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SEMINARIO DE BIOQUÍMICA



CARBOHIDRATOS

FUNDACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA
 DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD



NURY ESPERANZA VARGAS
 MSc CIENCIAS BÁSICAS
TABLA PERIODICA DE LOS ELEMENTOS
ÁTOMOS de acuerdo con Dalton
J.J. Thomson



               Rutherford




     BÖHR
Dualidad onda-partícula de De Broglie
                           (1924)




De Broglie
             Ecuación de Schrödinger
                     (1926)




Schrödinge
r
ÓRBITALES
Principio de Exclusión de Pau
ENLACE QUÍMICO
Enlace iónico
                Enlace covalente
ALGUNOS ENLACES
MOLÉCULAS
HIBRIDACIÓN SP3




   HIBRIDACIÓN SP3




HIBRIDACIÓN SP2
EXPERIMENTO
     DE
   MILLER

CONCEPTO DE
   OPARIN
Introducción
Son polihidroxi aldehídos o cetonas o
compuestos que conducen a ellos por
hidrólisis y sus derivados.

Se denominan Hidratos de carbono por
responder muchos de ellos a la formula
empírica:

              C (H2O)n
Se producen en la fotosíntesis.
 Las plantas verdes contienen clorofila que
capta de la luz solar la energía necesaria
para realizar el proceso:




        6 CO2        + H2O


        C6(H2O)6 + 6 O2
CLASIFICACIÓN

C
a                                Aldosas
r                 Monosacárid
b                 os
    Azúcare                      Cetosas
o
h   s
                                   -2   Di
i                 Oligosacárid
                                   -3   Tri
d                 os
r                                  -4   tetr
a                                  -5   pent
t   Polisacárid
                                   -6   Hex
o   os
                                   -7   Hept
s
IMPORTANCIA

- Como principios inmediatos son soportes de la
vida
                   Alimento    Cultura    Alcohol
-                  Casa        Higiene    Medicina
Proporcionan:
                   Vestido     Comodidad  Decoración


- Muchas           Polímero     Furfural   Políesteres
aplicaciones       s
                   Sintesis     Conserva   Farmacia
en la industria
Química            Quiral       Celulosa   Bebidas
MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS

Tres carbonos: Aldotriosas

         CHO                        CHO



   H     C        OH      HO        C        H



         CH2 OH
                                    CH2 OH

       D (+)                       L (-)         currentpoint 19
                  Gliceraldéhido
MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS

                   Cuatro carbonos: Aldotetrosas
1DSt[14 I 1345 195220DStgr [0 II 1453 26061DSt Db I I 13451714 20DStgrI [0 II 1453 2606 DStIDb I 4370
3122 2580 4882 3125]
1822 2606 4352 3105]
4513 2756 3845 1904]
4352 2736 4921 1878]
4214 1904 1427 2455]
4552 1878 1952 2416]
1796 2086 4370 1714]
2095 2047 2464 2580 c hemdict 1952 SP 2 DSt 54 50I3122 1952 DSt [2 1952 2416 DSt [3 4370 24
1952 134540 80 40 DSt
4370 [12 I3122 3425 1714] [13 begin 1714 120 1952 4370803425 1714] [13 begin 1714 DSt [1
d 1 1952 1453 2606]
 20 59 50 3122 2580]
 dL 1033        3425]                  gr 1796 2086 1427 2416]
                                       26062095 2047 1952 1714]
                                       ]d end 1 [1
                                       [1 gs1952 1345 4370 2580 chemdict 1952 SP
                                       /bs[[1DS t[14 2464 40 DSt
                                       211 4370 [12 40
                                            3122 2580 3122 2606]
                                            1822 2606 1453 3125]
                                            4513 2756 4882 3105]
                                            4352 2736 4352 1904]
                                            4214 1904 3845 1878]
                                            4552 1878 4921 2455]
                                             dL 1033        3425]
                                                            2580]
mict/chemdict1190pyfillxpym1800s12gr}180neg}if/pxsmglp0setgraymvsbdc0fill}b/SA{aFpxcmpxZLBo/cX0wbegin1px
A-2grOswatOA}{1aR1aLne{bWaclxcp0c 360smLB25.8grOxfillmvgrmv1pymdupprOSacend6cpyx24.6fillb/AA{pxsmdict00
 OrA{pybdtclip}lroixOB/bLmtDA}{cwcmpx-4.8OBpexec}{grlbWc145wmtsat14radrosetgrayixpx-4.82npxcmnpgs3116.r
 grestorenegpex1450.3n0lgrrot-1CAtpxsp lpbegin/versionpywgl1grsOBcounttomark{bs1cv0.5S}if/lp-21gsx{nHL/mt/m
 ransformL/gs/gs avepdpdp20dvbs0dv}sc5type[]typeSACAFifecm/gscmst}{AsmvCApxr}2scBdlp00currentmatrix0w{
 cY dpnp-9.62.251ac xxDA}{dL{DS}ie s qrt2w0.5wdpx-1np5pp00mvaRradpyscx-1albsDA}{exec0nH2gsrssDne{0b/CS{
 2-1dvCAgr{gsmv1987,1pput 21.6xL/ix/indexiemvprlt{10pnega}c1p2.25ne{bWgralDA}{wnp-1round0.61wmpxp16dvbW
 vpx b/PT{arcnmv dp 0eq{DD}-1xl2.2 n/dx-1 0.6pp2{sqrts1.2paLcY1987,0t}120cp0sta/py8a40st}{1.0321.6rmvndef/c
  s2smexecs1986,st}{0m1p-1 mac2pymDLBsp%wD-9.6px16pgrlydp1roixro1end}rOstacdef/L{loadixgr}ie}1LBnp[{py1
  9.6-.6 0pFl8laLt}b/HA{lWl}for-.6-8ne{bWarccwgsdvdppybdycpopxydivcmbLl}for0.4-8dvifpyg/cXrOol2.2rOxsfillxdp0
  t{1x-1 na}{nppxbW end}b/Db{bs{dp 00gi rpydv-12eq{dpDSlm0sn/exxm1sst}]e0pcmst}{AslWrL/l/linetodvmvfillro
  60mdv t1.2pmvfillPrepL/ie/ifelssm8np-1 rac12L/l/linetoc23dpfillpxfillpsmaLlromv25.81cpDT}]o0xdef}b/d/defFw0ppg
  }gr}{pp} L/xl/translatemrOchemdict{gsr gs2ChemDrawdef/b{bind27wplmn/eygrs8 L/m/mulCA-1lobalpppdpgrpp
  pexec}{alLasersgpx s 1.2L/Sglt{-1pypy gs us0CopyRightnerlinetoatcpsm8put18039 m}gb/WW{rOsdv-1gsL/np/ne
  A}{cwsc ngrwy bd DLBppl{sf sc124.6 -1180ixwgr}{pp}{gsacpyavesm0pxputlt{-1eq{dL}cppst}{0lolt{e}ifppsd
  pyRighte gsp gs gr -9.6n/ey dpp sg 16m L/tr/transformL/gsl16lp2m0n27011fillg dpac1 m}b/CB{np[{[{ 2plxsc1og
  emDrawe 2poslac SA neg cm/wetr/dy {bd}L/gr/grestorenegnpslst}{0pdpbdcm p a}ie}DLB180L/n/negn 23cmrlin
  180py py neg}if/py py radro a}ie}b/WW{gslW1odvslp0aarcnw03.3751.2L/S{smOA}{131if1acapeq{DB}{DSp
  mvs12mv 0OBpyw cey mv0 0 m}b/dA{[3CBl16dvcWlx00m27w1pp}{2Cambridgemie2begin/versionc CS}{C
  ms{dpLB ms16.80.6 atbd py a}ie}b/BW{ serdicct/chemdictcmsteq{gspy2trdv/bd sc0 cp270gr}b/w-1sg 9.60cpw
   cm neg 5 cp0 12 -1 t8 px 1 p aAst} x/dx xlnegleq{DB}{pxmvxclippath4.8bdradopxne{sc0-1pyalpgcw2pxdp/clysm
   a} WI dL5lm0b/Ct{bs0s x cpt 1.5 3 {Asc0 dporev{dvetmvclip}b/Ct{bsmpg/bbdv0pscb/dA{[3dylW arcr Xrady1x
   dv 0 p p pp lp3.375 SA b1 OA}{1 pp1s2Facs{dpp{dL1w 12Prep0gifilll1r 180x -1dp14rsmpscD6lpr0.5180s 36
    cmv 1 ex8counttomark{ rot 0 mvo alp190mSApymv g/wsgnelW1pm2lZLB2ap sat16rmvoLB25.8xl}-10mvsc
    dp b2 px at nr dv Cambridge Scientific816sbeginL/mt/matrixpxor{4 0grwyxL/ix/index09.6ppexec}0DA}p
    {sqrt mv -1 npro 120bW e SA 4 l0 3pComputing,Laserrac2L/mv/moveto2.2b/BW{wx FgieCA2dvrOd
    dv sm
     HA}{
       c
       neg
       lp          n/ex
                      8
                      sc
                      px
                      cv
                      dic c 180 dx g DA}{cmlperOnpatOA}{ac3slSApOA}b1s lmcw 180s-1180Computing,t} 2
                      rad e         6 a SAt}{rpxs-.6lp-9.6 at lpbW 4xey ec1 lWgs 3 0OA}{1xl 12 OA}{11.5p
                                        l
                                        p RA}{61Dx}ifcmL/xl/trans bsSst 2pchemdictx/dx-1w0AA}{0cWaRAc
                                        2 -1-1DA}{cw-1.6p ex0-10.6latedpb/Db{bs{ -0.4 p26ac DA}{ 1cX sm
                                        5 st}b/OrA{begin {ex gspdpfillDA}{py-1x dv}{bd}iea/pxac py18npDS
                                        -1 -8gc2c-2HA}ndAn st}mWI1 x-9.6pySAtr/dy slneg arc33gspbeging/cY0
                                        neg dpyfillmvcvDA}2 o 8np0.3scgrmt0dv 0 dp24.6wx lr2.251b/Cr{0acp
                                            x 0 0 CA al Inc. dv 0 pp py xl-1sqrt py xpxSA OA}{
                                            In dv/bdx execst bs b-1 e-1 cpt 0 wb 4pp dv/bdpy l bs In
                                            w wc CB-2 arco p 5SA pydpAA}{1o dv asg e gs w x1mfill cY
                                            a py e xl}{xlnp{cw gs1 L/ie/ifelsepp p g rads ggrac d/wlpgr dy
                                            5 dp mmv DA}{2.25mveq{DD}{DS} 5ientificR cCBs/wxa Y
                                            o 2.25a}b/PT{85 gs2cmx negAgibW1.5 py ro}ie} CBn/dyfillpy -1
                                            e 0pp}px snegw lpp n1.6m DLBm/w f-1SA 0c5acgsneg16gsc cm CA
                                            fillac 180neg}c1986,pyggr}b/OB{/bSxlpy lpbWgimv dxaL0 ssetgra
                                            gsdy 2.2py bsp gsmlnmpx def}bind4 aAx} n/dx 12dp lp Dsg{xll ebs
                                            nprO n/dycXOA}{1 90acdictne{bWlt{ppm360 m/aL rev{neg}ifgr
                                            cpdp/cY0.5 LB neg}if/py ste cpp21.612s mvlW0-0.4S]}b/dL{dAs
                                            pybW2c-1sc sdvac0 p eb/HA{lW{px{1.5 2 gr}b/In{px 90 SA esgnpcm
                                             sl pA m 12 e g gr
                                             s -1 s 0
                                             x m2 w m
                                             1 grgs
                                                 S]}b/dL{
                                                 dL 1   fill
                                                        dv
                                                        rnp[{py c}b/Ov{OrA 0 4 npSA 1
                                                        b2
                                                        WI
                                                         sm       1 OB/bLrot dL etdash}d/c w Ac}{0.5
                                                                  -1 8
                                                                  16.8 sc 1.5 lpx gr}{gs
                                                                  pp}ifelse
                                                                  rO px
                                                                  gr cv
                                                                  }ie             g cpt dx p m 360e eq{-1.6
                                                                                  gs e g gs OB x}if m
                                                                                    rO rot DA}{dL cvDA}{
                                                                                    -.6 3 type[]type 5 L/a/a
                                                                                    ac Sc cm 0.5 s1 ne
                                                                                             neg}if/px -2 arc
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  4
                                                                                                  SA


