History of processors
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Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical general-purpose computer in the 1830s called the Analytical Engine. The invention of the transistor in 1948 led to the development of the microprocessor. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 released in 1971. It had 2,300 transistors and could perform 60,000 operations per second. The earliest home computers of the 1970s used 8-bit microprocessors like the MOS 6502 and Intel 8080. The IBM PC released in 1981 used the Intel 8088, establishing the x86 architecture still used today. Advancements in integrated circuit fabrication have dramatically increased the number of transistors that can be placed on a microchip over time.
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History of processors
- 1. History of the Microprocesso r AJAL.A.J professorajal@gmail.com DEPARTMENT OF ECE UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALLIVATTOM P.O, THRISSUR
- 2. Charles Babbage • English inventor • 1791-1871 • taught math at Cambridge University • invented a viable mechanical computer equivalent to modern digital computers
- 3. Babbage’s first computer built in early 1800’s special purpose calculator naval navigation charts difference engine
- 4. Babbage’s second computer • Analytical engine – – – – analytical engine, 1834 general-purpose used binary system punched cards as input branch on result of previous instruction – Ada Lovelace (first programmer) – machined parts not accurate enough – never quite completed
- 5. invention of the light bulb, 1878 • Sir Joseph Wilson Swan – English physicist and electrician – first public exhibit of a light bulb in 1878 • Thomas Edison – American inventor, working independently of Swan – public exhibit of a light bulb in 1879 – had a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb from which the air was evacuated leaving a vacuum – passing electricity through the filament caused it to heat up, become incandescent and radiate light – the vacuum prevented the filament from oxidizing and burning up
- 6. Edison’s legacy • Edison continued to experiment with light bulbs • in 1883, he detected electrons flowing through the vacuum of a light bulb – from the lighted filament – to a metal plate mounted inside the bulb • this became known as the Edison Effect • he did not develop this any further
- 7. invention of the diode (late 1800’s) • John Ambrose Fleming – an English physicist – studied Edison effect – to detect radio waves and to convert them to electricity • developed a two-element vacuum tube – known as a diode • electrons flow within the tube – from the negatively charged cathode – to the positively charged anode • today, a diode is used in circuits as a rectifier
- 8. the switching vacuum tube, 1906 • Lee de Forest introduced a third electrode into the vacuum tube – American inventor • the new vacuum tube was called a triode – new electrode was called a grid • this tube could be used as both an amplifier and a switch many of the early radio transmitters were built by de Forest using triodes triodes revolutionized the field of broadcasting their ability to act as switches would later be important in digital computing
- 9. on/off switches in digital computers • earliest: – electromechanical relays • solenoid with mechanical contact points • physical switch closes when electricity animates magnet • 1940’s: – vacuum tubes • no physical contacts to break or get dirty • became available in early 1900’s • mainly used in radios at first • 1950’s to present – transistors • invented at Bell Labs in 1948 • John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley • Nobel prize, 1956
- 10. Bell Labs Museum The First Point-Contact Transistor 1947
- 11. Bell Labs The First Junction Transistor 1951 M1752 Outside the Lab Lab model
- 12. Texas Instrument’s First IC -- 1958 Jack Kilby Robert Noyce Fairchild Intel
- 14. Graphical illustration of Moore’s law 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 10,000 transistors 150,000,000 transistors Leading edge chip in 1981 Leading edge chip in 2002 • Something that doubles frequently grows more quickly than most people realize! – A 2002 chip can hold about 15,000 1981 chips inside itself
- 15. Table 1.2 History of Microprocessors Date 1971 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979 1981 Microprocessor Intel 4004 Intel 8008 Intel 8080 Motorola 6800 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6802 Motorola 6801 Intel 8086/8088 Motorola 68000 Motorola 68701 Motorola 6805 Motorola 6809 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088 Comment First microprocessor (4 bits) First 8-bit microprocessor 5 volts only (1 MHz) Used in Apple II, PET, Atari 128-byte internal RAM Single-chip microcomputer 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data) 68,000 Transistors MCU_EPROM–I/O Low-cost microcontroller Used in TRS-80 color computer
- 17. Intel 4004
- 18. Table 1.2 History of Microprocessors Date 1971 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979 1981 Microprocessor Intel 4004 Intel 8008 Intel 8080 Motorola 6800 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6802 Motorola 6801 Intel 8086/8088 Motorola 68000 Motorola 68701 Motorola 6805 Motorola 6809 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088 Comment First microprocessor (4 bits) First 8-bit microprocessor 5 volts only (1 MHz) Used in Apple II, PET, Atari 128-byte internal RAM Single-chip microcomputer 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data) 68,000 Transistors MCU_EPROM–I/O Low-cost microcontroller Used in TRS-80 color computer
- 19. January 1975 cover of Popular Electronics http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml
- 21. Table 1.2 History of Microprocessors Date 1971 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979 1981 Microprocessor Intel 4004 Intel 8008 Intel 8080 Motorola 6800 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6802 Motorola 6801 Intel 8086/8088 Motorola 68000 Motorola 68701 Motorola 6805 Motorola 6809 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088 Comment First microprocessor (4 bits) First 8-bit microprocessor 5 volts only (1 MHz) Used in Apple II, PET, Atari 128-byte internal RAM Single-chip microcomputer 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data) 68,000 Transistors MCU_EPROM–I/O Low-cost microcontroller Used in TRS-80 color computer
- 22. The 8080 Microprocessor • 40-pin chip • Developed by Intel in 1974 • 16 Address Lines – Can address 216 = 64 Kbytes of memory • 8 Data Lines • Required +5V, +12V and -5V • First microprocessor to become widely used
- 23. Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1940’s • • • • • • • an early computer developed at UPenn Size: 30’ x 50’ room 18,000 vacuum tubes 1500 relays weighed 30 tons designers – John Mauchly – J. Presper Eckert
- 24. 1978 – Industrial Holographics
- 25. Table 1.2 History of Microprocessors Date 1971 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979 1981 Microprocessor Intel 4004 Intel 8008 Intel 8080 Motorola 6800 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6802 Motorola 6801 Intel 8086/8088 Motorola 68000 Motorola 68701 Motorola 6805 Motorola 6809 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088 Comment First microprocessor (4 bits) First 8-bit microprocessor 5 volts only (1 MHz) Used in Apple II, PET, Atari 128-byte internal RAM Single-chip microcomputer 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data) 68,000 Transistors MCU_EPROM–I/O Low-cost microcontroller Used in TRS-80 color computer
- 27. Radio Shack Color Computer used 6809 microprocessor
- 28. Original Macintosh Computer used 68000 microprocessor
- 29. Develops WHYP –a subroutine-threaded Forth for the 68HC12