization involves
two elements: the multiplication of
points of concentration and the
increase in the size of individual
concentrations.
The creation of Metropolitan Government,
the MMDA, is brought about by the problems
of urbanization. The metropolitan system of
governance has been accepted to address
the problems of rapid urbanization which
cannot be solved independently by a local
unit. The metropolitan system has been
recognized as relatively successful in
addressing urban problems like pollution,
traffic, garbage, the delivery of basic
services, etc.
Rapid urbanization is one important
concerns that must be addressed
collectively or in coordination with other
LGUs in one-mega cities, which issues and
concerns extend beyond political
boundaries. The Constitution seeks the need
to administer programs and services in an
integrated approach of regional governance.
A special government which shall
consolidate and mobilize resources of
concerned LGUs in an effort to wrestle the
fast decaying problems of growing and
expanding population in key cities.
Metropolitan and decentralization are
two significant forces in the
development and management of
large cities throughout the world. The
unprecedented large-scale urban
problems that need to be addressed
have strengthened the call for a
metropolitan system of government.
The President shall provide for regional
development councils or other similar bodies
composed of local government officials,
regional heads of departments and other
governmental organizations within the
regions for purpose of administrative
decentralization to strengthen the autonomy
of the units therein and to accelerate the
economic and social growth and
development of the units in the region (Sec.
14).
The regional government and administration
in the Philippines constitutes a new tier in
local government system. They assume
coordinating roles among lower levels of
local governments. They facilitate also a
more effective decision making enhance
coordination and horizontal integration,
establish a strong and unified leadership and
implementing machinery in the region and
reduce regional disparities. Regional
government promotes local autonomy which
is of political and administrative type.
Next:


        Part X
Political Parties and
  Party Systems
Thank you !

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Political science part viii

  • 2. Table of Contents The Nature of Local Governments Definition and Purpose of Local Governments Characteristics of Local Government Decentralization, Devolution and Deconcentration Local Governments in the New World Patterns of Local Governments English Model Soviet Model French Model Traditional Model
  • 3. Two-Tier and Multiple-Tier System Local Autonomy Reasons for the Creation of Local Governments Relationship with the Center Under a Dual System Under a Fused System Local Government in the Philippines General Supervision over Local Governments Revenue and Taxing Power of LGUs Regional and Metropolitan Government
  • 5. Local government is a government for particular locality like a town, city, country or a village. It is subordinate to the central or national government. It does not have natural powers but it only derives authority and functions from a higher- level government. Thus, local government is merely a creation of national government.
  • 6. There are three evolving theories concerning the nature of local governments, namely: historical theory; legal theory; and competence theory.
  • 7. 1. Historical Theory The theory contends that decentralization is a natural right of the people in local communities toward self-determination. Local government is seen as an essential element of democracy in harnessing and consolidating the varied interests of the people in a more responsive approach. It is believed that local villagers are far more effective to address and solve their local problems themselves than someone from the outside.
  • 8. 2. Legal Theory The theory contends that strong centralization of government powers is much superior in harnessing and coordination the needs and services of the people in varying communities. They can respond to development uniformly, accessibly and predictably rather than leaving this task to local communities that may lack resources and technical capabilities for effective community organizing and development.
  • 9. 3. Competence Theory The existence of local governments in a state should be based on performance and accomplishment. Local governments should earn their existence and the failure to apply and exercise power means incompetence and a denial for self-government or determination.
  • 10. Local government is a worldwide concept of governance. It is found not only in federal or unitary states but also in most forms of government and political systems. It is called through various names like prefects, communes, municipalities, regions and so forth. It is the lowest level of elected territorial bodies constituting a sub- national organization within a state. Countries anywhere in the world make use of local governments for administrative purposes and those services are effectively delivered and made them available throughout their territorial jurisdictions.
  • 11. Law usually constitutes local governments as subordinate political bodies of provincial authorities in federal states, or they are subsidiary unites under national government in unitary states. In organizing a local community in the direction of economic growth, certain autonomy is given to constituted local bodies to accelerate development. In this decentralized system, a dispersal of power is extended to local government units to enable them to meet the needs of the constituencies and to crystallize as well their interests towards more progressive and self-reliant communities.
  • 12. Definition and Purpose of Local Governments Local governments may be defined as political subdivisions of a nation or a state constituted by law, which have substantial control over local affairs, including the power of taxation. The governing body of local government may either be elected or appointed.