                     Enantiómeros                                      Enantiómeros
               CHO                       CHO                     CHO                     CHO



        H      C        OH       HO      C        H       HO     C     H         H       C        OH



        H      C        OH      HO       C        H        H     C     OH       HO       C        H



               CH2 OH                    CH2 OH       currentpointCH2 OH
                                                                   192837465             CH2 OH        currentpo
         D-eritrosa              L-eritrosa                    D-treosa              L-treosa

                                      DIASTEROISOMEROS
MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS

                   Cuatro carbonos: Aldotetrosas
1DSt[14 I 1345 195220DStgr [0 II 1453 26061DSt Db I I 13451714 20DStgrI [0 II 1453 2606 DStIDb I 4370
3122 2580 4882 3125]
1822 2606 4352 3105]
4513 2756 3845 1904]
4352 2736 4921 1878]
4214 1904 1427 2455]
4552 1878 1952 2416]
1796 2086 4370 1714]
2095 2047 2464 2580 c hemdict 1952 SP 2 DSt 54 50I3122 1952 DSt [2 1952 2416 DSt [3 4370 24
1952 134540 80 40 DSt
4370 [12 I3122 3425 1714] [13 begin 1714 120 1952 4370803425 1714] [13 begin 1714 DSt [1
d 1 1952 1453 2606]
 20 59 50 3122 2580]
 dL 1033        3425]                  gr 1796 2086 1427 2416]
                                       26062095 2047 1952 1714]
                                       ]d end 1 [1
                                       [1 gs1952 1345 4370 2580 chemdict 1952 SP
                                       /bs[[1DS t[14 2464 40 DSt
                                       211 4370 [12 40
                                            3122 2580 3122 2606]
                                            1822 2606 1453 3125]
                                            4513 2756 4882 3105]
                                            4352 2736 4352 1904]
                                            4214 1904 3845 1878]
                                            4552 1878 4921 2455]
                                             dL 1033        3425]
                                                            2580]
mict/chemdict1190pyfillxpym1800s12gr}180neg}if/pxsmglp0setgraymvsbdc0fill}b/SA{aFpxcmpxZLBo/cX0wbegin1px
A-2grOswatOA}{1aR1aLne{bWaclxcp0c 360smLB25.8grOxfillmvgrmv1pymdupprOSacend6cpyx24.6fillb/AA{pxsmdict00
 OrA{pybdtclip}lroixOB/bLmtDA}{cwcmpx-4.8OBpexec}{grlbWc145wmtsat14radrosetgrayixpx-4.82npxcmnpgs3116.r
 grestorenegpex1450.3n0lgrrot-1CAtpxsp lpbegin/versionpywgl1grsOBcounttomark{bs1cv0.5S}if/lp-21gsx{nHL/mt/m
 ransformL/gs/gs avepdpdp20dvbs0dv}sc5type[]typeSACAFifecm/gscmst}{AsmvCApxr}2scBdlp00currentmatrix0w{
 cY dpnp-9.62.251ac xxDA}{dL{DS}ie s qrt2w0.5wdpx-1np5pp00mvaRradpyscx-1albsDA}{exec0nH2gsrssDne{0b/CS{
 2-1dvCAgr{gsmv1987,1pput 21.6xL/ix/indexiemvprlt{10pnega}c1p2.25ne{bWgralDA}{wnp-1round0.61wmpxp16dvbW
 vpx b/PT{arcnmv dp 0eq{DD}-1xl2.2 n/dx-1 0.6pp2{sqrts1.2paLcY1987,0t}120cp0sta/py8a40st}{1.0321.6rmvndef/c
  s2smexecs1986,st}{0m1p-1 mac2pymDLBsp%wD-9.6px16pgrlydp1roixro1end}rOstacdef/L{loadixgr}ie}1LBnp[{py1
  9.6-.6 0pFl8laLt}b/HA{lWl}for-.6-8ne{bWarccwgsdvdppybdycpopxydivcmbLl}for0.4-8dvifpyg/cXrOol2.2rOxsfillxdp0
  t{1x-1 na}{nppxbW end}b/Db{bs{dp 00gi rpydv-12eq{dpDSlm0sn/exxm1sst}]e0pcmst}{AslWrL/l/linetodvmvfillro
  60mdv t1.2pmvfillPrepL/ie/ifelssm8np-1 rac12L/l/linetoc23dpfillpxfillpsmaLlromv25.81cpDT}]o0xdef}b/d/defFw0ppg
  }gr}{pp} L/xl/translatemrOchemdict{gsr gs2ChemDrawdef/b{bind27wplmn/eygrs8 L/m/mulCA-1lobalpppdpgrpp
  pexec}{alLasersgpx s 1.2L/Sglt{-1pypy gs us0CopyRightnerlinetoatcpsm8put18039 m}gb/WW{rOsdv-1gsL/np/ne
  A}{cwsc ngrwy bd DLBppl{sf sc124.6 -1180ixwgr}{pp}{gsacpyavesm0pxputlt{-1eq{dL}cppst}{0lolt{e}ifppsd
  pyRighte gsp gs gr -9.6n/ey dpp sg 16m L/tr/transformL/gsl16lp2m0n27011fillg dpac1 m}b/CB{np[{[{ 2plxsc1og
  emDrawe 2poslac SA neg cm/wetr/dy {bd}L/gr/grestorenegnpslst}{0pdpbdcm p a}ie}DLB180L/n/negn 23cmrlin
  180py py neg}if/py py radro a}ie}b/WW{gslW1odvslp0aarcnw03.3751.2L/S{smOA}{131if1acapeq{DB}{DSp
  mvs12mv 0OBpyw cey mv0 0 m}b/dA{[3CBl16dvcWlx00m27w1pp}{2Cambridgemie2begin/versionc CS}{C
  ms{dpLB ms16.80.6 atbd py a}ie}b/BW{ serdicct/chemdictcmsteq{gspy2trdv/bd sc0 cp270gr}b/w-1sg 9.60cpw
   cm neg 5 cp0 12 -1 t8 px 1 p aAst} x/dx xlnegleq{DB}{pxmvxclippath4.8bdradopxne{sc0-1pyalpgcw2pxdp/clysm
   a} WI dL5lm0b/Ct{bs0s x cpt 1.5 3 {Asc0 dporev{dvetmvclip}b/Ct{bsmpg/bbdv0pscb/dA{[3dylW arcr Xrady1x
   dv 0 p p pp lp3.375 SA b1 OA}{1 pp1s2Facs{dpp{dL1w 12Prep0gifilll1r 180x -1dp14rsmpscD6lpr0.5180s 36
    cmv 1 ex8counttomark{ rot 0 mvo alp190mSApymv g/wsgnelW1pm2lZLB2ap sat16rmvoLB25.8xl}-10mvsc
    dp b2 px at nr dv Cambridge Scientific816sbeginL/mt/matrixpxor{4 0grwyxL/ix/index09.6ppexec}0DA}p
    {sqrt mv -1 npro 120bW e SA 4 l0 3pComputing,Laserrac2L/mv/moveto2.2b/BW{wx FgieCA2dvrOd
    dv sm
     HA}{
       c
       neg
       lp          n/ex
                      8
                      sc
                      px
                      cv
                      dic c 180 dx g DA}{cmlperOnpatOA}{ac3slSApOA}b1s lmcw 180s-1180Computing,t} 2
                      rad e         6 a SAt}{rpxs-.6lp-9.6 at lpbW 4xey ec1 lWgs 3 0OA}{1xl 12 OA}{11.5p
                                        l
                                        p RA}{61Dx}ifcmL/xl/trans bsSst 2pchemdictx/dx-1w0AA}{0cWaRAc
                                        2 -1-1DA}{cw-1.6p ex0-10.6latedpb/Db{bs{ -0.4 p26ac DA}{ 1cX sm
                                        5 st}b/OrA{begin {ex gspdpfillDA}{py-1x dv}{bd}iea/pxac py18npDS
                                        -1 -8gc2c-2HA}ndAn st}mWI1 x-9.6pySAtr/dy slneg arc33gspbeging/cY0
                                        neg dpyfillmvcvDA}2 o 8np0.3scgrmt0dv 0 dp24.6wx lr2.251b/Cr{0acp
                                            x 0 0 CA al Inc. dv 0 pp py xl-1sqrt py xpxSA OA}{
                                            In dv/bdx execst bs b-1 e-1 cpt 0 wb 4pp dv/bdpy l bs In
                                            w wc CB-2 arco p 5SA pydpAA}{1o dv asg e gs w x1mfill cY
                                            a py e xl}{xlnp{cw gs1 L/ie/ifelsepp p g rads ggrac d/wlpgr dy
                                            5 dp mmv DA}{2.25mveq{DD}{DS} 5ientificR cCBs/wxa Y
                                            o 2.25a}b/PT{85 gs2cmx negAgibW1.5 py ro}ie} CBn/dyfillpy -1
                                            e 0pp}px snegw lpp n1.6m DLBm/w f-1SA 0c5acgsneg16gsc cm CA
                                            fillac 180neg}c1986,pyggr}b/OB{/bSxlpy lpbWgimv dxaL0 ssetgra
                                            gsdy 2.2py bsp gsmlnmpx def}bind4 aAx} n/dx 12dp lp Dsg{xll ebs
                                            nprO n/dycXOA}{1 90acdictne{bWlt{ppm360 m/aL rev{neg}ifgr
                                            cpdp/cY0.5 LB neg}if/py ste cpp21.612s mvlW0-0.4S]}b/dL{dAs
                                            pybW2c-1sc sdvac0 p eb/HA{lW{px{1.5 2 gr}b/In{px 90 SA esgnpcm
                                             sl pA m 12 e g gr
                                             s -1 s 0
                                             x m2 w m
                                             1 grgs
                                                 S]}b/dL{
                                                 dL 1   fill
                                                        dv
                                                        rnp[{py c}b/Ov{OrA 0 4 npSA 1
                                                        b2
                                                        WI
                                                         sm       1 OB/bLrot dL etdash}d/c w Ac}{0.5
                                                                  -1 8
                                                                  16.8 sc 1.5 lpx gr}{gs
                                                                  pp}ifelse
                                                                  rO px
                                                                  gr cv
                                                                  }ie             g cpt dx p m 360e eq{-1.6
                                                                                  gs e g gs OB x}if m
                                                                                    rO rot DA}{dL cvDA}{
                                                                                    -.6 3 type[]type 5 L/a/a
                                                                                    ac Sc cm 0.5 s1 ne
                                                                                             neg}if/px -2 arc
                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                  4
                                                                                                  SA
                         D-gliceraldehido


