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Question1: Use induction to prove that 2n ≤n! . Determine for which n values this is true
and use the appropriate starting point.

Soln.

2n ≤n!

For n=1.

2 ≤ 1 not true

For n=2

4 ≤ 2.1

4 ≤ 2 not true

For n=3

8 ≤ 3.2.1

8 ≤ 6 not true

For n=4

16 ≤ 4.3.2.1

16 ≤ 24 true

For n=5

25 ≤ 5.4.3.2.1 true

So this is true for n ≥ 4. Here our first case to check is n = 4 is true.

So we're good here. Now for the inductive step, we must assume that for n=k

2k ≤ k!

…………….(1) is true.
And show that this assumption implies that:

2k+1 ≤ (k+1)!.........................................(2)
Now (k+1)! Can be written as
(k+1)!= (k+1)k!

On using equation 1
(k+1)2k ≤ k!(k+1)
2.2k ≤ k!(k+1)

2k+1 ≤ k!(k+1)

2k+1 ≤ (k+1)!

Hence proved that 2n ≤n! is true for n ≥ 4.
Question 2: If S is denumerable, then S is equinumerous with a proper subset of itself.

Since S is denumerable, there exists a bijection f: N  S. Considerthe set T = S/ {f(1)}. Then for
fn g: N

 T given by g(n) = f (n + 1). It is injective since if g(m) = g(n), then f(m+1) = f(n+1) and

since f is injective, m+1 = n+1. Thus m = n. Furthermore, it is surjective, ie x=g(m). Thus T is
denumerable and equinumerous to S.

Question 3: Let A and B be nonempty, bounded subsets of R. Prove that inf (AUB) = inf {
inf A,
inf B}
Soluti
on:

Assume without loss of generality that inf(A)< or = inf (B) so that (inf(A), inf(B)) = inf(A).We need to prove that inf (A) is
lower bound for AUB and if t is any lower bound for A U B then t < or = inf (A).

A < Or = inf(A) for a belongs to A. Same with b. Since inf (B) > or = inf (A) that means b> or = inf (A). Since every
element c of A U B satisfies c belongs to A or B or both we seethat c > or = inf (A) so inf(A) is lower bound for A U B.

Let T be any lower bound for A U B. Since t < or = c we also have t < or = c. In particular t is lower bound for A U B ie > or
= any lower bound for A U B. ie inf (A U B) = inf (A)
Question 4: Prove that an accumulation point of a set S is either an interior point of S
or a boundary point of S.

Let x ε R be accumulation point of S, if x is not an interior point of S; so let ɛ > 0; since x is accumulation
point of S, N (x; ɛ) intersection S is not = 0. Also x isnot an interior point of S so we cannot have N ( x; ɛ)
subset S ie N ( x; ɛ) ∩ ( R / S is not eq to 0). This proves our assumption.

Question 5:
Solution:
Question 6. Use the definition of compact and NOT Heine –Borelto prove that if A and B
are compact then AUB is compact.

Let U = {uα}αεA be an open cover of AUB. Therefore U is also an open cover of A and B.
Since A and B are compact, there exist finite subcovers {U1..,Un} C {Uα} αεA and { Un+1,…Un}C{Uα}αεA of A
and B resp..ie
A C U Uj and BC U Uj
Then it follows that the finite collection { U1, U2,…Un} C {Uα}αεA is an open cover of A U B.
Therefore A U B is compact.

Question 7:

Lim n→∞ (n2 – 4)/ ( n2 – 3n -5)

Taking n2 common from numerator and denominator both

Or Lim n→∞ (1 – 4/ n2)/ ( 1 – 3/n -5/ n2)

= (1 – 4/ ∞)/ ( 1 – 3/∞ -5/ ∞)
=1/1

=1

hence prove
Question 8:

1)

For the sequence to be Cauchy, for every ε>0, there exists a positive integer N such
that n, m>N ⇒ |an - am| < ε.
Suppose

ε>0. Then choose N so that if k > N, 1/k2< ε/2. Then Notice that for

any m, n > N , we have
|an - am| = |1/m2 - 1/n2 |

≤ 1/m2 + 1/n2

<

1/ N2+ 1/ N2

= 2/N2 =2(ε/2) = ε

so the sequence is cauchy
Question: 9

A sequence { a n } is a Cauchy sequence ⇒ A sequence { a n } is a bounded sequence

Proof1:

* We need to prove: | an | ≤ M for n ∈ N.