  • 13. Local governments are widely recognized in every democratic state as general purpose units created by the national government. They represent vital constituent parts of the nation’s politico-administrative system and play an important part in the administration of public services.
  • 14. Characteristics of Local Government 1. Local governments are defined territorial boundaries with political and administrative jurisdictions; 2. Local governments are non-sovereign communities with subordinate status, governments which are below the national government; 3. Local governments have authority and power to undertake public activities; 4. Local governments are continuing organizations with population of more or less numerous; and 5. Local governments are municipal corporations.
  • 15. Local governments in the Philippines are territorial subdivisions of the state, which are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. A distinct provision of the law likewise provides for the creation of regional governments namely: Cordillera Administrative Region and ARMM – Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Above all, the MMDA as a metro wide system of governance has been accepted to address the problems of rapid urbanization, which cannot be solved independently by a local government unit.
  • 16. In general, the functions of local governments may be gleaned from the following features they usually perform: a. Local governments provide greater political participation from the people at lower level communities; b. Local units impart socio-economic services for the constituency consistent with national government policies; c. Local governments offer a means of dividing power, responsibilities and functions by geographic area or locality of the state; and d. Local governments confer or vest upon political distinction among disparate local communities.
  • 17. What makes local government particularly important in unitary states is that in most areas, it is the only form of government outside the center. Unitary system implies the sovereignty lies exclusively with the central government. In theory, national government can abolish lower level governments should it wished to.
  • 18. It has been observed that most small countries that are democratic societies with a history of rule by sovereign emperors and monarchs like Japan, France, and Great Britain, there are three ways in which unitary sates can disperse power from the center: decentralization, deconcentraton, and devolution.
  • 19. Decentralization, Devolution and Deconcentration Decentralization may be defined as the dispersal of authority and responsibility and the allocation of powers and functions from the center or top level of government to regional bodies or special- purpose authorities, or from the national to the sub- national levels of government.
  • 20. Decentralizaiton may also take form of devolution or political decentralization, which is the transfer of authority and power from the central government to the local governments to perform certain governmental functions and services. Political decentralization involves the granting of authority and power to the provincial, city and municipal governments to manage their own affairs, which process partakes of the nature of what is commonly referred to as local autonomy.
  • 21. One form of decentralization is what may be termed as decentralization is what may be termed as deconcentration or administrative decentralization, which is the delegation of authority by a central government ministry or department to field offices to undertake certain programs or perform administrative functions.
  • 22. There are several reasons why decentralization is adopted and applied as a tool of development administration. 1. It enables maximum participation of the people concerned in the decision-making processes on issues that concern them directly. Decisions, aside from ensuring maximum citizen participation, are also more responsive to the needs of the people. 2. Lower levels of government are encouraged and trained, to be more self- reliant through decentralization. 3. It hastens the decision-making processes, doing away with traditional red tape of having to go all the way up the central authorities for action or authority to perform appropriate actions, and then downwards. 4. Decentralization decongests the central government of certain functions that could well be done at the lower levels.
  • 23. Furthermore, there are several modes by which the process of decentralization can be operationalized. These include: (1) devolution which essentially is the transfer of power for the performance of certain functions from the national or central authorities to the lower levels of government; and (2) deconcentration which, essentially, is the process delegating functions from the central government to field or regional units.
  • 24. Devolution exits when central government grants some decision- making autonomy to new lower levels like regional governments in France, Italy and Spain. Devolution is the transfer of political power and authority from the central national government to local government units of a state.
  • 25. It has been noted in Abueva (1998) that the devolution of powers to local units raises three basic concerns: (a) the capabilities of local units to absorb the necessary responsibilities and raise resources; (b) the fear among many sectors that devolution will create local warlords; and (c) the fragmentation of the delivery of the basic services.
  • 26. Deconcentration may also refer to the assignment of functions to adhoc bodies and special authorities created in the region to render technical assistance on regional development. Administrative decentralization, legislation, just with issuance of an executive or administrative order.
  • 27. Deconcentration then implies to the location of central government employees away from the capital region. “The case for a deconcentrated structure is that it spreads the work around, enabling field offices to benefit from local knowledge and freeing central departments to focus on policy making”.
  • 28. In the Philippines, RA 7160 became the legal instrument that strengthened the spirit of democracy, and attain the highest possible level of development at the local levels in the Philippines. It is so designed in enriching the capabilities and maximizing limited resources of Local government units, herein referred to as LGUs for brevity, by empowering the people through direct participation in the affairs of the government.
