The document discusses the opportunities and challenges for developing biofuels and bioenergy in India, including the need to identify suitable feedstock crops beyond cereals, develop their full value chains through research and demonstration projects, and establish centers of excellence to commercialize bioenergy production meeting social, economic, and environmental goals on at least 2000 hectares by 2017.

1. Bio-fuels to Bioenergy
Challenges & Opportunities for ICRAF
Navin Sharma
Programme Manager – Biofuels
ICRAF – New Delhi
“Its not that we need new ideas, but we need to stop having old ideas– Edwin Land
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2. Who Am I?
 Over 23 Years of Experience Working with Corporate Sector
– Unilever & ITC Ltd :: 10 Patents
 ITC : Chief Scientist for Corporate R&D
- Genome Sequencing of Casuarina, GM, Metabolomics,
- Breaking Geographic & Environmental Boundaries
- Several POCs Demonstrated and Technologies in Implementation
 Unilever : Principal Scientist:: Global Science Area Leader
- Several Translations from Discovery to Deploy (Lipton & Brooke Bond)
- C/N Metabolism – Theanine and Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Wounding
and Aroma, Cold Infusing Tea
 Ph D : From Cambridge in Plant Science
 Strength : Focus – Focus – Focus; Weakness : Restless for Results
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3. Structure of the Presentation
 Drivers of Bioenergy
 Constraints for implementation
 Some success stories
 ICRAF Project
 Vision, Mission & Road map : RiD Opportunities
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4. Drivers of Bioenergy
o Attractive Economics
o Climate Change Challenges: Mandates by various Governments
o Energy demand: to grow by 55%
from 11.4 billion TOE (2012)  17.7 billion TOE (2030)
o Increased Demand of global oil
from 82mb/d (2012)  116 mb/d (2030)
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5. Bioeconomy: Revenue Potential
Agricultural Biomass Biomass Biorefining Biorefining
inputs Production trading inputs fuels
15 89 30 10 80
•Seeds •Energy crops •Biomass •Enzymes •1st & 2nd generation biofuel
•Crop protection •Sugarcane aggregation •Organisms production
•fertilizers •Short rotation •Logistics •Pretreatment
forestry •Trading chemicals
Biorefining Downstream
chemicals chemistry
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•Fermentation of bulk •Polymerization, dowm-
chemicals stream reactions
Biomass power
and heat
65
There are significant revenue potentials along the entire biomass value
chain. The values given are approximate business potential in US$ •Co-firing
billions by 2020 •Dedicated CHP
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FutureIndustrialBiorefineries_Report_2010.pdf

6. World Wide Mandates & Subsidies
United States Brazil European China India
Union
Mandate of 36 billion 30+ year commitment 5.75% blending target Plan to substitute 20% Blending targets in
gallons of biofuels by to „alcohol program by 2010 and 10% by of crude imports by current drafts are 5%
2022 2020 2020. by 2012. 10% by 2017,
20% for long term.
Volumetric tax credit: Discussion on target Target of 1.7 billion Target of 20% biofuels
Annual blending target by 2020
USD 0.51/gal ethanol waiver triggered by gallons of ethanol by
for ethanol (25%)
+ USD 1.00/gal food crisis, but no 2010.
biodiesel change of policy so far. Duty-free imports of
Investments in Jatropha to support
Cellulose biofuel Biodiesel target of 5% Country-level subsidies feedstock-rich biodiesel
producer tax credit: by 2013 average USD 1.90/gal countries.
USD 1.01/gal. for ethanol and USD Individual states may
Lower taxes for 1.50/gal for biodiesel set additional
Commitment to
Small producer tax ethanol (E100) than develop non-food measures to promote
credit: USD 0.1/gal gasoline. Penalty fee in 5 based biofuels COFCO biofuels or restrict
countries for (Nat. Food Corp.) with transport of molasses
noncompliance with PetroChina and over state boundries.
USD 1 billion in FFV sales tax of 14%
biofuel target. Sinopec – 2nd
support for 2nd compared to 16% for
generation multiple
generation technology. gasoline-only vehicles
projects.
*Rapeseed/
* CORN/ *Sugarcane Lignocellulose * Various
*Lignocellulose/
Lignocellulose Various
World wide mandates and subsidies. Current policy status in five major world regions. (*)denotes key feedstock
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FutureIndustrialBiorefineries_Report_2010.pdf