•

A sequence { a n } is a Cauchy sequence ⇔

∀ε > 0, ∃ N

m, n > N ⇒

•

Let ε = 1, and m = N, then :

|am –an|<ε

⇒

n ≥ N
So

| an |

such that

=

|aN –an|<1

| an - a N + aN |

≤

| an - a N | + | aN
Let M = Max { | a 1 |, | a 2 | , .. , | a N-1 |, 1+ | a N | }
|
hence | an | ≤
M
Therefore, a sequence { a n } is a bounded by M.
1+ | a N |

Therefore,

A sequence { a n } is a Cauchy sequence ⇒ A sequence { a n } is a bounded sequence.

Q.E.D.
Proof2:

If { an} is a Cauchy sequence then with ɛ =1 there exist N such that if n,m> = N then lan – aml < 0.
For no > N and for any n we have |an| <= B where B = max{ |a1|, |a2|…|ano| + 1}
Case 1 : if n < no then |an| <= B
Case 2: if n > no then n,no > N so |an – ano| < 1.
|an| = | ano + (an – ano| < |ano| + |an – ano| < |ano| + 1 <= B
So {an} is bounded.
Question 10:

Now left hand limit calculation:
X→4-h where h→0 so

= Lim h →0( (4-h)2 + 4)/ ( (4-h)2 -6)

= 20/10

=2

Now right hand limit calculation:

= Lim h →0( (4+h)2 + 4)/ ( (4+h)2 -6)

= 20/10

=2
left hand limit = right hand limit = 2 so limit exist but question is wrong
Question11: Suppose f is continuous on [a,b] and f(a) = f(b). Prove that there are c1 and c2
∈(a,b), c1 ≠c2 f(c1)=f(c2).
Solution:

f(a) = f(b) implies that f is

a) Either a constant function on [a, b]
b) Or first increasing on [a, c] then decreasing [c, b] or vice versa
a) Now If it is a constant and continuous function on [a, b] then
For c1 , c2 ∈(a,b)

c1 ≠c2 , f(c1)=f(c2) is true .

b) First increasing on [a, c] then decreasing [c, b]

Let consider the increasing continuous function on [a,c]
c ∈(a, b) such that f ‘ (c)=0
f is a increasing contiuos function on [a; c] and that f(a) ≠ f(c) ……………...(1)
so from Intermediate Value Theorem
For all α between f (a) and f (c) there exist c1 : a < c1< c …………….…..(2)
for which f (c1) = α ………………………………………………………….…..(3)
Similarly if f is a decreasing continuos function on [c, b] and f(c) ≠ f(b)=f(a) ….(4)
so from Intermediate Value Theorem

For all β between f (c) and f (b) there exist c2 : c < c2< b …………….….(5)
for which f (c2) = β=

…………………………………..……….………….(6)

such that α=β

Simplest example is Sinx which continuos [0, 2π] and Sin(0)= Sin (2π)
And x , x+π ∈ [0, 2π] for which sinx =sin (π+x)
Question 12: prove the product rule for derivative

Product Rule

If f and g are two differentiable functions, then

Let us begin with the definition of a derivative.

The key is to subtract and add a term:

. You need to know to do this to make any progress.

Doing this, we get the following:

.

From the property of limits, we can break the limit into two pieces because the limit of a sum is the sum
of the limits. And so, we have:
Factoring a

on the first limit and

from the second limit we get:

Another property of limits says that the limit of a product is a product of the limits. Using this fact, we
can rewrite the limit as:

By definition, though,

and

.
Also,

and

, since they do not depend on h. So, we have

, which is what we wanted to show.