  • 29. The Local Government Code provides for much greater powers and responsibilities by which local governments may come up with different programs and activities fashioned to uphold the general welfare of the people.
  • 30. Local Governments in the New World The status of local government is distinguished between the new world and the old world of Europe. The new world like the United States, New Zealand, Canada and Australia regard local government with utilitarian purpose or function. Local governments are organized to facilitate infrastructure services and provide basic amenities for the villages. Even local licensing and regulatory services are established independent of political parties to address specific concerns.
  • 31. Patterns of Local Governments There are traditionally four basic patterns of local governments: the English Model, the Soviet Model, the French Model and the Traditional Model.
  • 32. 1. English Model Local governments of England since time immemorial assumed wide range of powers and responsibilities toward community organizing, and more on stirring economic growth at the grassroots. This typology of local government came from the Anglo Saxon period long before the Norman invasion of the eleventh century. The English pattern of local government is decentralized in character and by nature dominated by local legislative councils, committee bodies and voluntary citizen organization.
  • 33. 2. Soviet Model As early as the 1917 Revolution, local governments in former Soviet Union were already in existence. During this period, Russia typified local governments into regions, provinces, districts and cantons, which consist of several villages. By nature the former Soviet local government type is hierarchical in character yet decentralized. Only one dominant party however controls and manages local government systems.
  • 34. 3. French Model This type of local government system originated during the French revolution up to the Napoleonic Age. It is hierarchical and centralized in nature, characterized by executive domination and legislative subordination.
  • 35. 4. Traditional Model Local governance is naturally inherent among the people in a village or community. A system of government normally resulted from the relationship of the inhabitants, with defined but autocratic system of executive, legislative and judicial powers, usually controlled by a local chieftain. Although it has a rather simple structure of command obedience. It is usually solidify by community practice and traditions.
  • 36. The International Union of Local Authorities (IULA), observing “an obvious resemblance between the structure of local government in neighboring countries, classified local government systems in terms of geography and culture (including language, religion, governmental traditions and philosophy and closely related history).
  • 37. Thus, it came up with the following classification 1. Anglo Saxon Group: The United States, Australia, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom, Canada 2. Eastern Europe Group: Former Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria and former Yugoslavia 3. Central and Northwest Europe Group: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg 4. South Europe Group: France, Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal 5. West Asia and East Africa Group: all Islamic countries, mostly Arab and Arab influenced states 6. South Asia and East Africa Group: India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Sudan, Burma, Ethiopia 7. East Asia Group: Thailand, the Philippines, Japan
  • 38. While the Philippines is classified under East Asia Groups, it can easily be categorized as that of southern European pattern (in the IULA’s classification) or the French Model. The local government system in the Philippines is colonial experience transplanted by Spain and continued by America.
  • 39. Two-Tier and Multiple-Tier System France has a two-tier system. Local governments are created by the national government. It is highly centralized characterized by executive dominance. In principle, a two-tier local government system has some advantages: there is simplicity in terms of allocation of functions and finances;
  • 40. smaller numbers of local government units with short line of political command. On the contrary, the two- tier system carriers also negative effects: many local units are too big to serve as catchment areas and criticize as inadequate for physical and economic planning.
  • 41. Philippines is a multiple tier system. Local governments are subdivided on smaller categories: provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. Local government in deep tier system is more democratic and participatory. They easily satisfy political objectives of the people and government, and lower levels are mobilized for social, community developments and are far more effective in engaging citizen’s participation.
  • 42. A deep/ multiple tier system is more efficient for planning and economic coordination, with greater opportunity and stability in changing functional assignments. On the contrary, they also breed disadvantages; as they tend to complicate and cause problems in allocation of tasks, complicate financial allocation by central government. The creation of multiple tiers also evokes long line of command, and also they breed politically expensive organizational setup.
  • 43. Local Autonomy The concept of local autonomy has always been related to the general idea of decentralization. It should be emphasized however that local autonomy is more specifically related to political decentralization than to administrative decentralization.
  • 44. Local autonomy is a level of independence granted to local government units to administer freely their own local affairs with the view to address the needs of the people living therein and at the same time promote the welfare of the constituency. Local autonomy is understood in general as the ability of local units for self- government in varying tiers of local governments in a state.
  • 45. Hence, local autonomy is the degree of self-determination exercised by a local government unit vis-à-vis the central government. Decentralization is a necessary prerequisite to local autonomy.
