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Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________

                                Defect Prevention



Abstract:

In recent years the emphasis on software quality has increased due to forces from several sectors
of the computer industry. Defect Prevention is one of the most important activities of a software
development life cycle, which has a direct impact on controlling the cost of the project and the
quality of the deliverables.

Defect prevention involves
1) Logging the defects encountered.
2) Analyzing the defects to find the reason that caused this defect to occur
3) Ensure that these defects do not recur by suggesting preventive techniques.

The cost of rectifying defect in the product is very much higher compared to preventing it in the
first place. As the delay in detecting the defect increases, the cost of the fixing the defect
increases exponentially. Hence it is always advisable to take measures, which will prevent the
defect being introduced in the product, as early as possible. The cost of these measures is minimal
compared to cost of fixing the defect at later stage.

Syntel is assessed at Level 5 of the Process maturity on the SEI Software CMM.

All practices defined in Level 5 of the CMM Model are being implemented in every project. The
purpose of this paper is to underline the importance of Defect Prevention and to walk through the
various DP activities carried out at Syntel India Ltd. Topics discussed in this paper are:

v Syntel’s Policy for defect prevention activities

v Defect prevention data logging

v Defects Measurement and Analysis

v Defect Prevention techniques




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 1/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________

Organization Policy for defect prevention activities

As per the Organization policy,
• At the organization level the DP (Defect Prevention) Board manages defects prevention
    activities.
• At the project level the DP Coordinator appointed by the Project Manager manages the
    prevention activities.
• The DP Board establishes a long-term plan for defect prevention activities.
• Results of DP activities are reviewed by senior management to monitor their effectiveness


In keeping with the Organization Policy, Syntel has a DP board, which has representation from
SEPG (Software Engineering Process Group).

The DP board has a Quarterly plan in which it sets Organization level goals, the various activities
to be carried out to achieve these goals. It also decides as to what reports needs to be generated
and what Metrics needs to be monitored.

Based on QM (Quantitative Management) board inputs, the DP board targets specific areas where
it needs to concentrate its DP activities on. The current goal of the DP board set in September
2001 is 5% reduction in defect density over a period of 3 months.


Defect prevention data logging

At the Project level, a DP coordinator is appointed by the Project Manager to coordinate the DP
activities across the Project. The DP-Coordinator is trained by the DP Board and the SEPG group
to carry out DP activities.

 Syntel adopts Peer review process and accordingly Peers review all deliverables. The defects
encountered in the review process are logged onto the Defect Register (Appendix A).
The defects logged are classified by
1) Phase in which they occurred (Requirements, Design, Coding, Testing etc).
2) The severity (A, B, C, D). Each severity is assigned a weight (A=8,B=4,C=2,D=1).
3) The type of defect. The defects are classified as per the Orthogonal Defect Classification by
    IBM into 8 different types, Viz. F-Function, A-Assignment, I-Interface, C-Checking, B-
    Build, D-Documentation, G-Algorithm, T-Timing.
4) The Detecting agency (Internal if during Peer review, External if by an agency external to the
    Project and Customer if by the Client/customer)




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 2/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________


Defects Measurement and Analysis

At the end of every month, data from defect register is consolidated and a causal analysis report is
prepared. All the DP Coordinators carry out this activity across their respective projects.
A sample of the Causal Analysis report is attached in Appendix B.

Due to some cause (error) the defects get incorporated in the program. After Analyzing the root
cause of the defect, the preventive action for the defect can be provided. This will reduce the
number of defects occurring henceforth.

During Causal Analysis weighted defects for each defect type are listed down. The DP
coordinator then decides which types of defects need to be analyzed for a root cause. This need
not be the defect type, which have the maximum number of defects. After targeting the type of
defects, a detailed root cause analysis is carried out and the causes of the defects are detected.
Subsequent to this preventive action is proposed to prevent the recurrence of these types of
defects. Fish Bone / Ishikawa diagrams are also used for complex Root cause analysis.

Causal analysis is done regularly by the DP Coordinator (using Pareto Chart) once a month,
which are reviewed by, DM (Delivery Manager) and SQA (Software Quality Assurance). Results
of preventive /corrective actions are reviewed in the next months Causal Analysis and benefits are
noted down.

Besides conveying the Preventive measures to the Project team, the DP coordinator also sends the
Causal Analysis report to the DP Board, and this is discussed during the boards monthly meeting.
The DP board then passes on the preventive actions to all other projects. If these actions involve
any changes to the Organizations Standard Software Process, they are conveyed to the Process
Change Management Board through formal “Process Improvement Proposals”.