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Mathematics assignment sample from assignmentsupport.com essay writing services

  • 1. Question1: Use induction to prove that 2n ≤n! . Determine for which n values this is true and use the appropriate starting point. Soln. 2n ≤n! For n=1. 2 ≤ 1 not true For n=2 4 ≤ 2.1 4 ≤ 2 not true For n=3 8 ≤ 3.2.1 8 ≤ 6 not true For n=4 16 ≤ 4.3.2.1 16 ≤ 24 true For n=5 25 ≤ 5.4.3.2.1 true So this is true for n ≥ 4. Here our first case to check is n = 4 is true. So we're good here. Now for the inductive step, we must assume that for n=k 2k ≤ k! …………….(1) is true.
  • 2. And show that this assumption implies that: 2k+1 ≤ (k+1)!.........................................(2) Now (k+1)! Can be written as (k+1)!= (k+1)k! On using equation 1 (k+1)2k ≤ k!(k+1) 2.2k ≤ k!(k+1) 2k+1 ≤ k!(k+1) 2k+1 ≤ (k+1)! Hence proved that 2n ≤n! is true for n ≥ 4.
  • 3. Question 2: If S is denumerable, then S is equinumerous with a proper subset of itself. Since S is denumerable, there exists a bijection f: N  S. Considerthe set T = S/ {f(1)}. Then for fn g: N  T given by g(n) = f (n + 1). It is injective since if g(m) = g(n), then f(m+1) = f(n+1) and since f is injective, m+1 = n+1. Thus m = n. Furthermore, it is surjective, ie x=g(m). Thus T is denumerable and equinumerous to S. Question 3: Let A and B be nonempty, bounded subsets of R. Prove that inf (AUB) = inf { inf A, inf B} Soluti on: Assume without loss of generality that inf(A)< or = inf (B) so that (inf(A), inf(B)) = inf(A).We need to prove that inf (A) is lower bound for AUB and if t is any lower bound for A U B then t < or = inf (A). A < Or = inf(A) for a belongs to A. Same with b. Since inf (B) > or = inf (A) that means b> or = inf (A). Since every
  • 4. element c of A U B satisfies c belongs to A or B or both we seethat c > or = inf (A) so inf(A) is lower bound for A U B. Let T be any lower bound for A U B. Since t < or = c we also have t < or = c. In particular t is lower bound for A U B ie > or = any lower bound for A U B. ie inf (A U B) = inf (A)
  • 5. Question 4: Prove that an accumulation point of a set S is either an interior point of S or a boundary point of S. Let x ε R be accumulation point of S, if x is not an interior point of S; so let ɛ > 0; since x is accumulation point of S, N (x; ɛ) intersection S is not = 0. Also x isnot an interior point of S so we cannot have N ( x; ɛ) subset S ie N ( x; ɛ) ∩ ( R / S is not eq to 0). This proves our assumption. Question 5: Solution:
  • 6. Question 6. Use the definition of compact and NOT Heine –Borelto prove that if A and B are compact then AUB is compact. Let U = {uα}αεA be an open cover of AUB. Therefore U is also an open cover of A and B. Since A and B are compact, there exist finite subcovers {U1..,Un} C {Uα} αεA and { Un+1,…Un}C{Uα}αεA of A and B resp..ie A C U Uj and BC U Uj Then it follows that the finite collection { U1, U2,…Un} C {Uα}αεA is an open cover of A U B. Therefore A U B is compact. Question 7: Lim n→∞ (n2 – 4)/ ( n2 – 3n -5) Taking n2 common from numerator and denominator both Or Lim n→∞ (1 – 4/ n2)/ ( 1 – 3/n -5/ n2) = (1 – 4/ ∞)/ ( 1 – 3/∞ -5/ ∞)
  • 8. Question 8: 1) For the sequence to be Cauchy, for every ε>0, there exists a positive integer N such that n, m>N ⇒ |an - am| < ε. Suppose ε>0. Then choose N so that if k > N, 1/k2< ε/2. Then Notice that for any m, n > N , we have |an - am| = |1/m2 - 1/n2 | ≤ 1/m2 + 1/n2 < 1/ N2+ 1/ N2 = 2/N2 =2(ε/2) = ε so the sequence is cauchy