  • 46. Brillantes (1993) noted that there are major criteria in determining local autonomy or self-government: 1. There must be local officials elected in the area be it at the provincial, city, municipality or barangay level; 2. The area of local autonomy must possessed clearly defined areas of responsibility; 3. The relationship between national and local government must be specifically identified and those aspects of major responsibilities clearly outlined or delineated; and 4. The local government engaging certain degree of self-government must likewise enjoy fiscal capability in generating local revenues for its development ad community programs.
  • 47. The intermediate units of local government coordinate services in a larger area and supervise lower levels of local authorities. These are variously called provinces, counties, prefectures, changwat or special structures such as regional or metropolitan governments. Below them are the basic units of local government, those performing services for the people who live together in a community. These are the cities, in townships, districts, panchayats, tambons, and the likes.
  • 48. They perform services that include sanitation, protection to lives and property, and provision of public utilities. In a few countries, a lower and smaller form of local government forms the sub-municipal level, typified by the barangays in the Philippines, the parishes in the United Kingdom, and the mahalle in Turkey (Bautista, 1993).
  • 49. The International Union of Local Authorities (IULA) noted that the number of tiers of local governments depends on geography, population, number of basic units and degree of centralization. The Philippines several layers may be attributed to its geographic perculiarities, centralist experience, and historical basis of its barangays.
  • 50. In the Philippines, there is a specific constitutional article providing for local governments (Art. X of the 1987 Constitution). Sec. 2 particularly encourages the central government to assure self-governance or autonomy of all local governments at all times.
  • 51. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided. (Sec. 1 Art X)
  • 52. In the Philippines, local governments are political subdivisions created by law. These subdivisions are provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays
  • 53. Under the Local Government Code of 1991, the following terms are given their definitions and basic nature: a. Provinces. A province is comprised of a group of municipalities and component cities. The role of the province is to coordinate national development process through effective integration of programs and project of all its sub-localities, and assume basically area-wide functions, roles and activities.
  • 54. b. Cities. A city is similar to municipality, but is more urbanized and better developed. It is created and governed by a law, RA 7160, others are governed by special law known as charter. Thus, the term charted city. A city serves as a general purpose government for the coordination and delivery of all basic, regular and direct services within its jurisdiction. A city may be either component or highly urbanized.
  • 55. • A component city is a part of the province in which it is geographically located and is under its administrative supervision, • A highly urbanized city is independent of the province in which it is geographically located.
  • 56. c. Municipalities. A municipality consists of a number of barangays, and serves primarily as a general purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic, regular, and direct services within its jurisdiction.
  • 57. d. Barangays. A barangay is the basic political unit of the government. It serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government programs, projects and activities, and as a forum in which the collective views of the people in the community may be crystallized and considered.
  • 58. Moreover, the political subdivisions of the state shall enjoy local autonomy. By virtue of Local Government Code of 1991, local governments are to be vested with local autonomy and are mandated to help promote political democracy and enhance administrative efficiency in the delivery of public services.
  • 59. The promotion of local autonomy is a basic state policy. In fact with RA 7160, the Local Government Code of the Philippines, local government units today enjoy adequate powers, responsibilities and functions to cope with their interests, needs and problems, with which they assume significant familiarity and understanding than the central government, this, local units shall not be prohibited in securing their full developmental goals and actions.
  • 60. Devolution and local autonomy officer LGUs great challenge and opportunity to govern their affairs and develop their resources for the benefit of the people in their communities who may participate more actively in the processes of democracy and development at the grassroots.
  • 61. Reasons for the Creation of Local Governments In most countries of the world there are at least two levels of government, the upper level and the local level. Usually the upper level government in the sovereign state, or “the government of he whole country”. As a sovereign national or central government in assumes the functions of determining and managing its own local affairs without interference from the outside world.
  • 62. The central government pursues an exclusive function, which lower levels cant perform, such as foreign relations or coinage of money, and also capable of commanding state recognition from other nation-states in international system. On the other hand, below the upper level government is the “government of the parts”, which level of typology may vary from one state to another based on historical experience or political systems of one state.
  • 63. Local governments are legal authorities “constituted by laws” providing services, with the rights and the necessary organization to regulate their own affairs.
