1. Factors Influencing the
Adoption of Improved
Rubber Agroforestry
System by Rubber
Smallholder Farmers in
Indonesia
Dudi Iskandar, Bruce Manley, Laxman Joshi, Betha Lusiana
Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia
World Congress on Agoforestry 2014, New Delhi, India

2. I. Background
Indonesia has the
world’s largest area
of rubber (Hevea
brasiliensis)
plantations (3.5
million ha) and is the
world’s second
largest natural
rubber producing
country (2.7 million
tons in 2007)
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3. • Indonesia’s rubber plantations are
mainly dominated by smallholder
farmers (<5 ha) which make up
for 86% of the 3.5 million
hectares of rubber’s area
• 7 million farmers in Kalimantan
and Sumatera depend on rubber
for their livelihood

4. • 64% rubber area still under
traditional mixed system using
unselected rubber seedlings
(jungle rubber), with low latex
productivity but provision of
multiple products and services.
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5. Multifunction of Rubber Agroforest

6. Jungle rubber VS Monoculture
Jungle Rubber
590 kg/ha/year
Intensive moultur
Intensive Monoculture
1065-1310 kg/ha/year
1065-1310 kg/ha/year
(Penot; 1995)

7. Rubber Agroforestry System
Jungle rubber
Unselected seedling
Unmanaged
Trees/fruits
Environmental services
Low productivity
Rubber Agroforestry
High yield seedlings
Semi intensive
Trees/fruits
High productivity
Rubber monoculture
High yield seedling
Intensive
Rubber only
High productivity
High capital & Labour
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8. Background (continued)
Rubber Agroforestry System
• Intensive monoculture rubber with high yielding
rubber clones offers higher latex productivity but
requires high capital and labour input.
• Improved Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS)
developed and promoted by the World
Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) incorporates clonal
rubber in traditional agroforestry setting improves
latex productivity while maintaining benefits of
traditional system.
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9. Objective
RAS technology is becoming popular
among smallholder rubber farmers, but its
adoption is still slow and limited; farmers
cite multiple reasons for this.
The objective of the study is to identify the factors
that influencing the adoption of improved rubber
agroforestry system by Rubber Smallholder
Farmers in two provinces in Indonesia.
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10. Locations of Study
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11. Respondents & Data Collections
• 8 Villages (223 rubber farmers)
• Smallholder Farmers (Adopters
and Non adopters)
• Questionnaires survey
• Field observation
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12. Data Analysis
• model :
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13. 6. Results
Jambi
Factors
West Kalimantan
Incentives
β
3.709***
Sig.
0.0001
Exp(B)
40.817
β
3.453**
Sig.
0.003
Exp(B)
31.601
Income
-
-
-
0.081**
0.015
1.084
Demonstration plots
2.275**
0.001
9.725
-
-
-
Land
-
-
-
-0.449**
0.008
0.638
Constant
-3.021***
0.0001
0.049
0.718
0.395
2.051
-2Log-likelihood
102.87
52.96
Model chi-square
65.33 (P<0.0001)
(Level of significance)
30.3 (P<0.0003)
Level of correct
prediction
89%
82%
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14. Factors in adoption
 Incentives; Government
support
The rubber farmers
have limitations in
capital and
establishment of
clonal rubber
needs higher costs,
therefore they
depend on
incentives from the
government.
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15. Factors in adoption
 Income
The positive and significant
signs for income indicated
the higher the level of
income the more the
likelihood of rubber farmers
applying clonal rubber.
Introduction of improved
technology such as clonal
rubber is important for
rubber smallholders’
farmers
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16. Demonstration Plots
• the adoption of clonal rubber is higher
for farmers who had observed
successful demonstration plots.
• farmers are influenced by exhibitions of
demonstration plots
• the more farmers observe and are
involved in demonstration plots, the
greater their chance of adopting clonal
rubber because they acquire more
knowledge and more confidence to
adopt clonal rubber.
01/02/11

17. Land (Scarcity of
land)
• a decreased land area increased their
eagerness to adopt clonal rubber in order to
increase land productivity.
• Adoption of clonal rubber for higher yield on
a small parcel of land was one of the
alternatives to increase rubber yield
• to increase their income from the limited
area of land.
01/02/11

18. Conclusions & Recommendations
 The logit analyses show the significant factors that influencing the




adoption of clonal rubber are availability of incentives,
demonstration plots, higher income and scarcity of land.
This study suggests that the farmers with incentives and higher
incomes will be more capable of buying clonal seedlings, fertiliser
and pesticides therefore more opportunity to adopt clonal rubber.
Adoption and application of clonal rubber for higher yield on a small
parcel of land was one of the alternatives to increase rubber yield
and to increase their income from the limited area of land.
The Government needs to provide more incentives, access to credit,
access to information and assistance, to produce more reliable,
affordable and high quality of planting materials.
Demonstration plots have to be established, easy to access by
farmers and good demonstration may increase farmers chance of
adopting improved rubber agroforestry.
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19. Acknowledgment
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rubber farmers in the study areas
Researchers and staffs at World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Indonesia
Field assistants
Village and sub district leaders in the study areas
Sponsorships :

20. I2. Recomendations
Terima kasih – Thank you
Shukria
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