In this paper, we describe an approach in integrating means of self-direction into workshop-centered methods of PD. The approach aims at diminishing idle times of participants, improving their motivation to contribute and thus at improving the quality of outcomes. Although the work presented here is ongoing research, preliminary results show its benefit and potential contribution to PD.

1. Fostering self-direction in participatory process design 1 Alexander Nolte, Michael Prilla

2. Self-direction in participatory process design The design of new processes or process parts requires the integration of stakeholders and experts from various domains  heterogeneous team Processes contain parts in which stakeholders are more or less involved  not every participant is knowledgeable of every aspect of the process 2  Modelling can benefit from means of self-direction thus increasing the satisfaction of participants as well as resulting in better processes

3. Setting: Participatory process modelling workshop Agency staff IT-Experts Clients Moderator Modeler / chauffeur Interactive Large Screen

4. Self-directed approach in participatory process design 4 1

5. Self-directed approach in participatory process design 2 1 Agency staff Clients 5

6. Self-directed approach in participatory process design 3 2 1 Agency staff 6 IT-experts

7. Self-directed approach in participatory process design 4 3 IT-experts 2 Agency staff 1 7

8. Conclusion 8 Increasing flexibility for participants is supportive for PD Prevents frustration caused by involuntary idleness Beneficial for user motivation and process quality Outcome less dependent on the facilitator Prerequisites: Material has to be prepared (e.g. process parts) Facilitation style has to change (guide to self-direction) Awareness has to be provided for multiple contexts and topics Facilitator still required for situations that the participants cannot handle themselves

9. Future work 9 Continue observing self-directed behavior in participatory design workshops Stronger focus on process design during the collection of elements Enhance and change facilitation strategies thus reducing preparation time Introduce means of self-direction in team composition (e.g. allow participants to invite experts)

10. 10 Thank you for your kind attention alexander.nolte@iaw.rub.de www.imtm-iaw.rub.de