2. Integrated Water Resources Development and Management: IWRDM. Integration of - - River basin resources- surface and ground. - Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive, and supplies. - Facilities - mega to micro. - Human and eco-systems. - S&T and engineering with social, economic, synergic needs.

10. WATERSHED MODELLING … Watershed modelling steps 1. Formulation 2. Calibration/verification 3. Application Watershed model constitutes 1. Input function 2. Output function 3. Transform function

11. Fig Flowchart of simple watershed model (McCuen, 1989) WATERSHED MODELLING … Precipitation Interception Storage Surface Runoff Groundwater Storage Channel Processes Interflow Direct Runoff Surface Storage Baseflow Percolation Infiltration ET ET

12. WATERSHED MODELLING … General Classification of Models Broadly classified into three types Black Box Models: These models describe mathematically the relation between rainfall and surface runoff without describing the physical process by which they are related. e.g. Unit Hydrograph approach Lumped models: These models occupy an intermediate position between the distributed models and Black Box Models. e.g. Stanford Watershed Model Distributed Models: These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based on the solution of unsteady flow equations.

14. Concepts and Principles of IWM Objectives:  Water has multiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way.  Water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level .  Water allocation should take account of the interests of all who are affected.  Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good. Strategies:  A long term, viable sustainable future for basin stake holders.  Equitable access to water resources for water users.  The application of principles of demand management for efficient utilisation.  Prevention of further environmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of degraded resources (long term). . Implementation Programs:  Comprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a delivery mechanisms and a monitoring schedule that evaluates program performance .  Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess the resource base through modelling and development of DSS , and to determine the linkage between water resources and the impacts on environment, socio-economy .  Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.

15. Integrated Watershed Approach IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources …… an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects. Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority . Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts. 1970 1980 1990 2000 Public Participation Watershed development program Low High Mainly water conservation Socio-economic with water conservation Socio-economic, water conservation, participation Public participation planning, design, implementation Project success

17. IWA – Modeling through Advanced Technologies

18. Part 4: Water Conservation & Harvesting Total water management for sustainable development ?.

24. Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages 1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply 2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water 3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals 4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged 5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas 6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct, operate and maintain 7. In desert, RWH only relief 8. I n saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality water

25. Part 5: Successful Case Study Catchment Area = 1800 km 2

27. Jhabua watershed: Case study Major crops: Maize, Cotton, Peanuts, Soyabeans; Gram, Black beans, Oil seeds. Predominantly tribal population, 92% engaged in agriculture. ~ high seasonal migration ~ economically one of the most backward district

28. Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station Jhabua Seasonal rainfall departure are extremely variable.

31. Resources mapping: Ground water dynamics Total alluvium area= 18.5 km 2  Channel porosity = 20%  Depth of wetting front = 4.0 m Total storage capacity = 14.8 x10 6 m 3.

32. Resources mapping: Surface water storage Total number of reservoirs = 144 Storage capacity = 81.3 x 10 6 m 3 Reservoir in main channel

33. Appropriate Technology Water conservation and groundwater recharge techniques Water harvesting cum supplementary irrigation techniques in Jhabua

34. Water Conservation Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches, gully plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks. Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%. Type of land ownership for soil and water conservation measures Techniques of soil and water conservation measures

35. Redevelopment of forest is essential for catering socio- economics needs of the people and ecological needs of the region. Forest committees are formed for forest protection and part of area is made available for grazing on rotation basis. Implementing agencies promoted the concept of “Social Fencing” people protecting the forest and grazing land. Joint Forest Management

36. Community participation and local capacity building Development of new village level institutions and local capacity building. Operation & maintenance of structures, regulation of financial matters, and conflict resolution.

40. Dr. T. I. Eldho Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: [email_address] Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 http://www. civil.iitb.ac.in