               CHO                       CHO                     CHO                     CHO



        H      C        OH       HO      C        H       HO     C     H         H       C        OH



        H      C        OH      HO       C        H        H     C     OH       HO       C        H



               CH2 OH                    CH2 OH       currentpointCH2 OH
                                                                   192837465             CH2 OH        currentpo
         D-eritrosa              L-eritrosa                    D-treosa              L-treosa

                                                          L-gliceraldehido
erdict/chemdictmv0.6dictL/ie/ifelseb1pnegtype[]typedpdpetgray0L/mt/matrixlapdef}binda/pxL/m
CopyRightOA}{1Prepfilldpfillnne{bW0lstdx300pxe-10.5eq{dpbegincpst}]emfillst}{pxx}ifxZLBgr}b
ChemDrawspxexfilldvradlp0.6dictscp0165a21.5m5gmDA}{dLDA}{2.25fill}b/SA{aFradlWm-13g-16px
pix2-1mvpp}{sqrtscOA}{1ml}forldpst}{Asdv}{bd}ie0.5wyL/mt/matrix27pxg/bbgsetgray02lpeq{dL
1p-9.6HA}{dLlform8bdatldp8SApybs180-1gr0ac121OBgidys0lxrlinetogetgrayL/mv/movetogrsetgray-1p
8r/gresdp-9.6HA}{dLfilln145px0dp2OA}{1arc0sceq{DB}{DS}iearc0bWcmne{bWmaceq{dL}ift}{1
scrlt{1cwpyat0npmv1987,90PrepchemdictxxsnpSAL/l/lineto23acp0cY2edef/b{bindpeOA}{1.5-0.4-2cm
p/cYdpfill-2dpp-1nrix0.3omvput0c180L/S{sdprot-1CB01801Computing,st04gr}b/OB{/bS3lt{ppCAacrd1
r/transb2LBlL/gs/gsavexrsdvradgrrot0maApyDLBarc0l0cmmvpm1dpDA}{2.25dp25.8AA}{1porO3gg/c
wl-2s{dpl2-1dppsl12wx2.25pac0DLBdxcn/dxsgr}{gsrev{neg}ifooOA}{1acclippathlmvppDA}{2701C
b/OrA{py2grOmvppy00sl12wxm1L/ie/ifelseet}{Asclpofillac-1pcpInc.lnpoocmpgrbd1smfillrap-11r}ifgr2ZL
cmpxrO2r1.2parcn145px0counttomark{bssqrt2161me3scwFlsmsSA27fillsInc.rO3sSsenddpsendpyx}if360
 fillmmsnega}b/PT{8OB/bL180lt{-1-1gs-8pxm}b/dA{[3x}ifSAcW0ne1.6pxgigil1cptDA}{2701SAS}ifn
 Wscdperdict/chemdict1DA}{dLx24.6180sgionegtype[]typedef/b{bindsmt2slW-1alpx0g3npapAA}
 yDA}{cwcmscst-9.6arcnlgrrotpgsm1.5px/dx06cmpygsmvc61gr1bWgrapscpye21OA}{1.51scdvmvl3wxew
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                                                                                          s
                    MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS

                Cinco carbonos: Aldopentosas


                D-eritrosa                                     D-treosa
                                                        CH O                   CH O
            CH O                  CH O


                                                H      C        OH     HO      C       H
                            HO    C      H
     H      C       OH



                             H    C      OH    HO      C        H     HO      C        H
     H      C       OH



                             H    C      OH     H      C        OH     H      C        OH
      H     C       OH



           CH2 OH                 CH OH     currentpoint 192837465
                         currentpoint2 192837465       C H OH
                                                           2    currentpoint OH
                                                                          CH
                                                                                 curren
                                                                             192837465
                                                                                   2

     D-ribosa                D-arabinosa        D-xilosa                  D-lixosa
MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS
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                                                                                                       360

               Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas

               D-ribosa                                         D-arabinosa
        CH O                       CH O                  CH O                        CH O