The DP Board consolidates the data collected from all the projects and circulates the preventive
actions suggested during the monthly board meeting to all projects.

The DP Board also performs a Quarterly Cost Benefit analysis and reports the findings to the
COO (Chief Operating Officer). This analysis includes:
1) Highlights for the period
2) Effort expended in person hours
3) Tangible results actually obtained, in quantitative terms like
   a) Percentage reduction in effort
   b) Percentage reduction in number of defects.
4) Intangible benefit obtained e. g. customer feedback, employee feedback etc.
5) Tangible results projected for the next twelve months in quantitative terms




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 3/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________


Defect Prevention techniques

The DP coordinator holds a monthly team meeting in which he presents the findings of the Causal
Analysis report. The causes of the defects are discussed and preventive methods are shared
between the team members. Action items are decided and responsibilities are fixed for carrying
out these actions.

At the beginning of every phase of a project, or at the project initiation meeting, the DP
coordinator is responsible for propagating the preventive actions proposed in the project as of that
date to the entire project team.

The DP Board meets on monthly basis to review and analyze the causal analysis reports received
from the projects. All Action Proposals submitted by projects and preventive measures, proposed
(or followed) by projects are analyzed by the DP board. This analysis is available to everybody at
organization level. The projects can share the information and learn from and prevent the
mistakes that occurred in other projects.

Projects in the organization implement some or all action proposal suggested by DP Board. DP
Board may also propose some of the action proposals on a pilot basis.
This monthly status report (Organization wide, defect causal analysis report) includes:
    • A summary of the major defect types reported during the month
    • Major achievements and successful implementation of action in defect prevention
    • Status of the incomplete action proposals


Benefits Observed:

1) Checklists developed for review have improved a lot.
2) Rework effort has reduced.
3) Number of weighted defects/program has reduced.
4) Training program has improved.
5) Projects are now operating with lesser defects even with a lesser percentage of experienced
   resources.


Conclusion

Defect prevention activity involves

1)   Understand the mechanisms for defect detection and prevention.
2)   Know how to collect, categorize and use defect information.
3)   Find where to apply lessons learned.
4)   Root cause analysis
5)   Apply the defect prevention process.

Applying these guidelines Syntel has successfully achieved the goal set by the Defect Prevention
Board in the Defect prevention plan for the June 2001.



______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 4/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 5/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________



Appendix A

Defect Register

Defect Register


Project Id:                                       Project Name

Module / System ID:                               Module/System Name:




 Task No.             Defect Detection Activity   Defect         Defect Description         Detection   Agency   Occurrence   Severity   Defect
                                                  Number                                     Phase                 Phase       Level      Type




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 6/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________



Project Id                                                                     Module Id   :
Project Name                                                                   Module Name :
Month & Year

   Detection        -      RDD Review      Specs Review    Code Review     Unit Test Plan     Unit Test       System Test     System Test   Documentation    UAT Plan   UAT Results    Post       Sub Total       TOTAL
Phase                                                                         Review        Results Review    Plan Review    Results Review    Review         Review     Review     Implementat
                                                                                                                                                                                        ion
Occurrence
Phase


       Severity Level      A   B   C   D   A   B   C   D   A   B   C   D   A   B   C   D    A   B   C   D    A   B   C   D   A   B   C   D   A   B   C   D   A   B C DAB CDABCD A                  B   C      D
    Requirement Analysis

       System Design

             Coding

     Unit Test Planning

        Unit Testing

    System Test Planning

       System Testing

       Documentation

       UAT Planning
              UAT

      Implementation

         Sub Total

             TOTAL

Severity Level

A. Program not operable                                                                                      Project Manager/Leader:
B. Major / Important function not operable
C. Minor function not operable                                                                                                   Date    :
D. Cosmetic errors




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 7/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 8/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________

Appendix B

Sample Causal Analysis Report:


    Causal Analysis Report for the Period from
             07/01/01 to 07/31/01
                    99                                        Project 1
   Project ID :                             Project Name :




