1. Anibal Johnson

2. Table of Contents
Preterite vs. Imperfect
Future vs. Conditional
Por
Para
Por vs. Para
Commands
Present perfect
DOP
Adverbs
Subjunctive
Se impersonal
Progressive with Ir, Andar, and Seguir.

3. Pret. vs. Imp.
Preterite Imperfect
Used to express a continuous action in the Used to express a “snapshot” action in the
past past
AR AR
é amos aba abamos
aste asteis abas
ó aron aba aban
ER/IR ER/IR
í imos é amos
iste isteis aste asteis
ío ieron ó aron

4. Irregular Verbs and Trigger Words
Preterite Imperfect
Ser & Ir- fui ayer Ser - era
por un rato
fuiste yesterday eras
for awhile
fue era
fuimos anteayer éramos
siempre
fuisteis the day before erais always
fueron yesterday eran
Dar- di Ver- veía tantas veces
anoche so many times
diste veías
last night
dio veía
dimos veíamos todas las semanas
después every week
disteis afterwards veíais
dieron veían
todos los días
durante dos siglos Ir- iba
Hacer- hice every day
for two centuries ibas
hiciste iba
hizo todo el tiempo
íbamos all the time
hicimos ibais
hicisteis iban
hicieron varias veces
several times

5. Future vs. Condition
Future Conditional
Used when referring to something in the Used when refering to something in the
future (will do something) future (would/should/could do something)
AR/ER/IR AR/ER/IR
ía íamos ía íamos
ía s íais ía s íais
ía ían ía ían

6. Future and Conditional Irregulars
Decir  Dir
Habe  Habr
Hace  Har
Poder  Podr
Poner  Pondr
Querer  Querr
Saber  Sabr
Salir  Saldr
Tener  Tendr
Valer  Valdr
Venir  Vendr

7. Por
Expressing movement along, through, around, by or about
Denoting a time or duration when something occurs
Expressing the cause (not the purpose) of an action
Meaning per
Meaning supporting or in favor of
Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb
Indicating means of transportation
Used in numerous expressions

8. Para
Meaning for the purpose of or in order to
With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning for the
benefit of or directed to
Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a
specific place
Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time

9. Por vs. Para
Por Para
Expressing movement Meaning for the purpose of or in order to
along, through, around, by or about
With a noun or pronoun as
Denoting a time or duration when
something occurs object, meaning for the benefit of or
directed to
Expressing the cause (not the purpose) of an
action Meaning to or in the direction of when
referring to a specific place
Meaning per
Meaning supporting or in favor of Meaning by or for when referring to a
specific time
Introducing the agent of an action after a
passive verb
Indicating means of transportation
Used in numerous expressions

10. Commands
Tu Usted Ustedes Nosotros
Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative Affirmative
Put in usted form Put in usted form. Put in ustedes form. Put in nosotros
Change to Change to opposite form. Change to
opposite vowel. vowel. opposite vovel.
Negative Negative Negative Negative
Put in usted form. Put in usted form Put in ustedes form Put in nosotros
Change to with opposite with opposite vowel. form. Change to
opposite vowel. vowel. “no” goes “no” goes before the opposite vowel.
Add an “s.” “no” before the verb. verb. “no” goes before
goes before the the verb.
verb.

11. Irregular Commands
Tu Usted/Ustedes Nosotros
Dar-Demos
Estar-estemos
Saber-sepamos
tener-ten
Ser-Seamos
venir-ven Dar-dé/den
Ir-Vamos
decir-di Estar-esté/estén
No ir-Vayamos
ir-ve Ir-vaya/vayan
salir-sal Ser-sea/sean
hacer-haz Saber-sepa/sepan
ser–sé

12. Present Perfect
The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or
"have" with the past participle.
Auxilery verb (haber)
He Hemos
Has Habéis
Ha Han
You add –ado to the end of AR verbs
You add –ido to the ending of ER/IR verbs
Examples
He comido. (I have eaten)
Juan ha pagado las cuentas. (Juan has paid the bills.)

13. Direct Object Pronouns (DOP)
The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct
object.
When a pronoun takes place of the name of the name of the direct object,
use the following pronouns…
Me (me) Nos (us)
Te (you-familiar) Os (you-all familiar)
Lo/La (Him, her it, you-formal) Los/Las (Them, you-all-formal)
Le lo = se lo Les lo = se lo
Le la = se la Les la= se la
Le los = se los Les los = se los
Le las = se las Les las = se las

14. Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding –mente to the end of the feminine form
of a spanish adjective. –mente (spanish) = -ly (english)
Feminine form of Adverb
adjective Exceptions to the “-mente” rule…
alta Altamente
Muy  very
baja bajamente Nunca  never
fea feamente Peor  worse
Poco  little
Bastante  quite
Demasiado  too
Mal  badly
Mucho  a lot
Siempre  always

15. Subjunctive
Conjugate to with the opposite vowel
Wish, want Ojala que…
Emotion Es posible que…
Doubt Es probable que…
Denial Es importante que…
Impersonal expressions Es necessario que…
Negation, non-existance
Guess Irregulars
Conducir  condusca
Decir  diga
Comprar Oír  oíga
Dar  dé
Compre Compremos Estar  esté
Compres Compreis Ir  vaya
compre compren Saber  sepa
Ser  sea
Hacer haya

16. Se Impersonal
Se is used to avoid specifying the person who is preforming the action of the
verb
Se compra todos las hamburguesas.
When you are using the se impersonal, you always conjugate the verb as
“usted” (third person)
Se is able to be used with all verb tenses
Se come mucho.
Se comería mucho.
Se comeré mucho
Se comí mucho.

17. Progressives using Ir, Andar and Seguir
Ir + present participle = is slowly but surely _______ing
Yo voy buscando por un trabajo. = I am slowly but surely looking for a job.
Andar + present participle = is going around _______ing
Yo ando dando mi hoja de vida. = I am going around giving my resume.
Seguir + present participle = is still ______ing
Yo sigo buscando por un trabajo. = I am still looking for a job.