 H     C        OH          HO     C      H        H     C      OH           HO      C      H



 H     C        OH           H     C      OH      HO     C       H           HO      C      H



 H     C        OH           H     C      OH       H     C      OH            H     C       OH



 H     C        OH           H     C      OH       H     C      OH            H     C       OH


       CH2 OH        currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465currentpoint 192837465
                                   CH2 OH                CH2 OH                   CH2 OH         currentpoin
D-alosa                       D-altrosa           D-glucosa                  D-manosa
Monosacáridos                                Estructura
 4 3339] 7981 4689 8282 4989]
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      ]d 7998 2622 7422      MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS
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         e0 c rO2sm2.2LB-4.8mv gr neg radprOdp1px 180 fill0dvac -2a m/aLgsaLpp}bs 0 grwlt{pp dv/m1r2nHcY
         fill-121.6g form c lip}n3.375atnp[{py 2acst}{Asp 0 dpComputing,nHx0wne{bW1.5 ppsetgray OA}{1 ap
         gs bd mva}ie}b/BW{wD DLB achemdict5grtr 2 cp0 0py 1cgr}ie}b/Cr{0 360 pmDA}{120dvdL}ifw sc
         npCambridge3g 5 rgs mvw s1 dvcmaca}eie}b/WW{rO xbeginL/mt/matrix -118 sm AA}{1npxllWcv-0.44
         cperdict/chemdict x oal0.31-9.6x{dL pysnp pSAtr alS S]}b/dL{xlpp0glpp}3s 0rAc}{1.0gsg0 2-1 m0acd/c 36
         pypy lscsa}ie}b/WW{gsS]}b/dL{dA grm 0eq{gs 1stac eq{DB}{ cppxpx5necp 1120pradpywF bLt}{Asc
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         st}b/OrA{py360pp0.6neg beginmtetgraym}b/dA{cac a/py ro}ie}b/AA{npaR gi4npd/aFl 4.0pxOv}{Asc
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         p
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          at
          1.2 pxtr/dy 5 -1 gs OB/bL grpy sc p bL 180 n/dy round rlp e1 gs
          neg gr}{ e arc npac mp cpt 2.2 2 0
          end}b/Db{bs{dpOBn/ex bd glt{ ie}b/BW{w gs2.2 g gr wb {nHdup
                  CAcp 1 o b/HA{lWnp def/b{bindsm acr setdash}d/cR eq{ 0
                  0 rO mv 2 90 0 mv 180
                      s
                      0          r n/dy
                  dp b2 st 2.25 ro dp ro
                  m neg          bW
                                 s 8sc       0
                                             p        dup
                                                      -1
                                                      m       4 -1
                                                              1
                                                              px
                                                              pp
                                                              x         dA gs 2 pp
                                                                         0
                                                                         rO
                                                                         CA
                                                                        wy mv
                                                                        ne
                                                                         arc          fill}b/SA{ 1 eq{ lp-1180 o
                                                                                      w
                                                                                      e        st}b/DS{np pp cm
                                                                                               0 SA S -1p0 lx
                                                                                                2 scpy t} 9.6
                                                                                                     p      0 mA
                                                                                                               S

                      Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas

                      D-xilosa                                           D-lixosa
               CH O
                                            CH O                                           CH O
                                                                 CH O


         H     C        OH
                                      HO    C       H                     OH        HO     C       H
                                                            H    C


         H     C        OH                                                          HO             H
                                       H    C       OH                                     C
                                                           HO    C        H



        HO     C        H
                                      HO    C       H                               HO     C       H
                                                           HO    C        H


         H    C         OH
                                       H    C       OH                               H    C        OH
                                                            H    C        OH


              C H 2OH
                             currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465
                                             C H OH                                       C H OH
                                                                                                 currentpoi
                                                2                 C H OH
                                                                     2     currentpoint 192837465
                                                                                               2



       D-gulosa                        D-idosa           D-galactosa                D-talosa
MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS


Tres carbonos: Cetotriosa

           CH2   OH
           C O
           CH2 OH
        Dihidroxiacetona
Monosacáridos         Estructura
 MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS

Cuatro carbonos: Cetotetrosas
  CH2 OH                 CH2 OH
  C O                    C O
H C OH               HO C H
  CH2 OH                 CH2 OH

D-eritrulosa          L-eritrulosa
Monosacáridos         Estructura
 MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS

Cinco carbonos:
Cetopentosas
     CH2OH             CH2OH
     C O               C O
  H C OH          HO C H
  H C OH             H C OH
     CH2OH             CH2OH

  D-ribulosa         D-xilulosa
Monosacáridos          Estructura
      MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS

    Cinco carbonos:
    Cetopentosas
  CH2OH          CH2OH       CH2OH          CH2OH
  C O            C O         C O            C O
H C OH      HO C H        H C OH      HO C H
H C OH       H C OH       HO C H      HO C H
H C OH       H C OH       H C OH       H C OH
  CH2OH          CH2OH       CH2OH          CH2OH


D-psicosa    D-fructosa   D-Sorbosa    D-tagatosa

    D-ribulosa                 D-xilulosa
MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS

                                          OH
H        O
    C            +       R OH       H C OR
    R´                                    R´
Aldehido         +       Alcohol    Hemiacetal

                                           OH
R´           O
        C            +    R OH      R´     C OR
        R´                                 R´
    Cetona       +        Alcohol        Hemicetal
Monosacáridos           Estructura
         MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS

                     H       O
HO C H                                 H C OH
                         C
 H C OH                                H C OH
                     H C OH                            O
            O                         HO C H
HO C H              HO C H
 H C OH                                H C OH
                     H C OH
 H C                                   H C
                     H C OH
   CH 2OH                                 CH 2OH
                         CH 2OH


b-D-glucopiranosa    D-glucosa     a-D-glucopiranosa

  Anillo de 6 miembros      Como el del pirano
                                                   O
                     piranosas
Monosacáridos         Estructura
         MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS


                 HOCH 2       O
HO C CH 2OH                        HOCH2   C OH
                          C
HO C H      O                         HO C H       O
                     HO C H
 H C OH                                 H C OH
                      H C OH            H C
 H C
                      H C OH               CH2OH
   CH 2OH
                          CH 2OH


b-D-fructofuranosa   D-fructosa    a-D-fructofuranosa

  Anillo de 5 miembros      Como el del furano
                     furanosas                 O
Monosacáridos               Estructura
        MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS

                                    CH 2OH
      HO C H                               O
       H C OH                   H H             OH
                   O
      HO C H                        OH     H H
                               HO
       H C OH
       H C                          H      OH

          CH 2OH

Estructura en proyección deEstructura en proyección de
Fischer                    Haworth
Monosacáridos                Estructura
        MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS

                                    CH 2OH
      HO C H                               O
        H C OH                  H H             OH
                   O
      HO C H                        OH     H H
                               HO
        H C OH
   HOCH2   C                        H      OH
           H

Estructura en proyección deEstructura en proyección de
Fischer                    Haworth
     Una permutación
     Inversión en C5