Defect Type-wise data sheet

S.LD.T      A       B           C     D        F        G        I        T      TOTA
                                                                                    L
                                                                                  WTD.
                                                                                  DEFE
                                                                                   CTS
   A         0       0           0     2        0        0        0        0        -
   B         0       1           0     0        3        0        0        0        -
   C         0       0           1     5        0        0        4        0        -
   D         0       0           0     1        0        0        2        0        -
 Wtd.        0       4           2    27       12        0       10        0       55
Defect
   s
           0.0      7.0      3.0     49.0     21.0      0.0     18.0      0.0     100.0
Percent
age(%)


Defect       Desc
Type
F            Function
A            Assignment
I            Interface
C            Checking
B            Build
D            Documentation
L            Algorithm
T            Timing




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 9/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________




Defect Type-Wise Pareto Diagram


                              PROJECT 1 - JULY 2001

                                                                                  100
             50
                                                                                  80
             40




                                                                                        Percent
                                                                                  60
     Count




             30

                                                                                  40
             20

                                                                                  20
             10

             0                                                                    0

                                                                          er s
  Defect                                      I
                     D            F                        B
                                                                       Oth


    Count            27          12           10            4            2
   Percent         49.1        21.8         18.2          7.3          3.6
   Cum %           49.1        70.9         89.1         96.4        100.0




Analysis:

Type D defects are maximum for this month.
We will be analyzing these defects for the root cause.




______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 10/11
Syntel India Ltd.
Defect Prevention
______________________________________________________________________________________


Analysis Report :

Causes for Defect Type ‘D’


No        Defects                                    Causes
  1       Back Page message paragraph not            Lapse on part of programmer in
          proper.                                    following the Project standards.
    2     In para 'CJAAA-SUB-...' sub cat record     Lapse on part of programmer in
          not proper.                                following the Project standards.
    3     Indentation not proper                     Lapse on part of programmer in
                                                     following the Project standards.
    4     Message counter is not properly            Unclear Specifications
          applied
    5     Comment box is not as per Project          Lapse on part of programmer in
          standard                                   following the Project standards.
    6     Value for WS-END-OF-IRLHQ should           Unclear Specifications
          be 'NO ' not 'NO'
    7     Indentation is not proper                  Lapse on part of programmer in
                                                     following the Project standards.
    8     Length of the IPARM record should be       Unclear Specifications
          80.


Comparison with Prior months Data:
        F   A      I     T     B             D         G        C       Total      Month
                                                                        Weighted
                                                                        Defects
                                                                                   Jun 01
Weight      0      2       4     89     0        4         2        0      101
ed
Defects
                                                                                   Jul 01
Weight      0      4       2     27     12       0         10       0      55
ed
Defects


Prevention Action proposed :

Root causes:
It has been observed that the adherence to standards is not strict resulting in most
of the documentation type of defects.

Proposed action with justification:
A tool had been developed last month to catch documentation type of errors and this
has helped a lot in reducing the number of documentation type of defects. Continue
using the tool and observe if there is further reduction in defects.

•   Responsible persons: Person A, Person B, and Person C.
•   Proposed review date : Ne xt months Causal Analysis
•   Action applicable for current project : Yes
•   Action applicable for other project : No