  • 9. Question: 9 A sequence { a n } is a Cauchy sequence ⇒ A sequence { a n } is a bounded sequence Proof1: * We need to prove: | an | ≤ M for n ∈ N. • A sequence { a n } is a Cauchy sequence ⇔ ∀ε > 0, ∃ N m, n > N ⇒ • Let ε = 1, and m = N, then : |am –an|<ε ⇒ n ≥ N So | an | such that = |aN –an|<1 | an - a N + aN | ≤ | an - a N | + | aN Let M = Max { | a 1 |, | a 2 | , .. , | a N-1 |, 1+ | a N | } | hence | an | ≤ M Therefore, a sequence { a n } is a bounded by M. 1+ | a N | Therefore, A sequence { a n } is a Cauchy sequence ⇒ A sequence { a n } is a bounded sequence. Q.E.D.
  • 10. Proof2: If { an} is a Cauchy sequence then with ɛ =1 there exist N such that if n,m> = N then lan – aml < 0. For no > N and for any n we have |an| <= B where B = max{ |a1|, |a2|…|ano| + 1} Case 1 : if n < no then |an| <= B Case 2: if n > no then n,no > N so |an – ano| < 1. |an| = | ano + (an – ano| < |ano| + |an – ano| < |ano| + 1 <= B So {an} is bounded.
  • 11. Question 10: Now left hand limit calculation: X→4-h where h→0 so = Lim h →0( (4-h)2 + 4)/ ( (4-h)2 -6) = 20/10 =2 Now right hand limit calculation: = Lim h →0( (4+h)2 + 4)/ ( (4+h)2 -6) = 20/10 =2
  • 12. left hand limit = right hand limit = 2 so limit exist but question is wrong
  • 13. Question11: Suppose f is continuous on [a,b] and f(a) = f(b). Prove that there are c1 and c2 ∈(a,b), c1 ≠c2 f(c1)=f(c2). Solution: f(a) = f(b) implies that f is a) Either a constant function on [a, b] b) Or first increasing on [a, c] then decreasing [c, b] or vice versa a) Now If it is a constant and continuous function on [a, b] then For c1 , c2 ∈(a,b) c1 ≠c2 , f(c1)=f(c2) is true . b) First increasing on [a, c] then decreasing [c, b] Let consider the increasing continuous function on [a,c] c ∈(a, b) such that f ‘ (c)=0 f is a increasing contiuos function on [a; c] and that f(a) ≠ f(c) ……………...(1) so from Intermediate Value Theorem
  • 14. For all α between f (a) and f (c) there exist c1 : a < c1< c …………….…..(2) for which f (c1) = α ………………………………………………………….…..(3) Similarly if f is a decreasing continuos function on [c, b] and f(c) ≠ f(b)=f(a) ….(4) so from Intermediate Value Theorem For all β between f (c) and f (b) there exist c2 : c < c2< b …………….….(5) for which f (c2) = β= …………………………………..……….………….(6) such that α=β Simplest example is Sinx which continuos [0, 2π] and Sin(0)= Sin (2π)
  • 15. And x , x+π ∈ [0, 2π] for which sinx =sin (π+x)
  • 16. Question 12: prove the product rule for derivative Product Rule If f and g are two differentiable functions, then Let us begin with the definition of a derivative. The key is to subtract and add a term: . You need to know to do this to make any progress. Doing this, we get the following: . From the property of limits, we can break the limit into two pieces because the limit of a sum is the sum of the limits. And so, we have:
  • 17. Factoring a on the first limit and from the second limit we get: Another property of limits says that the limit of a product is a product of the limits. Using this fact, we can rewrite the limit as: By definition, though, and .
  • 18. Also, and , since they do not depend on h. So, we have , which is what we wanted to show.