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Carbohidratos

  • 1. SEMINARIO DE BIOQUÍMICA CARBOHIDRATOS FUNDACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD NURY ESPERANZA VARGAS MSc CIENCIAS BÁSICAS
  • 2. TABLA PERIODICA DE LOS ELEMENTOS
  • 3. ÁTOMOS de acuerdo con Dalton
  • 4. J.J. Thomson Rutherford BÖHR
  • 5. Dualidad onda-partícula de De Broglie (1924) De Broglie Ecuación de Schrödinger (1926) Schrödinge r
  • 9. Enlace iónico Enlace covalente
  • 12.
  • 13. HIBRIDACIÓN SP3 HIBRIDACIÓN SP3 HIBRIDACIÓN SP2
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. EXPERIMENTO DE MILLER CONCEPTO DE OPARIN
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. Introducción Son polihidroxi aldehídos o cetonas o compuestos que conducen a ellos por hidrólisis y sus derivados. Se denominan Hidratos de carbono por responder muchos de ellos a la formula empírica: C (H2O)n
  • 25. Se producen en la fotosíntesis. Las plantas verdes contienen clorofila que capta de la luz solar la energía necesaria para realizar el proceso: 6 CO2 + H2O C6(H2O)6 + 6 O2
  • 26.
  • 27. CLASIFICACIÓN C a Aldosas r Monosacárid b os Azúcare Cetosas o h s -2 Di i Oligosacárid -3 Tri d os r -4 tetr a -5 pent t Polisacárid -6 Hex o os -7 Hept s
  • 28. IMPORTANCIA - Como principios inmediatos son soportes de la vida Alimento Cultura Alcohol - Casa Higiene Medicina Proporcionan: Vestido Comodidad Decoración - Muchas Polímero Furfural Políesteres aplicaciones s Sintesis Conserva Farmacia en la industria Química Quiral Celulosa Bebidas
  • 29. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS Tres carbonos: Aldotriosas CHO CHO H C OH HO C H CH2 OH CH2 OH D (+) L (-) currentpoint 19 Gliceraldéhido
  • 30. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS Cuatro carbonos: Aldotetrosas 1DSt[14 I 1345 195220DStgr [0 II 1453 26061DSt Db I I 13451714 20DStgrI [0 II 1453 2606 DStIDb I 4370 3122 2580 4882 3125] 1822 2606 4352 3105] 4513 2756 3845 1904] 4352 2736 4921 1878] 4214 1904 1427 2455] 4552 1878 1952 2416] 1796 2086 4370 1714] 2095 2047 2464 2580 c hemdict 1952 SP 2 DSt 54 50I3122 1952 DSt [2 1952 2416 DSt [3 4370 24 1952 134540 80 40 DSt 4370 [12 I3122 3425 1714] [13 begin 1714 120 1952 4370803425 1714] [13 begin 1714 DSt [1 d 1 1952 1453 2606] 20 59 50 3122 2580] dL 1033 3425] gr 1796 2086 1427 2416] 26062095 2047 1952 1714] ]d end 1 [1 [1 gs1952 1345 4370 2580 chemdict 1952 SP /bs[[1DS t[14 2464 40 DSt 211 4370 [12 40 3122 2580 3122 2606] 1822 2606 1453 3125] 4513 2756 4882 3105] 4352 2736 4352 1904] 4214 1904 3845 1878] 4552 1878 4921 2455] dL 1033 3425] 2580] mict/chemdict1190pyfillxpym1800s12gr}180neg}if/pxsmglp0setgraymvsbdc0fill}b/SA{aFpxcmpxZLBo/cX0wbegin1px A-2grOswatOA}{1aR1aLne{bWaclxcp0c 360smLB25.8grOxfillmvgrmv1pymdupprOSacend6cpyx24.6fillb/AA{pxsmdict00 OrA{pybdtclip}lroixOB/bLmtDA}{cwcmpx-4.8OBpexec}{grlbWc145wmtsat14radrosetgrayixpx-4.82npxcmnpgs3116.r grestorenegpex1450.3n0lgrrot-1CAtpxsp lpbegin/versionpywgl1grsOBcounttomark{bs1cv0.5S}if/lp-21gsx{nHL/mt/m ransformL/gs/gs avepdpdp20dvbs0dv}sc5type[]typeSACAFifecm/gscmst}{AsmvCApxr}2scBdlp00currentmatrix0w{ cY dpnp-9.62.251ac xxDA}{dL{DS}ie s qrt2w0.5wdpx-1np5pp00mvaRradpyscx-1albsDA}{exec0nH2gsrssDne{0b/CS{ 2-1dvCAgr{gsmv1987,1pput 21.6xL/ix/indexiemvprlt{10pnega}c1p2.25ne{bWgralDA}{wnp-1round0.61wmpxp16dvbW vpx b/PT{arcnmv dp 0eq{DD}-1xl2.2 n/dx-1 0.6pp2{sqrts1.2paLcY1987,0t}120cp0sta/py8a40st}{1.0321.6rmvndef/c s2smexecs1986,st}{0m1p-1 mac2pymDLBsp%wD-9.6px16pgrlydp1roixro1end}rOstacdef/L{loadixgr}ie}1LBnp[{py1 9.6-.6 0pFl8laLt}b/HA{lWl}for-.6-8ne{bWarccwgsdvdppybdycpopxydivcmbLl}for0.4-8dvifpyg/cXrOol2.2rOxsfillxdp0 t{1x-1 na}{nppxbW end}b/Db{bs{dp 00gi rpydv-12eq{dpDSlm0sn/exxm1sst}]e0pcmst}{AslWrL/l/linetodvmvfillro 60mdv t1.2pmvfillPrepL/ie/ifelssm8np-1 rac12L/l/linetoc23dpfillpxfillpsmaLlromv25.81cpDT}]o0xdef}b/d/defFw0ppg }gr}{pp} L/xl/translatemrOchemdict{gsr gs2ChemDrawdef/b{bind27wplmn/eygrs8 L/m/mulCA-1lobalpppdpgrpp pexec}{alLasersgpx s 1.2L/Sglt{-1pypy gs us0CopyRightnerlinetoatcpsm8put18039 m}gb/WW{rOsdv-1gsL/np/ne A}{cwsc ngrwy bd DLBppl{sf sc124.6 -1180ixwgr}{pp}{gsacpyavesm0pxputlt{-1eq{dL}cppst}{0lolt{e}ifppsd pyRighte gsp gs gr -9.6n/ey dpp sg 16m L/tr/transformL/gsl16lp2m0n27011fillg dpac1 m}b/CB{np[{[{ 2plxsc1og emDrawe 2poslac SA neg cm/wetr/dy {bd}L/gr/grestorenegnpslst}{0pdpbdcm p a}ie}DLB180L/n/negn 23cmrlin 180py py neg}if/py py radro a}ie}b/WW{gslW1odvslp0aarcnw03.3751.2L/S{smOA}{131if1acapeq{DB}{DSp mvs12mv 0OBpyw cey mv0 0 m}b/dA{[3CBl16dvcWlx00m27w1pp}{2Cambridgemie2begin/versionc CS}{C ms{dpLB ms16.80.6 atbd py a}ie}b/BW{ serdicct/chemdictcmsteq{gspy2trdv/bd sc0 cp270gr}b/w-1sg 9.60cpw cm neg 5 cp0 12 -1 t8 px 1 p aAst} x/dx xlnegleq{DB}{pxmvxclippath4.8bdradopxne{sc0-1pyalpgcw2pxdp/clysm a} WI dL5lm0b/Ct{bs0s x cpt 1.5 3 {Asc0 dporev{dvetmvclip}b/Ct{bsmpg/bbdv0pscb/dA{[3dylW arcr Xrady1x dv 0 p p pp lp3.375 SA b1 OA}{1 pp1s2Facs{dpp{dL1w 12Prep0gifilll1r 180x -1dp14rsmpscD6lpr0.5180s 36 cmv 1 ex8counttomark{ rot 0 mvo alp190mSApymv g/wsgnelW1pm2lZLB2ap sat16rmvoLB25.8xl}-10mvsc dp b2 px at nr dv Cambridge Scientific816sbeginL/mt/matrixpxor{4 0grwyxL/ix/index09.6ppexec}0DA}p {sqrt mv -1 npro 120bW e SA 4 l0 3pComputing,Laserrac2L/mv/moveto2.2b/BW{wx FgieCA2dvrOd dv sm HA}{ c neg lp n/ex 8 sc px cv dic c 180 dx g DA}{cmlperOnpatOA}{ac3slSApOA}b1s lmcw 180s-1180Computing,t} 2 rad e 6 a SAt}{rpxs-.6lp-9.6 at lpbW 4xey ec1 lWgs 3 0OA}{1xl 12 OA}{11.5p l p RA}{61Dx}ifcmL/xl/trans bsSst 2pchemdictx/dx-1w0AA}{0cWaRAc 2 -1-1DA}{cw-1.6p ex0-10.6latedpb/Db{bs{ -0.4 p26ac DA}{ 1cX sm 5 st}b/OrA{begin {ex gspdpfillDA}{py-1x dv}{bd}iea/pxac py18npDS -1 -8gc2c-2HA}ndAn st}mWI1 x-9.6pySAtr/dy slneg arc33gspbeging/cY0 neg dpyfillmvcvDA}2 o 8np0.3scgrmt0dv 0 dp24.6wx lr2.251b/Cr{0acp x 0 0 CA al Inc. dv 0 pp py xl-1sqrt py xpxSA OA}{ In dv/bdx execst bs b-1 e-1 cpt 0 wb 4pp dv/bdpy l bs In w wc CB-2 arco p 5SA pydpAA}{1o dv asg e gs w x1mfill cY a py e xl}{xlnp{cw gs1 L/ie/ifelsepp p