______________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh        Page 11/11
Syntel India Ltd.

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Defect Prevention

  • 1. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Defect Prevention Abstract: In recent years the emphasis on software quality has increased due to forces from several sectors of the computer industry. Defect Prevention is one of the most important activities of a software development life cycle, which has a direct impact on controlling the cost of the project and the quality of the deliverables. Defect prevention involves 1) Logging the defects encountered. 2) Analyzing the defects to find the reason that caused this defect to occur 3) Ensure that these defects do not recur by suggesting preventive techniques. The cost of rectifying defect in the product is very much higher compared to preventing it in the first place. As the delay in detecting the defect increases, the cost of the fixing the defect increases exponentially. Hence it is always advisable to take measures, which will prevent the defect being introduced in the product, as early as possible. The cost of these measures is minimal compared to cost of fixing the defect at later stage. Syntel is assessed at Level 5 of the Process maturity on the SEI Software CMM. All practices defined in Level 5 of the CMM Model are being implemented in every project. The purpose of this paper is to underline the importance of Defect Prevention and to walk through the various DP activities carried out at Syntel India Ltd. Topics discussed in this paper are: v Syntel’s Policy for defect prevention activities v Defect prevention data logging v Defects Measurement and Analysis v Defect Prevention techniques ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 1/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 2. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Organization Policy for defect prevention activities As per the Organization policy, • At the organization level the DP (Defect Prevention) Board manages defects prevention activities. • At the project level the DP Coordinator appointed by the Project Manager manages the prevention activities. • The DP Board establishes a long-term plan for defect prevention activities. • Results of DP activities are reviewed by senior management to monitor their effectiveness In keeping with the Organization Policy, Syntel has a DP board, which has representation from SEPG (Software Engineering Process Group). The DP board has a Quarterly plan in which it sets Organization level goals, the various activities to be carried out to achieve these goals. It also decides as to what reports needs to be generated and what Metrics needs to be monitored. Based on QM (Quantitative Management) board inputs, the DP board targets specific areas where it needs to concentrate its DP activities on. The current goal of the DP board set in September 2001 is 5% reduction in defect density over a period of 3 months. Defect prevention data logging At the Project level, a DP coordinator is appointed by the Project Manager to coordinate the DP activities across the Project. The DP-Coordinator is trained by the DP Board and the SEPG group to carry out DP activities. Syntel adopts Peer review process and accordingly Peers review all deliverables. The defects encountered in the review process are logged onto the Defect Register (Appendix A). The defects logged are classified by 1) Phase in which they occurred (Requirements, Design, Coding, Testing etc). 2) The severity (A, B, C, D). Each severity is assigned a weight (A=8,B=4,C=2,D=1). 3) The type of defect. The defects are classified as per the Orthogonal Defect Classification by IBM into 8 different types, Viz. F-Function, A-Assignment, I-Interface, C-Checking, B- Build, D-Documentation, G-Algorithm, T-Timing. 4) The Detecting agency (Internal if during Peer review, External if by an agency external to the Project and Customer if by the Client/customer) ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 2/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 3. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Defects Measurement and Analysis At the end of every month, data from defect register is consolidated and a causal analysis report is prepared. All the DP Coordinators carry out this activity across their respective projects. A sample of the Causal Analysis report is attached in Appendix B. Due to some cause (error) the defects get incorporated in the program. After Analyzing the root cause of the defect, the preventive action for the defect can be provided. This will reduce the number of defects occurring henceforth. During Causal Analysis weighted defects for each defect type are listed down. The DP coordinator then decides which types of defects need to be analyzed for a root cause. This need not be the defect type, which have the maximum number of defects. After targeting the type of defects, a detailed root cause analysis is carried out and the causes of the defects are detected. Subsequent to this preventive action is proposed to prevent the recurrence of these types of defects. Fish Bone / Ishikawa diagrams are also used for complex Root cause analysis. Causal analysis is done regularly by the DP Coordinator (using Pareto Chart) once a month, which are reviewed by, DM (Delivery Manager) and SQA (Software Quality Assurance). Results of preventive /corrective actions are reviewed in the next months Causal Analysis and benefits are noted down. Besides conveying the Preventive measures to the Project team, the DP coordinator also sends the Causal Analysis report to the DP Board, and this is discussed during the boards monthly meeting. The DP board then passes on the preventive actions to all other projects. If these actions involve any changes to the Organizations Standard Software Process, they are conveyed to the Process Change Management Board through formal “Process Improvement Proposals”. The DP Board consolidates the data collected from all the projects and circulates the preventive actions suggested during the monthly board meeting to all projects. The DP Board also performs a Quarterly Cost Benefit analysis and reports the findings to the COO (Chief Operating Officer). This analysis includes: 1) Highlights for the period 2) Effort expended in person hours 3) Tangible results actually obtained, in quantitative terms like a) Percentage reduction in effort b) Percentage reduction in number of defects. 4) Intangible benefit obtained e. g. customer feedback, employee feedback etc. 5) Tangible results projected for the next twelve months in quantitative terms ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 3/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 4. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Defect Prevention techniques The DP coordinator holds a monthly team meeting in which he presents the findings of the Causal Analysis report. The causes of the defects are discussed and preventive methods are shared between the team members. Action items are decided and responsibilities are fixed for carrying out these actions. At the beginning of every phase of a project, or at the project initiation meeting, the DP coordinator is responsible for propagating the preventive actions proposed in the project as of that date to the entire project team. The DP Board meets on monthly basis to review and analyze the causal analysis reports received from the projects. All Action Proposals submitted by projects and preventive measures, proposed (or followed) by projects are analyzed by the DP board. This analysis is available to everybody at organization level. The projects can share the information and learn from and prevent the mistakes that occurred in other projects. Projects in the organization implement some or all action proposal suggested by DP Board. DP Board may also propose some of the action proposals on a pilot basis. This monthly status report (Organization wide, defect causal analysis report) includes: • A summary of the major defect types reported during the month • Major achievements and successful implementation of action in defect prevention • Status of the incomplete action proposals Benefits Observed: 1) Checklists developed for review have improved a lot. 2) Rework effort has reduced. 3) Number of weighted defects/program has reduced. 4) Training program has improved. 5) Projects are now operating with lesser defects even with a lesser percentage of experienced resources. Conclusion Defect prevention activity involves 1) Understand the mechanisms for defect detection and prevention. 2) Know how to collect, categorize and use defect information. 3) Find where to apply lessons learned. 4) Root cause analysis 5) Apply the defect prevention process. Applying these guidelines Syntel has successfully achieved the goal set by the Defect Prevention Board in the Defect prevention plan for the June 2001. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 4/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 6. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Appendix A Defect Register Defect Register Project Id: Project Name Module / System ID: Module/System Name: Task No. Defect Detection Activity Defect Defect Description Detection Agency Occurrence Severity Defect Number Phase Phase Level Type ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 6/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 7. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Project Id Module Id : Project Name Module Name : Month & Year Detection - RDD Review Specs Review Code Review Unit Test Plan Unit Test System Test System Test Documentation UAT Plan UAT Results Post Sub Total TOTAL Phase Review Results Review Plan Review Results Review Review Review Review Implementat ion Occurrence Phase Severity Level A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C DAB CDABCD A B C D Requirement Analysis System Design Coding Unit Test Planning Unit Testing System Test Planning System Testing Documentation UAT Planning UAT Implementation Sub Total TOTAL Severity Level A. Program not operable Project Manager/Leader: B. Major / Important function not operable C. Minor function not operable Date : D. Cosmetic errors ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 7/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 9. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Appendix B Sample Causal Analysis Report: Causal Analysis Report for the Period from 07/01/01 to 07/31/01 99 Project 1 Project ID : Project Name : Defect Type-wise data sheet S.LD.T A B C D F G I T TOTA L WTD. DEFE CTS A 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 - B 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 - C 0 0 1 5 0 0 4 0 - D 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 - Wtd. 0 4 2 27 12 0 10 0 55 Defect s 0.0 7.0 3.0 49.0 21.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 100.0 Percent age(%) Defect Desc Type F Function A Assignment I Interface C Checking B Build D Documentation L Algorithm T Timing ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 9/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 10. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Defect Type-Wise Pareto Diagram PROJECT 1 - JULY 2001 100 50 80 40 Percent 60 Count 30 40 20 20 10 0 0 er s Defect I D F B Oth Count 27 12 10 4 2 Percent 49.1 21.8 18.2 7.3 3.6 Cum % 49.1 70.9 89.1 96.4 100.0 Analysis: Type D defects are maximum for this month. We will be analyzing these defects for the root cause. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 10/11 Syntel India Ltd.
  • 11. Defect Prevention ______________________________________________________________________________________ Analysis Report : Causes for Defect Type ‘D’ No Defects Causes 1 Back Page message paragraph not Lapse on part of programmer in proper. following the Project standards. 2 In para 'CJAAA-SUB-...' sub cat record Lapse on part of programmer in not proper. following the Project standards. 3 Indentation not proper Lapse on part of programmer in following the Project standards. 4 Message counter is not properly Unclear Specifications applied 5 Comment box is not as per Project Lapse on part of programmer in standard following the Project standards. 6 Value for WS-END-OF-IRLHQ should Unclear Specifications be 'NO ' not 'NO' 7 Indentation is not proper Lapse on part of programmer in following the Project standards. 8 Length of the IPARM record should be Unclear Specifications 80. Comparison with Prior months Data: F A I T B D G C Total Month Weighted Defects Jun 01 Weight 0 2 4 89 0 4 2 0 101 ed Defects Jul 01 Weight 0 4 2 27 12 0 10 0 55 ed Defects Prevention Action proposed : Root causes: It has been observed that the adherence to standards is not strict resulting in most of the documentation type of defects. Proposed action with justification: A tool had been developed last month to catch documentation type of errors and this has helped a lot in reducing the number of documentation type of defects. Continue using the tool and observe if there is further reduction in defects. • Responsible persons: Person A, Person B, and Person C. • Proposed review date : Ne xt months Causal Analysis • Action applicable for current project : Yes • Action applicable for other project : No ______________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared By Kshitija And Rajesh Page 11/11 Syntel India Ltd.