7. Can biofuels really contribute towards reducing CO2?
Transport Fuels % saving in GHG versus fossil fuel reference
Source: Sheffield Hallam Univ. Source: E4tech (May 2006)
(2003) & Low CVP (2004)
Diesel (ultra low sulphur)
Biodiesel (from oil seed 53% 38 -57%
rape)
Biodiesel from recycled 85% -
vegetable oil
Second generation diesel - 94%
Petrol (ultra low sulphur)
Ethanol from wheat grains 49-67% 7-77%
Ethanol from sugar beet 54% 32-64%
Ethanol from wheat straw 85%

8. Constraints for Translation
 Value Chains not exploited
 Over reliance on few crops
 Diversity or monoculture
 Agroforestry
o Selection of Appropriate Species
o Quality planting material
o Short rotation crops
o Remunerative to small farmers
 Availability (seasonal, quality, consistency)
 Supply and demand effects on costs
- Competing users in agriculture
- Competing users in forestry
- Competing users in other sectors
 The issue is not technical research alone, but coordinated research &
demonstration along the value chain.
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Feedstock costs represent from 50-75% of the cost of producing biodiesel

9. SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE IN INDIA :
KARNATAKA
 Inclusion of multiple & locally adapted species
Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata)
Madhuka ( Madhuka latifolia),
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Simarouba (Simarouba glauca),
Jatropha (Jatropha curcus)
Amoora (Amoora rohiyuka) &
Surahonne (Calophyllum inophyllum L)
School children taking out a jatha to mark International
Biodiesel Day in Hassan.  Smart farming system e.g. bund planting
 Area covered – 17,558 acres
 No of seedlings – 1.5 millions
Hassan to get country’s first bio fuel bunk
Jul 06, 2012 | DC | Bengaluru
Karnataka is all set to open the country‟s first bio-fuel distribution bunk of
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd in Hassan. Speaking at an event organised
by the State Biofuel Development Board on Thursday, its Executive Chairman
Biofuel Park –Overview (Hassan, Karnataka) Y.B. Ramakrishna said, “We have several biofuel-related projects going on. We
(on Farm pond contours & Bunds) already have a Green Fuel Park at Madenur village, which produces about 300
litres of biofuel and Bharat Petroleum will open a green fuel outlet within the
next three months in Hasan”.
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Source: Prof. Balakrishna Gowda, .Project Coordinator, Biofuel Park,UAS,
Bangalore, India

10. LEARNING FROM OTHER INDUSTRIES: PAPER
 Trigger – The Paper Business
 Forest Conservation Act
 Use of Marginal Land
 The Requirements:
o Use of Marginal land
o Compressing Harvesting Cycle from 7
years to 4 years
o Improving Survival Rate to 90 % in harsh
conditions
o Increased Resistance to Disease
o Customized Extension Services
o a willing buyer at remunerative
World Business and Development Award 2012 at the Rio+20 United Nations rates, reducing farmer‟s risk