g rads ggrac d/wlpgr dy 5 dp mmv DA}{2.25mveq{DD}{DS} 5ientificR cCBs/wxa Y o 2.25a}b/PT{85 gs2cmx negAgibW1.5 py ro}ie} CBn/dyfillpy -1 e 0pp}px snegw lpp n1.6m DLBm/w f-1SA 0c5acgsneg16gsc cm CA fillac 180neg}c1986,pyggr}b/OB{/bSxlpy lpbWgimv dxaL0 ssetgra gsdy 2.2py bsp gsmlnmpx def}bind4 aAx} n/dx 12dp lp Dsg{xll ebs nprO n/dycXOA}{1 90acdictne{bWlt{ppm360 m/aL rev{neg}ifgr cpdp/cY0.5 LB neg}if/py ste cpp21.612s mvlW0-0.4S]}b/dL{dAs pybW2c-1sc sdvac0 p eb/HA{lW{px{1.5 2 gr}b/In{px 90 SA esgnpcm sl pA m 12 e g gr s -1 s 0 x m2 w m 1 grgs S]}b/dL{ dL 1 fill dv rnp[{py c}b/Ov{OrA 0 4 npSA 1 b2 WI sm 1 OB/bLrot dL etdash}d/c w Ac}{0.5 -1 8 16.8 sc 1.5 lpx gr}{gs pp}ifelse rO px gr cv }ie g cpt dx p m 360e eq{-1.6 gs e g gs OB x}if m rO rot DA}{dL cvDA}{ -.6 3 type[]type 5 L/a/a ac Sc cm 0.5 s1 ne neg}if/px -2 arc 0 4 SA Enantiómeros Enantiómeros CHO CHO CHO CHO H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H CH2 OH CH2 OH currentpointCH2 OH 192837465 CH2 OH currentpo D-eritrosa L-eritrosa D-treosa L-treosa DIASTEROISOMEROS
  • 31. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS Cuatro carbonos: Aldotetrosas 1DSt[14 I 1345 195220DStgr [0 II 1453 26061DSt Db I I 13451714 20DStgrI [0 II 1453 2606 DStIDb I 4370 3122 2580 4882 3125] 1822 2606 4352 3105] 4513 2756 3845 1904] 4352 2736 4921 1878] 4214 1904 1427 2455] 4552 1878 1952 2416] 1796 2086 4370 1714] 2095 2047 2464 2580 c hemdict 1952 SP 2 DSt 54 50I3122 1952 DSt [2 1952 2416 DSt [3 4370 24 1952 134540 80 40 DSt 4370 [12 I3122 3425 1714] [13 begin 1714 120 1952 4370803425 1714] [13 begin 1714 DSt [1 d 1 1952 1453 2606] 20 59 50 3122 2580] dL 1033 3425] gr 1796 2086 1427 2416] 26062095 2047 1952 1714] ]d end 1 [1 [1 gs1952 1345 4370 2580 chemdict 1952 SP /bs[[1DS t[14 2464 40 DSt 211 4370 [12 40 3122 2580 3122 2606] 1822 2606 1453 3125] 4513 2756 4882 3105] 4352 2736 4352 1904] 4214 1904 3845 1878] 4552 1878 4921 2455] dL 1033 3425] 2580] mict/chemdict1190pyfillxpym1800s12gr}180neg}if/pxsmglp0setgraymvsbdc0fill}b/SA{aFpxcmpxZLBo/cX0wbegin1px A-2grOswatOA}{1aR1aLne{bWaclxcp0c 360smLB25.8grOxfillmvgrmv1pymdupprOSacend6cpyx24.6fillb/AA{pxsmdict00 OrA{pybdtclip}lroixOB/bLmtDA}{cwcmpx-4.8OBpexec}{grlbWc145wmtsat14radrosetgrayixpx-4.82npxcmnpgs3116.r grestorenegpex1450.3n0lgrrot-1CAtpxsp lpbegin/versionpywgl1grsOBcounttomark{bs1cv0.5S}if/lp-21gsx{nHL/mt/m ransformL/gs/gs avepdpdp20dvbs0dv}sc5type[]typeSACAFifecm/gscmst}{AsmvCApxr}2scBdlp00currentmatrix0w{ cY dpnp-9.62.251ac xxDA}{dL{DS}ie s qrt2w0.5wdpx-1np5pp00mvaRradpyscx-1albsDA}{exec0nH2gsrssDne{0b/CS{ 2-1dvCAgr{gsmv1987,1pput 21.6xL/ix/indexiemvprlt{10pnega}c1p2.25ne{bWgralDA}{wnp-1round0.61wmpxp16dvbW vpx b/PT{arcnmv dp 0eq{DD}-1xl2.2 n/dx-1 0.6pp2{sqrts1.2paLcY1987,0t}120cp0sta/py8a40st}{1.0321.6rmvndef/c s2smexecs1986,st}{0m1p-1 mac2pymDLBsp%wD-9.6px16pgrlydp1roixro1end}rOstacdef/L{loadixgr}ie}1LBnp[{py1 9.6-.6 0pFl8laLt}b/HA{lWl}for-.6-8ne{bWarccwgsdvdppybdycpopxydivcmbLl}for0.4-8dvifpyg/cXrOol2.2rOxsfillxdp0 t{1x-1 na}{nppxbW end}b/Db{bs{dp 00gi 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t8 px 1 p aAst} x/dx xlnegleq{DB}{pxmvxclippath4.8bdradopxne{sc0-1pyalpgcw2pxdp/clysm a} WI dL5lm0b/Ct{bs0s x cpt 1.5 3 {Asc0 dporev{dvetmvclip}b/Ct{bsmpg/bbdv0pscb/dA{[3dylW arcr Xrady1x dv 0 p p pp lp3.375 SA b1 OA}{1 pp1s2Facs{dpp{dL1w 12Prep0gifilll1r 180x -1dp14rsmpscD6lpr0.5180s 36 cmv 1 ex8counttomark{ rot 0 mvo alp190mSApymv g/wsgnelW1pm2lZLB2ap sat16rmvoLB25.8xl}-10mvsc dp b2 px at nr dv Cambridge Scientific816sbeginL/mt/matrixpxor{4 0grwyxL/ix/index09.6ppexec}0DA}p {sqrt mv -1 npro 120bW e SA 4 l0 3pComputing,Laserrac2L/mv/moveto2.2b/BW{wx FgieCA2dvrOd dv sm HA}{ c neg lp n/ex 8 sc px cv dic c 180 dx g DA}{cmlperOnpatOA}{ac3slSApOA}b1s lmcw 180s-1180Computing,t} 2 rad e 6 a SAt}{rpxs-.6lp-9.6 at lpbW 4xey ec1 lWgs 3 0OA}{1xl 12 OA}{11.5p l p RA}{61Dx}ifcmL/xl/trans bsSst 2pchemdictx/dx-1w0AA}{0cWaRAc 2 -1-1DA}{cw-1.6p ex0-10.6latedpb/Db{bs{ -0.4 p26ac DA}{ 1cX sm 5 st}b/OrA{begin {ex gspdpfillDA}{py-1x dv}{bd}iea/pxac py18npDS -1 -8gc2c-2HA}ndAn st}mWI1 x-9.6pySAtr/dy slneg arc33gspbeging/cY0 neg dpyfillmvcvDA}2 o 8np0.3scgrmt0dv 0 dp24.6wx lr2.251b/Cr{0acp x 0 0 CA al Inc. dv 0 pp py xl-1sqrt py xpxSA OA}{ In dv/bdx execst bs b-1 e-1 cpt 0 wb 4pp dv/bdpy l bs In w wc CB-2 arco p 5SA pydpAA}{1o dv asg e gs w x1mfill cY a py e xl}{xlnp{cw gs1 L/ie/ifelsepp p g rads ggrac d/wlpgr dy 5 dp mmv DA}{2.25mveq{DD}{DS} 5ientificR cCBs/wxa Y o 2.25a}b/PT{85 gs2cmx negAgibW1.5 py ro}ie} CBn/dyfillpy -1 e 0pp}px snegw lpp n1.6m DLBm/w f-1SA 0c5acgsneg16gsc cm CA fillac 180neg}c1986,pyggr}b/OB{/bSxlpy lpbWgimv dxaL0 ssetgra gsdy 2.2py bsp gsmlnmpx def}bind4 aAx} n/dx 12dp lp Dsg{xll ebs nprO n/dycXOA}{1 90acdictne{bWlt{ppm360 m/aL rev{neg}ifgr cpdp/cY0.5 LB neg}if/py ste cpp21.612s mvlW0-0.4S]}b/dL{dAs pybW2c-1sc sdvac0 p eb/HA{lW{px{1.5 2 gr}b/In{px 90 SA esgnpcm sl pA m 12 e g gr s -1 s 0 x m2 w m 1 grgs S]}b/dL{ dL 1 fill dv rnp[{py c}b/Ov{OrA 0 4 npSA 1 b2 WI sm 1 OB/bLrot dL etdash}d/c w Ac}{0.5 -1 8 16.8 sc 1.5 lpx gr}{gs pp}ifelse rO px gr cv }ie g cpt dx p m 360e eq{-1.6 gs e g gs OB x}if m rO rot DA}{dL cvDA}{ -.6 3 type[]type 5 L/a/a ac Sc cm 0.5 s1 ne neg}if/px -2 arc 0 4 SA D-gliceraldehido CHO CHO CHO CHO H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H CH2 OH CH2 OH currentpointCH2 OH 192837465 CH2 OH currentpo D-eritrosa L-eritrosa D-treosa L-treosa L-gliceraldehido
