1. Initial public offerings--going public
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2. Table of Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 3
Brief Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 4
Research Description and Objectives ..................................................................................................... 5
Facebook as an IPO case study ............................................................................................................... 7
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 8
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 9

3. Executive Summary
Every firm wants to have its growth of the business in the international market and also want
to collect huge fund so that the firm can expand its business. Also every firm want to attract
the customers and best talent to the industry and want to have the competitive advantage.
Initial public offering is the only solution for it and it shows that potential for the business in
the market and future growth. It is also a reward to the founders and the investors who made
the business through hard work.

4. Brief Introduction
An initial public offering, generally described as IPO or stock market launch as first sale of
the financial stock of the company to the public people. IPO is a type of public offering
through which the fund is accumulated from the public for the future use of the company.
Because of the Initial public offering the company which is now a private firm turns in to the
public company. The initial public offering by the firm is done in order to raise expansion
capital and it becomes publically traded company in the stock market. The firms who turns in
to public from the private takes help from the investment banking to handle the asset and
liabilities of the firm so that the investment and financial activities can be assess correctly,
and also the value of share, and share price of the public firm (Goergen, M.; Khurshed, A.;
Mudambi, R. 2007, 401–419).
The IPO process requires long term planning and execution with the best market
environment. Going public is a very typical transformational process that need to focus on
different business segments for the common goal. When a firm lists itself to the public
exchange, the fund or money invested by the investors to the company directly goes to the
firm account based on the condition of the later shared trade of the company by the investors.
It is a equity for the firm in terms of sale of shares of common stock. IPO thus allows to the
concern company to tap a wide pool of the investors to provide the capital by the investors
for the firm’s future growth, working capital or repayment of the liabilities of the firm
(Khurshed, A.; Mudambi, R., 2002, pp. 697–706).
Initial Public offering has the best use of it as to have the immediate impact on the earnings
and it provides the increase in sales because of the increase in inventory of the firm or
through accounts receivables. For example, the case of Facebook as latest biggest IPO in the
world is the best example of the Initial public offering. Facebook sold 421,233,615 shares for
the price of USD $38 and collected the biggest amount from the public in social networking
industry. This report analyse the different aspects of the IPO for a firm that turn from private
in to public.

5. Research Description and Objectives
Initial public offering is considered as the positive sign of the firm’s success. Going public
for the number of firm is not just selling stock but it is more than that and it is an indicator for
the firm that firm has made the business. Going public means that a firm is now owned by
one or number of individuals where the business is changed to as the owner of the number of
people. Initial public offering doesn’t only allow the firm to give access to the capital for its
fuel growth but as liquidity for the founders and investors (Chen. H. and J. Ritter, 1998). The
capital raise through the successful initial public offering boosts the business and gives the
ability to expand the business in to the new market and grows through the acquisitions and
also help the firm to attract the new talent with the stock options and equity, it rewards the
initial investors with liquidity. Initial public offering; involve one or many other investment
banking that is known as underwritings.
While selling the shares, the underwriting takes some commission based on the total
percentage of the value of the shares. It has been developed an auction process for the issue
of the shares in order to minimize the extreme under pricing. There are few objectives in
order to go public of the private firms. Initial public offering, gives the higher valuation for
the public company and the higher liquidity to the public markets, the access for the capital of
the firm is greater. According to Rowe, it may happen that the initial public offering might be
costly and may be of time consuming but the thing that need to analyse before going public is
the market demand and the influence of the business to the market. It depends on the efficient
and quick stock issuer (Ellis, K, R. Michaely, and M. O’Hara, 1999) . It is stated in the earlier
researches that Initial public offering is considered as the risky investment option.
In case of the individual investor it is very difficult to understand about the stock for the
initial days of offering of the trading. In the near future there is need to analyse the historical
data of the company. Most of the initial public offer goes through the transitory growth
period those are uncertain for its future value. It goes for public from private in order to
increase the liquidity so that it can help a firm to attract the top talent because of enabling the
stock options or might be because of restricted stock awards. It doesn’t only attract the top
talent but also attracts the number of other opportunities for the people. Other aspects of this
is to offer a business with the currency through which it acquire the other business too and