11. IFAD – ICRAF Programme
Develop Market ready Products to
o Improve cash income to poor including women
o Improve Food Security
o Increase Access to affordable energy
Covers all aspects of Bioenergy from Biofuels to Bioelectricity…..
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12. The Project : Covering various aspects of value chain
Knowledge
Local Energy Provisions to Sharing, Capacity
R&D Building, Policy studies &
enhance food security
advocacy
• Identification of COEs • Develop seven pilot • Results to be shared
• Focus on first generation projects to enhance food through yearly workshops
technologies security through provision with all stakeholders and
• R&D Focus: increasing of local energy people involved
plant yield, best • Community selection based • Advise on development of
agronomic practices, field on remote and ecologically suitable renewable
testing fragile villages with no energy policy
• Selected technologies to access to electricity, large • Demonstrate with
meet pillars of – food concentration of poor, publication and other
security, environment, villages with marginal media successful
Land use and ownership lands – saline soils or implementation
water limiting conditions.
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13. The Project Outputs
Knowledge Sharing, Capacity
Local Energy Provisions to Building, Policy studies &
R&D
enhance food security advocacy
• Identification of COEs: Crops • Community organisation and • One workshop per year
and or Agroforestry system capacity building: Selection along with COEs, annual
• Improve productivity of of local NGOs, mobilisation reports and technical reports
selected biofuel crops of village from COEs
• Cropping intensity trial for communities, formation of • Policy studies with FAO
higher capacity utilization community
organisations, assessment • Creation of ad hoc space on
with multiple feedstock and the web site, posting reports
develop efficient value of needs, enhancement of
community capacity, training on IFAD, ICRAF and FAO
chains websites
and technical support
• Seeds / planting material
supply to growers • Investment in infrastructure
and equipment: validation of
• Models for rural electricity
energy
with pongamia or other agri
system, establishment of
source
nurseries and demonstration
• Reduction in GHG plots, land
identification, processing
plants, water harvesting 13
systems,

14. Milestones and Output
Q12013 Q2 2013 Q3 2013 Q4, 2013 2014 2015 2016
Bidding process First mission and Second mission & Third mission &
concluded. report, R&D reports, village reports, constitution of Crop & agroforestry system
First selection of defined and community community organisation demonstrated at 2000ha
proposals by the activities mobilisation completed, completed, establishment , commercial feasibility of
secreatariat commenced, capacity built, O&M of water harvesting biofuel and bioenergy
Final selection of NGOs selected, training completed, structures, crop & demonstrated at pilot
proposals by SC village processing plant agroforestry system for scale, value chains
IFAD projects to be communities procurred, installed, location specific creatred, policy documents
linked identified mobilised, Need annual evaluation, developed and large prepared
R&D defined, assessed, Capacity annual progress report trials initiated, workshop
Creation of
secretariat & COEs contracted, built, annual and related
SC NGOs selected, village evaluation, proceedings, annual
communities mobilised, workshoip and progress report
related
proceedings
Activities
Output
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15. RiD VISION
 Be the focal point and champion of all efforts With in & Outside ICRAF on
Bio-fuels covering full value chain.
 Develop Bioenergy as a Platform with in ICRAF & link up with various SDs
 Establish ICRAF as the Global Leader in the area of Bioenergy and build
capability in short rotation perennials
 Create adjacencies on short rotation perennials in other important areas

16. Mission
Develop, design and deploy next generation bioenergy crops
and / or the agroforestry system that are sustainable,
competitive to currently used crops especially cereals through
promotion of research, development and demonstration.
“Identify at least one (multiple use) crop with potential to produce commercial sc
bioenergy, develop full value chain and demonstrate the POC in bio-fuel in an are
of 2000Ha meeting the triple bottom line criteria by 2017.”
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17. Guiding Principle
o POC: Responsible to demonstrate the POC in minimum 2000ha
o COE: Develop and establish COEs in the areas of entire value chain
o Global Bench Marking: with the best in the similar area
(ITC, Suzano, CSIRO – Australia, CSIR – South Africa , GOOGLE)
o Triple Bottom Line: Socially inclusive, Economical and Sustainable
o Strategic and fits well with the mandate of ICRAF: involve various CRPs
Specifically from South Asia & SD3 – Genetic Resources
o Involve Private partners: Create a business model
o Our long term right to win
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Only ICRAF can!!

18. RiD Road Map
Future Opportunities
in Timber and Oil security
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2013 2014 -2015 2016 & beyond

19. RiD: Opportunity for ICRAF
Higher yield
increase output
Short Rotation ,
Food Security Coppicing
Availability of
Agroforestry Quality Planting
R&D Systems Stock
Priorities Value Creations Other Value
Added Products
Adaption Native &
Diverse Crops
Water Use
Efficient Crops
Swing Potential
Target: A non cereal based species that can produce between 1000 – 3000 litres of Biofuel per ha per annum

