1. mangrove.org
®
A Novel Model for Mangrove Agroforestry to
Provide Livelihoods and Biofuel Feedstock
© 1996-2014 mangrove.org
. All Rights Reserved Worldwide.
Riley Encased Methodology

2. mangrove.org
®
Mangrove Forests
 Coastal hardwood forests
 Littoral or intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions
 Trees are halophytes that thrive in the saline conditions of
 oceans, bays, estuaries and intracoatal waterways
 Form diverse & highly productive ecosystems
 Harvesting of mangroves:
o Construction materials
o Fuel stock
o Derived products
mangrove.org
®

3. mangrove.org
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Mangrove destruction and degradation
a worldwide issue
British Virgin islands

4. mangrove.org
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Clearing of mangroves for
coastal development or agriculture use

5. mangrove.org
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Mangrove Reforestation Failure
“How many times have you heard about a good idea applied
wrongly which backfired and caused more harm than good?
This is exactly the case with one of the world’s most intensive
efforts to restore coastal mangrove forests.”
mangrove.org
®
University of the Philippines
Quezon City

6. mangrove.org
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Conventional Reforestation
mangrove.org
®
“Through a cash-for-work project, villagers in Thailand,
harvest and plant mangrove seedlings”

7. mangrove.org
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Law of Unintended Consequences
mangrove.org
®
Rhizophora propagules being conventionally planted
within the pneumatophore root system of Avicennia
Rhizophora
propagule
Avicennia
Pneumatophores

8. mangrove.org
®
Riley Encased Methodology (REM)
Principles of Isolation & Adaptation

9. mangrove.org
®
REM Encasement Device
 Protects seedling from environmental factors
 Maintains proper hydrology
 Facilitates adaptation
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
mangrove.org
®

10. mangrove.org
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 Principles
 Processes
 Specifications
 Technology
 Devices
 Tools
 Procedures
 Applications
mangrove.org
®
Riley Encased Methodology ®
Ecological Engineering

11. mangrove.org
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Isolation & Adaptation time lapse

12. mangrove.org
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Adaptation process complete
REM
Device

13. mangrove.org
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Success Criteria - reproductive maturity

14. mangrove.org
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Water view Shore view
Successful REM reforestation

15. mangrove.org
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Clearing mangroves from agricultural lands,
severe erosion and direct economic loss
Costa Rica

16. mangrove.org
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Armoring for shoreline stabilization

17. mangrove.org
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mangrove.org
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Water level
Filter Material
Armor Layer
Bottom sediments
Embankment
Toe
Top
Rock Revetments

18. mangrove.org
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High-energy wave impact zone
- Prevents natural regeneration
- Conventional reforestation is ineffective

19. mangrove.org
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Mangrove Mitigation

20. mangrove.org
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Mangroves removed & revetment installed
Belize, CA

21. mangrove.org
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Mangroves replaced by seawalls
Meritt Island Florida
REM Device
Shoreline revegetation with
Rhizophora mangle

22. mangrove.org
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Sustainable Development
Restored
mangroves

23. mangrove.org
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Biscayne Bay Florida 1997
Mangrove habitat destroyed in 1992
by Hurricane Andrew Cat 5 Storm

24. mangrove.org
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REM Encasement Devices installed

25. mangrove.org
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Wrack Line & Debris

26. mangrove.org
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Isolation protects developing seedlings

27. mangrove.org
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Adaptation process
Pneumatophores
and Aerial Roots
Pneumatophore
Aerial
roots

28. mangrove.org
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Reforestation, shoreline stabilization, habitat restoration

29. mangrove.org
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Biscayne Bay, Florida -1997

30. mangrove.org
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Biscayne Bay, Florida – 2007
Ecological infrastructure

31. mangrove.org
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Eroding shoreline with exotic vegetation

32. mangrove.org
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Accretion - sediment binding by prop roots
Top of
REM Device

33. mangrove.org
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Soil Conservation / Land Building

34. mangrove.org
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Cape Canaveral 1998

35. mangrove.org
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Cape Canaveral- 2006

36. mangrove.org
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Social impact of REM reforestation
Manzanar Project Eritrea

37. mangrove.org
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700,000 trees - intertidal flats
providing livelihood and economic base

38. mangrove.org
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Mangrove reforestation for
sustainable ranching and aquaculture

39. mangrove.org
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Maharashtra Application
REM Coastal Reforestation Technology

40. mangrove.org
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Advanced biofuel technologies
®
Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass

41. mangrove.org
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IH
2
Technology
mangrove.org
®
 Converts mangrove biomass directly into high quality,
drop in, gasoline and diesel.
 The process is able to produce gasoline and diesel at
a market competitive price on a commercial scale.

42. mangrove.org
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REM Reforestation in Agroforestry
 Soil conservation, shoreline stabilization, erosion control
 Reduces pollutants reaching coastal waters
 Creates ecological infrastructure, promotes biodiversity
 Improves water quality, quality of the atmosphere, sequesters carbon
 Supports commercial & recreational fisheries, protects coral reefs
 Strengthens coastal resilience
 Renewable natural resource for sustainable economic growth
mangrove.org
®

43. mangrove.org
®
A Novel Model for Mangrove Agroforestry to
Provide Livelihoods and Biofuel Feedstock
© 1996-2014 mangrove.org
. All Rights Reserved Worldwide.
Riley Encased Methodology