  • 64. They are established or organized consistent with the principles of decentralization, thus they came to exist for the following reasons: 1. Local government come to exist as administrative convenience to the state creating them, particularly in delegating administrative functions to field agencies making them more accountable to the people and at the same time promoting better and effective delivery of social and welfare services;
  • 65. 2. Local government are directly responsible in crystalling the interests of the people living in common political units, and are in better positions to serving them. Certainly local officials know the best the needs and interests of local population. Thus, they can easily come up with local ordinances responding to specific area concerns than the national government which concerns are much broader and which may not immediately address to local needs and conditions;
  • 66. 3. Local governments boost the civil morale of the population as they can directly participate in the political affairs and processes towards more efficient local governance at the grass root levels;
  • 67. 4. Local government can become effective partners of the central or national government in harnessing not only community development and growth but also national development and growth. The closer the people to the government the better the governance would become; and
  • 68. 5. Local governments also provide a better understanding of the relationships between the desired project objectives and the resources available to implement them. In the process, of mobilizing local resources they also promote participation of the people.
  • 69. Relationship with the Center Normally, local government units or the sub- national governments’ relationship with the central is seen on two models: dual system and fused system model. The model is evaluated on these two premises that is whether local governments operate as political entities distinct and separate from the central or national authority (dual) or whether local governments operate as part of a single organization (fused).
  • 70. 1. Under a Dual System Local governments retain freestanding status setting their own internal organization and employ staff on their own condition of service. Staff tend to move horizontally from one local authority to another rather than vertically, between central and local governments. Ultimate responsibility rests with the center but local government employees do not regard themselves as working for the same employer as civil servants based at the center.
  • 71. Britain is a traditional example of a dual system. Hence, a dual system of local government. Although the center is sovereign, local authorities are not seen as part of single state stature.
  • 72. 2. Under a Fused System Central and local governments combine to form a single sphere of public authority. Both levels express the leading authority of the state. The two levels are normally joined in the office of the prefect, a central appointee who oversees the administration of particular community, and reports to the Ministry of the Interim in the Capital. In theory, prefectoral system signifies central dominance by establishing a clear unitary hierarchy running from national government through the prefect to local authorities.
  • 73. France is a classic example of a fused system. Hence, a fused system exits when centrally appointed prefect supervises local authorities. The localities, although possessing considerable autonomy in practice, form part of a uniform system of administration applying across the country.
  • 74. Local Government in the Philippines The Local Government Code of 1991 is considered the landmark legislation of the Aquino administration. Otherwise known as RA 7160, which look took effect on 1 January 1991.
  • 75. The Local Government Code of 1991 is so far the best democratic decentralization program of the Philippines. It ensures the widest possible autonomy at the local levels by granting Local Government Units expanded powers, enhanced functions and most needed financial bases to propel economic advancement. An analysis of these forces is contained in the provisions of RA 7160.
  • 76. The impetus aims to make them effective partners of central government in revitalizing national progress and spurring local development. The constitutional roles of LGUs are explicitly provided for (Art X of the 1987 Constitution), thus, enabling them to be of significance at the grassroots.
  • 77. Sec. 3 The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other relating to the organization and operation of the local units.
  • 78. A host of massive governmental services have been devolved to LGUs upon the adoption of the Local Government Code, social welfare and development, public works, and highways, health, agriculture, and environment and natural resources. In fact, under the Code, the President shall only exercise supervisory powers over LGUs in order to make them truly self-reliant communities for national development.
  • 79. The Local Government Code in the Philippines has devolved to local government units the following functions of national government agriculture, health, social services, environmental protection, and local public works. Several regulatory functions of national agencies have likewise been devolved. These include reclassification of agricultural lands, enforcement of environmental laws, inspection of food products and quarantine, enforcement of national building code, enforcement of environmental laws and so forth.
  • 80. Also, the code provides the legal and institutional mechanisms for the participation of organized groups in civil society in local governance and development activities. In mandates the representation of NGOs and people’s organizations in local special bodies and specifies the number of seats to be allocated for this purpose. These include the local development councils, the local health board, and the local school board. This had provided an effective mechanism for promoting the local accountability and responsiveness and underscores the fact that NGOs and Pos play a complementary and reinforcing role in the government’s development efforts. (Abueva, 1998)
  • 81. General Supervision over Local Governments Art X, Sec. 4 states: The President of the Philippines shall exercise general supervision over local governments. Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities with respect to component barangays shall ensure that the acts of their component units are within the scope of their prescribed powers and functions.
  • 82. It should be noted that the President should only have the power of supervision over LGUs not any more the power to control them, which means a direct authority to manage the LGUs. The power of the President to supervise in only limited to the purpose of ensuring that the LGUs perform their functions based on mandates of the Constitution, and on the standards of the Code.