20. Availability of Quality of Planting Material
Quality Planting
Stock Deliverable: To reduce the development time of Euca nursery from 6 to 3-4 months
Before After Contributions
Mini Cuttings
from Hedge
Coppicing 60 days 30 days plants
New Medium &
Rooting 35-40 days 20-25 days Rooting
mixtures
Impact:
Hardening 10 days 10 days
Survival rate + 20%
Effective for hard to root clones also
Proprietary techniques
Open Nursery 60-75 days 50-55 days
Cycle time 165-185 110-120
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ITC R&D CENTRE HYDERABAD

21. Short Rotation,
Coppicing
Early Harvest – How to Make Decisions
Rotation of 3.5 yrs is possible in
Euca where CAI & MAI meet at
this age.
Based on informed decisions arrived out of scientific concepts
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22. Short Rotation,
Coppicing
Top-grafting and is used to transform Model depicting major known long-distance
existing low-quality fruit trees, by florigenic signals, together with their main
regulators in the leaf and their main targets
pruning them and then grafting them and co-regulators in the shoot apex.
with commercial varieties
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Used in Cocoa – extend it to other fruit crops

23. Short Rotation,
Coppicing
Reducing the Harvest Time for Economically Valuable Trees
Challenges
1. To make it feasible to produce timber quality Teak in marginal
Teak - one of the most valued timber wood lands
Heart wood is the economically important part 2. To reduce the rotation from 30-40 years to 15-10 years
Takes 30-40 years to yield good value timber Problems to be solved
Requires deep fertile soil and >1000 mm rainfall
GM Technology
Plantation Teak – possibility of producing quality Genes for the transition into hard wood from sap wood
Teak in shorter rotations with good planting material
and intensive management practices Approaches
Genes identification
Ex: Malaysia’s Biotech Company, Sabah group. Tissue Culture protocols
GM technology
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24. Short Rotation,
Coppicing
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25. Short Rotation,
Coppicing Coppicing a way to replanting
A. Harvested during February to April
Three months after harvesting : Sprouts wilting due Four months after harvesting : Sprouts not recovering
to moisture stress during summer in spite adequate soil moisture in July
B. Harvested during April to May
June : Sprout initiation, in spite of severe water Two months after harvesting : Heavy sprouting due 25
stress to adequate soil moisture in July

26. Agroforestry
Systems
Plant Architecture and Crop to Suit Agroforestry
14
12
Photo. Rate
10
Y=-1E-05x2+0.0211-4.378
8 R2=0.970
6 800
4
2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-2
-4 PPFD (em-2s-1) 26

27. Water Use
Efficient Crops Imparting Resistance to Biotic & Abiotic Resistance
Swing Potential
Silica in Plants
Enhance silica uptake and mobilisation in plants
Identify transporters and modulate their activity
Drought tolerance
Pest tolerance
Si
nutrient deficiency
Disease resistance
Silica imparts water stress tolerance in Eucalyptus
0 mM 0.5 mM Silica uptake
Relevance
• Increased stem strength and rigidity
• better leaf orientation for light interception - enhances
photosynthesis and growth rates.
• Increased tolerance to high salinity
• redistributing nutrients more evenly within the plant.
• resist penetration of fungal diseases - particularly mildews.
• improves wilting resistance. 27

28. Focus India
 Bioenergy Platform – 12th Plan
 ICAR – Initial Capital 11 M $
 Possibility of 2 M $ for ICRAF
Initial Dialogue with Dr MM Pandey, DDG (Engineering) ICAR
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29. Summary & Conclusion
o Opportunity to establish ICRAF a leader in the area of biofuel
and later in other areas covering full value chain
o Project is still in defining phase - to be defined with proper output
and milestones by March 2013
Fits Well with All SDs ICRAF‟s Vision
Fits Well with CRPs Future Adjacencies
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30. 30

31. It is estimated that the demand for timber is likely to grow from 58
million cubic metres in 2005 to 153 million cubic meters in 2020. The
supply of wood is projected to increase from 29 million cubic meters in
2000 to 60 million cubic meters in 2020. The productivity of timber in
India is only 0.7 cu. m/ha/year whereas the world average is 2.1
cu.m/ha/year.
31