  • 32. erdict/chemdictmv0.6dictL/ie/ifelseb1pnegtype[]typedpdpetgray0L/mt/matrixlapdef}binda/pxL/m CopyRightOA}{1Prepfilldpfillnne{bW0lstdx300pxe-10.5eq{dpbegincpst}]emfillst}{pxx}ifxZLBgr}b ChemDrawspxexfilldvradlp0.6dictscp0165a21.5m5gmDA}{dLDA}{2.25fill}b/SA{aFradlWm-13g-16px pix2-1mvpp}{sqrtscOA}{1ml}forldpst}{Asdv}{bd}ie0.5wyL/mt/matrix27pxg/bbgsetgray02lpeq{dL 1p-9.6HA}{dLlform8bdatldp8SApybs180-1gr0ac121OBgidys0lxrlinetogetgrayL/mv/movetogrsetgray-1p 8r/gresdp-9.6HA}{dLfilln145px0dp2OA}{1arc0sceq{DB}{DS}iearc0bWcmne{bWmaceq{dL}ift}{1 scrlt{1cwpyat0npmv1987,90PrepchemdictxxsnpSAL/l/lineto23acp0cY2edef/b{bindpeOA}{1.5-0.4-2cm p/cYdpfill-2dpp-1nrix0.3omvput0c180L/S{sdprot-1CB01801Computing,st04gr}b/OB{/bS3lt{ppCAacrd1 r/transb2LBlL/gs/gsavexrsdvradgrrot0maApyDLBarc0l0cmmvpm1dpDA}{2.25dp25.8AA}{1porO3gg/c wl-2s{dpl2-1dppsl12wx2.25pac0DLBdxcn/dxsgr}{gsrev{neg}ifooOA}{1acclippathlmvppDA}{2701C 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a/ l 1ChemDraw -1 -1 m bdxpy00 DA}{cw-1a begin/version10ly4.81st}{pxr gr039 rad 0.5n Ac} ppsm180pyLB gr-9.60 ro acaAn/eya}ie}b/BW{wDcvm1.6lataccm270smcpgsmwbs4round gs-1 0 0WIsbdaLoacbWex -1grcptpxxcpt0cpp25.8acx12m1w rObscmclippath eq{gs exec8S}if/lpo/cX xlx8p pst gsatla}{ex8SAOB/bLe2pya}ie}b/WW{gs90neenp[{pyl tlW mxtput1g1at ro}ie}b/AA L/tr/trans16.8een1aL ne{bW8p0crochemdict Computing,pg/wbgsslnp2 39or{42setdash}d/cR L/gr/grestoreatLaser1 -1aLeyput-.6bs24.602 rneg}if/pxl0.50dpgsrOrost 0wydv/bdalpxoxldv0ppw us execc Laspy3.375pyrO-9.6p21.6SAscxpn/dx-1lLB0gsCBstwydiv pp}ifelsedv c1putcg180lW plp dv o dv0 neg 1 c CA pl 8 mt p ac mv 2 OA}{1 0.62.2527 5OB 1987, bd m/w p 1 gs lgr pycvDA}{cw c arc -4.8 negwD 27 x gr 1 180 -1 lW 2 begin -1 5 c 2.2 5 sg rO def/L{load w cpt pp sc t S s def/L{ s MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS Cinco carbonos: Aldopentosas D-eritrosa D-treosa CH O CH O CH O CH O H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH CH2 OH CH OH currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint2 192837465 C H OH 2 currentpoint OH CH curren 192837465 2 D-ribosa D-arabinosa D-xilosa D-lixosa
  • 33. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS gr 165 6 2850 1186 40 /bs[[1 123 3075 80 2589] ]d end 759 2487 DSt [1 1663182962770 40 I 4010 [1 [0881 4010 746 4010] [03321 2589 3218I2397] chemdict DSt [2 I /bs[[1 1 420040 804505]I end1 3182 begin SP 20 3218 DSt [3 I 328 4010 2589 DSt [3 I 3145 4456 I 746 50 70 1 746 759 2181 759 75 1 3218 209240 [23182 3075] 2397begin SP3626DSt [4 I 742 3155 DSt [5DSt [4 I 638 4662 333 3825] 3033 4720 2727 3775] 864 4641 1169 4010] 3280 3961 3585 5026] 762 3520 762 3349] 3145 4150 3145 3961] 742 3349 742 5075] chemdict 3626 4456] 633 4770 328 3155] 746 4505 DSt DSt1186 I 2669 100 2669] 3162 4591 3162 4613] 4662] 3073 3470 2768 4591] 2669] 3344 4641] 3038 3271 2732 [1 3349] 3264 4613 3569 3271] 20 2487] gr Db ]d I [1 3064 2759 3649 x o a}b/PT{8 lexn dpfill1mputsmpst0scx/dxm oatne{bWbsdxbW1menepywdef}bindwbss-1gwap o/cXpyxfillw In ix dv exec 5OB 1987,DA}{cwbdaLSA3.37516S]}b/dL{dA-4.8acsl01L/l/linetogrnpxpxsmeq{gslAA}{1sc wy m2 dv0neg lgrwyixL/gr/gres0lp-9.6pp2.25g0.62dpwlpognp[{pymvggs20.5cv12ac 10ne1.6radmtmv gsr01ac1almvg a bW exec}{al p16.83.3751l0scn/eya}ie}b/WW{gsn/dy -1pxnp0negss00mcwSAfilllt{ppl0cmpsmdupmcvOA}{ 5 g -1pgr}{pp}{gsgspy0-9.6dpHA}{dL1-1-4.8saLdprot0lac12lplywxpx0clippathCA lxsmr}ifacpxCAL/mv/movet o -1p mv nege pppxsgbdsclbdexexecmv16.81dv0neg21.60cX1.5360mDA}{dL0alcWDA}{2700fill}b/SA{aFe-1 e 2 pA0g12py gsmvaRwsfill-2rad mvplp3g0900.63gs-1putdveq{dpcmetype[]typest1a/pygr}b/In{px eexec}b/CS fill 0 180pyp p aLatl bWaLcgrrotacp8pxe16acaRavex060L/S{sOA}{127lpmv270s-1.6dplywxxlgr}b/OB{/bSlWrad gs pp}{sqrt 1e neg}if/pyDLBl}for0stsgsScientificOBe16chemdicts0WIrOor{4wyrwypppx}ifcpstslAA}{1pmvcp np grs2dpsm grlm-190 useq{DD}{DS}ie15rogsp2.25rOcptm27pyl016acne{bWlgdppxsetgraylp-0.432xSAsmcm0 cp fillmm-.6n bdL/xl/translaterOcptla}{exmvneg}if/pxCAlsp et}{AscgLB41p1pxcmpxpcpocc}b/Ov{OrA3sa/pyo py cmcmscstsc nnp8 ro%cwDA}{dL2OA}{1arcdictpxp2xssx}ifdv}{bd}iealeq{DB}{DS}ie9.60BdgrbLpxcX0.41 dp pdvpx{dp1.2Laser10.3xpyp0dp-10bslpx360bWraddv/bdm1wyL/mt/matrixst}{px0arc02pxatgOA}{1egsscptgcmg -81CopyRight50cpo1n/expcmpxb1pyc0neg}if/pyscgrpradpSAfpycmtlrrgr}b/OB{/bS1lpgp-1g/wb-11rostcm16.8setg st}b/OrA{pyppmvacnpOB/bLgrO nsnegpmvnpx25.8L/l/linetosacgplpac025.80L/mv/movetowxZLBlecpL/n/neg2m -1082 -2s rOlp-9.6arcn145pxgr2-1mv0smeclip}b/Ct{bspc180efill1tsm}b/dA{[3lWlsmcvsendacdv41g/cXgr}b/wDaRds RA}{6smWIa}{ex0lp t}{0dvcmrolt{-1Laserix-1rpyeycv21filldpDA}{2.25cme0lpAA}{1pdef/b{binds-1wyppx3np SAChemDrawpx0sl12wxm1lt{112-12.2rot-1ls1DA}{dLm0cm023cpg/wbmpSApyxfillap-1cmpp}ifels270grpS0lt{pp l pyDA}{cwnegst}b/HA{lWm0cneg24.6scr0arc-9.6acl}for0lx0lfillsInc.divstws0-1mvdv/bddvcm0sm4-21def}b/d/d ppsc 2-1dpformtclip}b/Ct{bsmdvnegx0psgronegtype[]typelt{-1etgraypp}{264eCBnp[{pydef/L{load6wbgilt{e}if 0 dp/cYdvnppmv2pmcounttomark{bspylexfillcv0LBcw2pxcW0ne1.6pxgsdyOBe16pylWmsetdash}d/cRfill5enddp xlwerdict/chemdictmvdvradne{bW121.5m5amac180eq{DB}{DS}iecm180dupgi1putw24.616round-1rO1osg1-1ex L/tr/transb2LBlL/gs/gsavexpy180chemdictrspyfillnpye-10.50xnpnpoolcY2lo2swFpgrSAOA}{1cY2lWor{44dpap2mr} L/gr/grestoreat1986,rs8acdp-9.6dpformL/gs0pxgr121wFesgrpy2.2a1edef/b{bindgiOA}{1.5olInc.divst}]egiSAdv18p usdp-9.6HA}{dLp2.25PrepnrCambridget}{Ascelst}{0cmdvsgrlineto02mtneg1.5xl}{xlrlinetoWIlprlWDA}{180ix %cwrllt{1x-1mvOA}{10.6dictscs{dp1.2dxpsmvgspx0lSArev{neg}if5gcmpsmbscpmbdsg0.41SAe5clippathmvs/wx0.5 1 cmv 0 s 1 fillcvdp/cYL/S{spOA}{18pxxalmwD begin180neg}if/px2ceal 0g3exec27 13pyacOA}{1.5L CAwF py L/tr/transb2LB dv}{bd}ie0.5 begin224.6bsat5pxeq{gs-2sc pcm0st2py1800epy2rO1d/wF x m2 s CA py lcounttomark{bsOA}{1 s 16pp l p 8 l at s t}{1.0 sc bd n 0x In -1 120 py ne{bW 0 120 py8 0 m arc dp 2x ac 1cmpp}{2 p s dv/bd wy pA p qrt sc 1 t}b/HA{lW DA}{cwn/dxx 0 1 ac g/bb 1 em lW m/aLx n t dp/c a 0 0 l CA x L/ix/index 0 b1 1 bs DLB-1 4.8 gsZLB bsmv sm m grtr LB acmv 5 2 pp}{s torep 6 0 py ro 1.2p pbW sgrL/ix/index 25.839 pp DT}]ofillSA l aLxpp0-1 o bWps DA}{cwm120.3neg -1 s0x pcm m py r begin x L/mt/matrix gilp202gsAc e g8SA 0-.6 cplnp 0 sbdend}b/Db{bs{dp-1 s 0 p wD sDA}{cwppa/px0 dvarcw0 se fill at 180pywF mv lp Prep dp lmvp sc ne{bW3t}{0 p 1 cp4 0 ix ro}ie}b/AA{np x at gs 1.2smmbWxl 5cm 1987,CB 0-.6c 0 prOdpcp cpysglfill 1 a rO1 S}if/lp 1.5g/bb o1 np neg21-1dv dpcp-1g dp sc rgsCBaAp pp pp}ifelse trev{neg}ifowL/m/mul owcp4 0pd cp end}b/Db{bs{dp-1x 2 DA}{dLgr6ac grn-1s 2.25smrad gso gsdp ne g 4 palgs8 1w pyCopyRight pywy sqrt02.2 x -1.6cpgr}{gsgi 2CBrO1 S dvnpbspx st}{Asc1ne{pyC dpChemDraw m180begin/versionarc3Scientificdv/bdrO0 DA}{2.25 bsxdxal pxcvr -8-1o mv2WI1f arcn/gsacm1Cambridge16-1wgs st}{As dveq{dpmvix xlrO g pxput 24.6 st}b/OrA{pyat L/xl/translate lSA -8dprotsc smr 3ro e2 0.5pp acbWn2px wp def}bindD -11pixpxdvnpgr m}b/dA{[3bd1rO 180 pyp sc}b/Ov{OrA0 npfills m}b/CB{np[{[{CS} RA}{6m-.6 -8e51986, st}{0lW sgxl}{xl scgs0 sqrtmvS]}b/dL{dA eq{dL}ifAc}{0.5 epp SA0p L/ie/ifelsenpn/dxs1 eq{DD}{DS}ie 5 41x0gs ln/dym gr0 cml 0gssc3nHZLB 1DA} lSA0eygr}{pp}{gs8lp4-1rOL/ie/ifelse0cmpys0.6x2.2bLopgsgrx cppy0 cm125.839e grgdv pperdict/chemdictgsrpx dysComputing,mvbegin/versionmv0.53 gm4.8nst}{pxr gsst}s 0 082-121.6 aA n2DLBwxmvpyn/eyx xl sm-1a pxmsc grtrrO SA23pys-0.40ppac360s{nHpy xl pydppcmg1800gr}{gsOB/bLmacdvmvp1 2sarc12fill}b/SA{aFdpgrca ne{bW1r1200rcY gr mt x ac ppx sc DLB 1CA -1 exec}{al s atn SA8 mt s a}ie}b/WW{gs r cX e -1 4 21.6 l9.6l pp ro dv mvt OB145 1 90 -2 a}ie}b/BW{wD sc a}b/PT{8 p2 p pypp m/w px 1 m/w p a}ie}b/BW{wD1 ro tr/dy x/dx p lW s tr/dy n/ex m DA}{cw 0 ac gi SA st}]e cpt Computing, c l 0 rad g/cY 90 1 27dvsetgray0 2 currentmatrix x}if begin gr}ie}b/Cr{0 m s cm p 0 -1 360 Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas D-ribosa D-arabinosa CH O CH O CH O CH O H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465currentpoint 192837465 CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 OH currentpoin D-alosa D-altrosa D-glucosa D-manosa
  • 34. Monosacáridos Estructura 4 3339] 7981 4689 8282 4989] 5442/bs[[1 7842 7819 4562] 4632] 7918 4583 7396 3262] 4611] 7819 4562 8219 4583] [1[1 7697 3262 8298 2622] 20 3155] I gr Db 7723 3095 7842 I ]d 7998 2622 7422 MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS DSt4070 1 7835 213140 I80 402460chemdict begin [2 DSt [4 I 5920 3995 DSt I 8282 3962 DSt [6 II5441 50 802662]5898I26624127[2 SP 2431]7835[3 I 5441 4477 I 7802 4428 DSt [3 [5 I 5044 3995 DSt [4 7406 2 3808] 7707 3459 7406 3759] 0 5038] 161 784299 7802 3962] 1 3995] chemdict begin DSt 3095] 3 4477] end 1356DSt27905473[120 8 2460] [07802 3962 7835 4428] DSt 2431 DS t SP mvr3.375nyChemDrawscllaLmv16pp0CA1dpDA}{2.25000L/mv/movetopnp[{pywcYne{py0rost}]eOv}{0.52execxapylx m/gsSApyfill0cptdvpybd0mex12dp1epmrpysgrlineto02psst161neg}if/px-1SAnpdef/b{bind27wgr-1dv/bdfillDT}]oopprO- wy1Prepdpixx0py-.6st}{Asm25.8pwlpxl}{xlDA}dppmtmvsrtype[]typedef/L{loadocmgs1m010m/wyd/WI{wxsL/pp/popa 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wwbrad plpg ac16 0p mv np radsmvcmdpix1pcWa/p -8 gr1-9.6 x m}b/dA{[3-1wD cXn/ey pp}ifelsemsgiLB8 lmv -0.4cmn o/cXsgmcYt}g g/bbp pppyx dx}if/lp 2g st}b/OrA{py360pp0.6neg beginmtetgraym}b/dA{cac a/py ro}ie}b/AA{npaR gi4npd/aFl 4.0pxOv}{Asc -1 ne{bW execpxp4x12 0.6-2 cmmv1.6cm neg270perOpxcwCAlp21.6Incerb/Ov{OrAs 1rgrdef/L{loadand{ p -9.6 cm 0 a}{ex b/Ct{bs1 rOl0 OA}{ cp 0 lt{pp fill -0.4 360 cXL/mv/movetodp2 lW1m/aL at 1.2 pxtr/dy 5 -1 gs OB/bL grpy sc p bL 180 n/dy round rlp e1 gs neg gr}{ e arc npac mp cpt 2.2 2 0 end}b/Db{bs{dpOBn/ex bd glt{ ie}b/BW{w gs2.2 g gr wb {nHdup CAcp 1 o b/HA{lWnp def/b{bindsm acr setdash}d/cR eq{ 0 0 rO mv 2 90 0 mv 180 s 0 r n/dy dp b2 st 2.25 ro dp ro m neg bW s 8sc 0 p dup -1 m 4 -1 1 px pp x dA gs 2 pp 0 rO CA wy mv ne arc fill}b/SA{ 1 eq{ lp-1180 o w e st}b/DS{np pp cm 0 SA S -1p0 lx 2 scpy t} 9.6 p 0 mA S Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas D-xilosa D-lixosa CH O CH O CH O CH O H C OH HO C H OH HO C H H C H C OH HO H H C OH C HO C H HO C H HO C H HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH C H 2OH currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465 C H OH C H OH currentpoi 2 C H OH 2 currentpoint 192837465 2 D-gulosa D-idosa D-galactosa D-talosa
  • 35. MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS Tres carbonos: Cetotriosa CH2 OH C O CH2 OH Dihidroxiacetona
  • 36. Monosacáridos Estructura MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS Cuatro carbonos: Cetotetrosas CH2 OH CH2 OH C O C O H C OH HO C H CH2 OH CH2 OH D-eritrulosa L-eritrulosa
  • 37. Monosacáridos Estructura MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS Cinco carbonos: Cetopentosas CH2OH CH2OH C O C O H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH CH2OH CH2OH D-ribulosa D-xilulosa
  • 38. Monosacáridos Estructura MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS Cinco carbonos: Cetopentosas CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH C O C O C O C O H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH D-psicosa D-fructosa D-Sorbosa D-tagatosa D-ribulosa D-xilulosa
  • 39. MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS OH H O C + R OH H C OR R´ R´ Aldehido + Alcohol Hemiacetal OH R´ O C + R OH R´ C OR R´ R´ Cetona + Alcohol Hemicetal
  • 40. Monosacáridos Estructura MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS H O HO C H H C OH C H C OH H C OH H C OH O O HO C H HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C H C H C OH CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH b-D-glucopiranosa D-glucosa a-D-glucopiranosa Anillo de 6 miembros Como el del pirano O piranosas
  • 41. Monosacáridos Estructura MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS HOCH 2 O HO C CH 2OH HOCH2 C OH C HO C H O HO C H O HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH H C H C H C OH CH2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH b-D-fructofuranosa D-fructosa a-D-fructofuranosa Anillo de 5 miembros Como el del furano furanosas O
  • 42. Monosacáridos Estructura MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS CH 2OH HO C H O H C OH H H OH O HO C H OH H H HO H C OH H C H OH CH 2OH Estructura en proyección deEstructura en proyección de Fischer Haworth
  • 43. Monosacáridos Estructura MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS CH 2OH HO C H O H C OH H H OH O HO C H OH H H HO H C OH HOCH2 C H OH H Estructura en proyección deEstructura en proyección de Fischer Haworth Una permutación Inversión en C5