The document discusses key concepts in analyzing text as discourse including definitions of text and discourse, and how texts make up discourse. It also covers functional categories and styles used in discourse analysis, such as modality, cohesion, transitivity, and discourse presentation. Modality refers to how opinions are expressed, and there are four types: epistemic, perception, deontic, and boulomic. Cohesion provides textual ties between units. Transitivity encodes meanings in clauses. Discourse presentation analyzes speech and thought representation with categories like direct and indirect speech.

1. Discourse &
Context 1:
Function

2. 2
Text as Discourse
Text
…the representation in written
language
cohesive
coherent
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

3. 3
Text as Discourse
Discourse
…mode of speaking or writing
…process of activation of a text
by relating it to a context of
use
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

4. 4
Text as Discourse
Text as discourse
Discourse is embedded in
texts and that texts make up
discourse.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

5. 5
Text as Discourse
Text as discourse
The text is the observable
product of the writer’s or
speaker’s discourse.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

6. 6
Functional Categories
& Style
modality
…it is used to reflect the producer’s
opinion about what s/he is saying
or writing
…A tendency to conform to a
general pattern or belong to a
particular group or category.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

7. 7
Functional Categories
& Style
Types of Modality
* Epistemic
* Perception
* Deontic
* Boulomaic
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

8. 8
Functional Categories
& Style
Epistemic
…speaker’s level of confidence in
the truth of their utterances
She may come
=
It’s possible she’ll come
=
She’ll possibly come
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

9. 9
Functional Categories
& Style
Perception
…usually delivered by verbs of
perceiving such as ‘see’ & ‘hear’
I see that you can that you are qualified
for the position.
I hear her complaints about the new
branch manager.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

10. 10
Functional Categories
& Style
Deontic
…indicate the necessity of the
proposition in utterance
You should do more exercise.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

11. 11
Functional Categories
& Style
Boulomaic
…indicate the desirability of the
proposition in utterance
I wish you would help me with the
homework.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

12. 12
Functional Categories
& Style
Cohesion
…gives the idea of textual ‘tie’
between units in different
sentences which helps the reader
to perceive the referential identity
or topical consistency of different
parts of a text.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

13. 13
Functional Categories
& Style
A boy run towards the gate of their
house. He forgot his lunchbox.
* tie between a pronoun and its antecedent
The boy introduced by an indefinite article ‘a’ (a
boy) and on the next sentence, the pronoun ‘he’
and ‘his’ were used to pertain to the boy.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

14. 14
Functional Categories
& Style
Main Mechanisms of Cohesion
* Repetition
* Reference
* Substitution
* Ellipsis
* Conjunction
* Lexical Cohesion
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

15. 15
Functional Categories
& Style
Transitivity
…the way meanings are encoded
in the clause to the way different
types of process is represented in
language.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

16. 16
Functional Categories
& Style
Transitivity Key Components
* Verb Phrase
* Participants
* Prepositional &
Adverb Phrases
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

17. 17
Functional Categories
& Style
Discourse Presentation
…most of the formal features
differentiating the various modes of
speech and thought presentation are
the same. However, the effects are
different, especially the distance from
or the closeness of the narrator’s
language and ideology.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

18. 18
Functional Categories
& Style
Categories of Discourse/Speech
Presentation
(Leech and Short 1981)
* Narrative Report of Speech Act (NRSA)
* Direct Speech
* Indirect Speech
* Free Direct Speech
* Free Indirect Speech
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

19. 19
Functional Categories
& Style
Narrative Report of Speech Act (NRSA)
He agreed.
Direct Speech
He said, ‘I Agree.’
Indirect Speech
He said that he agreed.
Free Direct Speech
I agree.
Free Indirect Speech
He was in an agreement.
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

20. 20
Functional Categories
& Style
Formal differences between direct
and indirect discourse
• The inverted commas are removed
• The speech is marked by a subordinate
(e.g. that)
• Any 1st and 2nd person pronouns
change to third person
• Any present tense verbs change to past
(including auxiliaries)
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content

21. References
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=JOHAfctPly8C&p
g=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=functional+categories+and+sty
le+in+stylistics&source
http://stylistics.minb.de/index.php?c=Speech%20and%
20Thought%20Presentation
Simpson, P. (2004). Stylistics : A resource Book for Students.
New York, Routledge
21
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
Content
21
A. Texts as Discourse
I. Definition of Text
II. Definition of
Discourse
III. Texts as Discourse
B. Functional
Categories and Style
I. Modality
A. Types of Modality
1. Epistemic
2. Perception
3. Deontic
4. Boulomic
II. Cohesion
A. Main Mechanisms
III. Transitivity
A. Key Components
IV. Discourse
Presentation
A. Categories
B. Formal Differences
References
Content