4. 4
Increased rainfall intensity, amount
per day and average per spell
Mean rainfall projected decrease by
4% in quantity and distribution
Increase mean air temperature by
0.9 to 4 0C by 2100
Projected sea level rise
Sri Lanka falls under „vulnerable‟
small island nations
5. Farming and forestry threatened by weather-
related phenomena
Agroforestry adapt climate change through:
– Diversified land-use practices, livelihoods
and sources of income
– Enhancement of agricultural productivity
– Buffering weather-related production losses
5
6. Agroforestry are numerous and found in all
climatic zones in Sri Lanka
The paper reviewed literature and discusses:
– Impacts of climate change on forest and
agriculture in Sri Lanka
– Agroforestry adaptation to climate changes
and
– policy implications required to promote the
agroforestry adaptation
6
8. Endangering Natural Assets
3.5 m drought affected people given
emergency supply 2000 and 2005
Drought in 2001 worst hit water for
agricultural and domestic needs
Irrigation sector affected by
drought
Forests reduced 36% to 29% (1990
~ 2006) affecting water for
agriculture, power generation and
drinking
Sea level rise affected coastal
ecosystems
8
9. Prevalence of Pests and Diseases
9
RRDI urgently producing rice resistant to
pests and diseases
Increased pest and disease on coconut
increased investment in pest control
Invasive Alien Species affecting
agricultural lands
Livestock with increased temperature
more vulnerable to pests and diseases
Famers susceptibility to dehydration,
fatigue, hepatitis, typhoid etc
10. Crop Failures and Affect Livestock
Monsoonal change fall paddy production by 20-
30% in 20 to 30 years
Reduction of rainfall by 100 mm reduce
productivity of „made‟ tea by 30-80 kg per ha
Dry spells and cloudiness loss coconut
production
Increased sea water affect agricultural lands
Livestock under pressure with competition over
land and water
10
11. High Levels of Food Insecurity
Decrease agricultural productivity in 15% by 2080
Dry Zone highly vulnerable to drought while Wet
Zone at risk of recurrent floods
Production in major and minor irrigation schemes
has frequent shortfalls
Sea water intrusion in coastal areas affect
agriculture
Farmers in vulnerable areas have lower adaptive
capacity with:
– Poor infrastructure and socioeconomic assets
11
12. Risk of Migration into Forest Areas
Prolong droughts push chena
(Slash and burn) into forest
reserve to find livelihood
Farmers affected by Tsunami
south, north and east have
moved to forest lands
12
14. Increase Tree Cover Outside Forests
14
Homegardens in 22% of land increase
forest cover and connectivity
Kandyan Home Gardens cover 40% of
District
PFP established 9,000 ha
homegardens, 4,000 ha FWL, 1,500
ha PWT and 250 ha miscellaneous
plantings
Gliricidia as fourth plantation
increase forest cover
Green villages and Dayata Sevena
promote agroforestry enhanced
canopy cover
15. Enhance Forest Carbon Stocks
2 m ha of forest store 21 tons of CO2 per ha
Homegarden is important carbon sinks for
REDD+ Program
– Tree density from 338 in DZ to 2108 per ha
in WZ
Agroforestry ensure fertile soil in long-run
reduce emissions
Biomass Energy comes from agricultural lands,
and woodlots is cheap and less emissions
15
16. Conserve Biodiversity
Most species in homegardends are
indigenous with multi-purpose uses
Kandyan Home Gardens contain more
than 30 different crops, perennial
trees, shrubs etc.
