5. Number of opportunities
More is better
More listening chances and more
speaking chances result in more
learning opportunities
6. Kind of opportunities
Learners cannot be passive
Learners must interact with the language
Language must be at an appropriate
level
7. Motivation
The inner drive to do something
Communicative need
8. Communicative need
Integrative motivation
Desire to be part of a group
Instrumental motivation
Desire to learn a language so that it can be
used
Higher motivation results in greater
progress
9. Motivation
Most important affective factor
Motivation is needed to
Start learning
Continue learning
10. Anxiety
Learners must be comfortable in their
learning environment
Anxiety about the environment can
affect learning both negatively and
positively
11. Attitudes 1
What you think about something
Positive
Negative
Favorable attitudes usually result in
more interaction with a second
language community
12. Attitudes 2
Language is part of our cultural identity
Using another language means giving
up part of that identity and adopting
another identity
Accepting another culture will help
when learning that culture’s language
13. Intelligence and Aptitude
Higher intelligence usually means
higher language ability
Intelligence and language ability are
often tested by similar tests
No surprise that there is a close relation
14. Personality factors 1
Extroversion / Introversion
Extroverted learners thought to be better
because they enter into more
conversations
Self-esteem
Learners with high self-esteem may be
more ready to risk making mistakes
15. Personality factors 2
Tolerance for ambiguity
Learners cannot always understand
everything 100%
Learners who can handle not always
understanding may be less overwhelmed
Empathy
Understanding thoughts and feelings of
others may enable learners to take on a
new identity more easily
16. Conclusions
Motivation is the only factor that has
shown a clear effect
Other factors play some role
Which are most important is difficult to say
Some factors have a direct role; other an
indirect one
Notas do Editor
Learners want to improve because there is a communicative need: a reason why they have to communicate
Motivation is the only affective factor that research has demonstrated a significant effect.
In language learning what you think about the L2 and the people and culture it representsMore interactions = more opportunities