  • 83. Therefore, in order to assure the goals of local autonomy, provinces and cities in respect to their component cities and municipalities, and component municipalities and barangays, respectively shall exercise power to supervise only inasmuch as to ensure “that the acts of their component units are within the scope of their assigned powers and functions”.
  • 84. Revenue and Taxing Power of LGUs Sec. 5 Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the Congress may provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.
  • 85. The Constitution grants fiscal autonomy to LGUs in creating their own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, imposes fees and charges within their immediate territorial jurisdiction, subject to the limitation determined by Congress. The proceeds of those locally generated resources shall accrue to the public funding of local government concerned.
  • 86. In terms of taxation, local governments have the power to raise different types of fees, along with other charges. The biggest local tax resource comes from real property taxes and business taxes. Fees and charges are levied from the use of public utilities, facilities, and equipment owned and operated, and maintained by local governments within their boundaries. The most common are local roads, markets, slaughterhouses, and public parking lots.
  • 87. One of the newest local sources under the RA 7160 is the community tax, replacing the old national residence tax, which has to be paid by every inhabitant 18 years of age or over who has been regularly employed on a wage or salary basis or who is engaged in business or occupation, or who owns real property of an assessed value of Php 1,000 or more, or who is required to file an income tax.
  • 88. Further, local governments units shall have a just share, as determined by law in the national taxes which shall be automatically released to them (Art. X, Sec 6), and local government shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and development of the national wealth within their respective areas, in the manner provided by law, including sharing the same with the inhabitants by way of direct benefits (Sec. 7).
  • 89. Local governments also have a share in the proceeds derived from the utilization and development of the national wealth (at 40%) within their respective areas. These include shares from mining taxes, royalties, forestry and fishery charges, and other surcharges, interests or fines in any co-production, joint venture or production sharing agreement.
  • 90. Any government agency or government-owned or controlled corporation engaged in the utilization and development of the national wealth is also required to share their proceeds with the local government unit (s) concerned.
  • 91. Apart from the regular members of local councils in different tiers of local government, the Code also provides for sectoral representations in local government such as the creation of Local School Board, Local Development Council, and Local Health Board in every council. This is to ensure greater political participation of the different sectors of the society in policy and decision-making processes (Sec. 9).
  • 92. Regional and Metropolitan Government A dominant feature of the twentieth century is the rapid growth of cities in developing as well as in developed states. The emergence of the metropolis with all its attendant problems has become the increasing concern of government.
  • 93. Metropolis refers to: A huge multi-million population center of trade, finance, culture, and world power…It combines the function of central leadership and production of the main bulk of material goods and services. Its influence consolidates huge areas up to 1000 miles outside the central city into vast metropolitan regions.
  • 94. The concept of urbanization commonly refers to the growth of population concentrations, which is the development of towns and cities. It is also used to connote the proportion of a population living in urban places and changes in social organization that result from such population concentrations.
  • 95. Urbanization is thus a process-the process by which rural areas are transformed into urban areas. In demographic terms, urbanization is an increase in population concentration; organizationally, it is an alternation in structure and functions Demographically, urbanization involves two elements: the multiplication of points of concentration and the increase in the size of individual concentrations.
  • 96. The creation of Metropolitan Government, the MMDA, is brought about by the problems of urbanization. The metropolitan system of governance has been accepted to address the problems of rapid urbanization which cannot be solved independently by a local unit. The metropolitan system has been recognized as relatively successful in addressing urban problems like pollution, traffic, garbage, the delivery of basic services, etc.
  • 97. Rapid urbanization is one important concerns that must be addressed collectively or in coordination with other LGUs in one-mega cities, which issues and concerns extend beyond political boundaries. The Constitution seeks the need to administer programs and services in an integrated approach of regional governance. A special government which shall consolidate and mobilize resources of concerned LGUs in an effort to wrestle the fast decaying problems of growing and expanding population in key cities.
  • 98. Metropolitan and decentralization are two significant forces in the development and management of large cities throughout the world. The unprecedented large-scale urban problems that need to be addressed have strengthened the call for a metropolitan system of government.
  • 99. The President shall provide for regional development councils or other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other governmental organizations within the regions for purpose of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region (Sec. 14).
  • 100. The regional government and administration in the Philippines constitutes a new tier in local government system. They assume coordinating roles among lower levels of local governments. They facilitate also a more effective decision making enhance coordination and horizontal integration, establish a strong and unified leadership and implementing machinery in the region and reduce regional disparities. Regional government promotes local autonomy which is of political and administrative type.
  • 101. Next: Part X Political Parties and Party Systems