Beverage crops successfully cultivate
under leguminous and shade trees
Perennial spices are cultivated in
agroforestry farming systems
Watersheds and wetland biodiversity
adapt to climate change
16
17. Reduce Risk and Intensity of Damage
“Let us grow, and uplift the nation” and
“Livelihood Development program”
established homegardens
– Reduce living costs, enhanced food
security, and environmentally
friendly agriculture
Dendro plantations in tea and coconut
lands:
– Reduce soil temperature 10oC
– Maintain soil moisture 60 cm
– Produced wood 15-30 mt per ha
Strip vegetation reduce salinity in
agriculture lands
17
18. Maintain Health and Vitality
UWMP apply soil conservation with
homegardens
Agroforestry in steep slopes increase
climate resiliency, and reduce land
erosion
Kandyan Home Gardens prevent
erosion and floods and increase
carbon sequestration
Gliricidia under Coconut
– Leaf litter reduces soil
temperature
– Prevent soil erosion and enhance
fertility 18
19. Scale Up ‘Multiple Benefit’
Homegardens provide alternative
livelihoods
Farmers select crops considering
profitability, marketing and convenience
PFP created employment, reduced
poverty and rehabilitated degraded
lands
Gliricidia in mixed systems enhance soil,
provide animal fodder, grass and biogas
Wood-based production meet energy,
alleviate poverty, save foreign exchange
19
21. Amend Policy and Legislation
Meeting REDD+ Expectations
REDD+ based on lost opportunities
Legislation on agroforestry:
– Reduce unequal treatment for forests or
crops
– Compete with other forms of land use
Dealing with market influences
Forests disappeared conversing to valued crops
Legislation for agroforestry management :
– Incorporate forests and trees in production
plans
21
22. Market relations and Social responsibility
Buyers looking for products meeting specific
environmental and social standards
Participatory and consultative processes of
designing and implementing
Property rights
Rights and tenure protected by legislation
Well-defined land, tree and carbon rights:
– Prevent dispute under defined rights
– Provide poor people with legal access to land
22
23. Awareness and Capacity Building
Improve community understanding:
– Climate change and risk
– Effectively manage agroforestry
– Improve livelihoods on sustainable basis
Advisory and training programs:
– Help farmers to prepare for challenges
– Adopt innovation and technologies
– Communicate outcomes from research
23
24. 24
Strengthening Capacity of Lands
Revitalize degraded and fragmented forest
and farm lands
Improve capacity of species and ecosystems
Strengthen agroforests to:
– Maintain, restore and enhance forest and
farm area, biodiversity, health and vitality
Integrate crop and forest a hardy system:
– Capable of coping with climate change
24
25. 25
Planning for Climate-smart
Agroforest Landscapes
Rooted in agriculture, forestry and rural
development
Contribute agroforestry for Millennium
Development Goals:
– Reduce hunger and improved environmental
management
– Support food security and boost incomes
– Increase productivity and resilience of
agricultural landscapes
Develop agroforestry strategies to sequester
carbon and reduce GHG emission
25
26. 26
Introduce ‘No-regret’ Options
Maintain benefits with or without climate change:
– Promoting crop diversity and biodiversity
– Using integrated farming and forestry systems
– Improving post-harvest management
Priority for options:
– Providing economic and environmental benefits
simultaneously
Incentives given for measures:
– Reduce GHG emissions simultaneously
26
27. 27
Appropriate Technology Development
Needed for:
– Monitoring and research
– Adaptation to climate change
Vary according to:
– Geographic area
– Objectives of management activity
– Scale and intensity of operation
– Local human and financial resources
Complement conservation and sustainable use of:
– Trees within agricultural landscapes
27
28. 28
Create Climate Change Adjustment Programs
Professional advice and training
Agroforestry adjust to climate change:
– Access business and management practices
Adjust advice and training to producers, adversely
impacted, or likely to be impacted
– Set goals and develop action plans to improve
financial circumstances
Increase smallholders’ resilience to shocks
Transitional income support for agroforestry
businesses adjust to climate change
New start allowance for participants of programs28
29. 29
Form Agroforestry Network
Formulate and implement agroforestry at
landscape scale:
– Work on environmental services
– Implement community agreements
Foster local governance and collaboration:
– Voluntary participation of local stakeholders
Tree planting in agricultural landscape:
– Rehabilitate degraded lands
– Increase yields of small holder farmers
– Contribute CO2 sequestration
29
31. Climate change impacts by complexity and
magnitude have threatened agricultural and
forest ecosystems in Sri Lanka
Agroforestry in Sri Lanka play important role in
climate change adaptation and enhancing
resilience
Agroforestry management with cross-sectoral
and landscape approaches can help local
communities adapt to new conditions caused by
climate change
31