6. also go for the valuation of the entire business in the acquisition target market (Michaely, R.
and K. Womack, 1998).
IPO for acquiring the liquid on the proposed investment is a way of founders or employees or
for the other persons as a financial reward because it takes a hard work to build a strong and
big business. IPO also does an great act for the marketing propose for the firm as it increase
the sales by 400 percent and increase the interest in the products and services. A milestone
for any company is the issuance of publicly traded stock. There are number of steps which
take the company to go for public as strategic decision for the firm, as growth through
acquisitions and cash to attract the customers and investors and direct access to the capital
market. Second step is to find the investment banker, third step is selling the underwriter and
final step is common deal breakers. The main objective of the initial public offering is to
make presence in the market globally and collects the fund for the growth and acquisitions in
the market and has competitive advantage in the similar market industry (Ellis, K, R.
Michaely, and M. O’Hara, 1999)
In the public offering there is no final offering price as it depends on the market price and the
environment, and the business strength of the firm. Therefore, the equity in sharing, and total
share depends on these conditions also the interest of the customer defines the success of the
firm. The securities act of 1933 states that the company and its counsel draft a registration
statement of filing with SEC. The only aim as a Broadway is to gain the market attention
towards the business and expand the business globally (Ritter, J., 1991, pp. 3-27)
.

7. Facebook as an IPO case study
The best example of the public Initial offering in the history of the social networking industry
is the Initial public offering of Facebook that occurred in the year 2012. Facebook filed the
IPO to raise USD $ 5 billion and its value is USD $ 100 billion which made the Facebook
four times bigger than the value of Google. Facebook took a long time to issues the initial
public offering this year. It was listed in NASDAQ and it offered 421,233,615 shares in the
market. The ownership of Facebook before IPO was USD $ 66 billion but after IPO the value
of the Facebook ownership increased by USD $ 72.7 billion (.BBC News. May 16, 2012)
In this IPO for the value of USD $ 5.4 billion share was sold by the existing shareholders and
USD $ 6.1 billion share was sold by Facebook. The latest results for the Initial public offering
for Facebook examines that after a month of the announcement of the Initial public offer the
market got collapse and the value of each share got reduce by USD $ 38 to a lower value this
shows the future market of the Facebook in the international capital market. The current
situation of the Facebook users is now seem to be saturated and also the IPO will be in the
saturated situation after some time.

8. Recommendations
It is recommended that the IPO must need to be issue when it seems the firm to be in a great
going and have the potential customers on its way. IPO increases the saes of the firm and
creates a good brand among the customers so it is highly recommended for the firm to go for
IPO after a good interval of growth for the company.

9. Reference
1. Goergen, M.; Khurshed, A.; Mudambi, R. (2007). "The Long-run Performance of UK
IPOs: Can it be Predicted?". Managerial Finance 33 (6): 401–419
2. Khurshed, A.; Mudambi, R. (2002). "The Short Run Price Performance of Investment
Trust IPOs on the UK Main Market". Applied Financial Economics 12 (10): 697–706
3. Aggarwal, R., 1998, “Stabilization Activities by Underwriters after New Offerings,”
Working Paper, Georgetown University.
4. Chen. H. and J. Ritter, 1998, “The seven percent solution,” Working Paper,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
5. Ellis, K, R. Michaely, and M. O’Hara, 1999a, “When the underwriter is the market
maker: An examination of trading in the IPO Aftermarket,” Working Paper, Cornell
University, Ithaca NY.
6. Ellis, K, R. Michaely, and M. O’Hara, 1999b, “The market microstructure of IPOs”,
Work in progress, Cornell University, Ithaca NY.
7. Michaely, R. and K. Womack, 1998, “Conflict of interest and the credibility of
underwriter Working Paper, Cornell University, Ithaca NY.
8. Ritter, J., 1991, "The Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings," Journal of
Finance 46, 3-27.
9. Facebook boosts number of shares on offer by 25%". BBC News. May 16, 2012.