The document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines key terms like phone, speech, language, linguistics, phonetics, and phonology. Phonetics is concerned with the concrete sounds of language, while phonology focuses on how sounds function systematically in a language. The document also discusses the physiology of pronunciation, including the organs of speech and their roles in sound production. It introduces concepts like phonemes, allophones, and minimal pairs to distinguish meaningful sounds.

1. Class 1: Phonetics and Phonology WELCOME TO ENGLISH PHONETICS WHAT'S PHONETICS? ? but...

6. PHONETICS PHONOLOGY ? ? WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

8. PHONOLOGY It deals with how speech sounds are organised into patterns or systems for each individual language

10. But... Why is it important to learn about Phonetics and Phonology? ? Because you are going to work with the English language at an advanced level as TEACHERS, TRANSLATORS-INTERPRETERS or RESEARCHERS... ...and... … you will need the deeper understanding provided by the study of Phonetic and Phonological theory to understand the principles regulating the use of sounds in spoken English.

11. THE PHYSIOLOGY(*) OF PRONUNCIATION Physiology: the science that deals with the way the bodies of living things operate. Classes 3 and 5: PHYSIOLOGY OF PRONUNCIATION

12. ORGANS OF SPEECH

14. ANOTHER VIEW

16. VOCAL CORDS OR FOLDS GLOTTIS: OPENING BETWEEN THE FOLDS THE VOCAL FOLDS ACT AS VIBRATORS MOVED BY LUNG AIR. TO PRODUCE VOICE THEY ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER AND VIBRATE. e.g. /g/, /l/, /m/

17. From the larynx to the phrarinx THE PHARYNGEAL CAVITY EXTENDS FROM THE TOP OF THE TRACHEA AND OESOPHAGUS , PAST THE EPIGLOTTIS AND THE ROOT OF THE TONGUE , TO THE REGION AT THE REAR OF THE SOFT PALATE . Sounds such as [ æ] are articulated with a strong contraction of the pharynx.

19. THE MOUTH It’s no coincidence that in English and Spanish the word “tongue” refers to the organs and to language as a means of communication. LOOK!

23. THE CONCEPT OF “PHONEME” WHY DO PHOTOGRAPHERS MAKE US SAY “CHEESE”? WHY DO DOCTORS MAKE US SAY “Aaahh”? Class 7: The concept of Phoneme

24. ?

28. HOW MANY PHONEMES ARE THERE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE? Approx. 40, depending on the dialect.

29. HOW ARE PHONEMES CLASSIFIED? CONSONANTS DIPTHONGS VOWELS

30. ENGLISH VOWELS AND DIPTHONGS 12 VOWELS 8 DIPTHONGS SPELLING FORMS

31. PRACTICE WITH TONGUE TWISTERS: Everybody saw Eddie and the Eskimo enter the elevator on the elephant. . CAN YOU IDENTIFY EACH TARGET SOUND? The important Indian was ill with injuries inside the igloo. Oliver had an operation in October, and Oscar gave him an octopus . Andrew and Alice asked if Annie's active animals were angry. On Mondays Michael's mother Mary mostly mopped. Uncle was upset because he was unable to put his umbrella up. The excited experts explained that the extra X-rays were excellent.

32. ENGLISH CONSONANTS Can you think of these sounds in different words? What's new for you? Now, practice making these sounds.

35. WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN: ? The answer is: one PHONEME! One SIGNIFICANT sound makes a new word. These contrastive examples are called MINIMAL PAIRS. They will help you teach your students to pronounce beautifully. CAP CUP BAG BUG CAT CUT RAG RUG

37. “ The true teacher defends his pupils against his own personal influence” Amos Bronson Alcott (1799-1888) US educator & Transcendentalist THE TRUE TEACHER IS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN STUDENTS AND CONTENTS… THE TRUE TEACHER IS AVAILABLE WHEN NECESSARY ONLY… THE TRUE TEACHER KNOWS WHEN TO BE SILENT… THE TRUE TEACHER FORMS AUTONOMOUS LEARNERS!!!

38. THIS IS WHAT I’LL TRY TO DO WITH YOU TODAY… THIS IS WHAT YOU WILL TRY TO DO WITH YOUR STUDENTS IN THE FUTURE!

39. TODAY’S CLASS: THE ARTICULATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS HOW DO WE MAKE THE SOUNDS WE PRONOUNCE? in other words...

42. PASSIVE ARTICULATOR? ACTIVE ARTICULATOR? UPPER LIP LOWER LIP UPPER TEETH LOWER TEETH TONGUE TIP TONGUE BLADE TONGUE FRONT TONGUE BODY TONGUE BACK TONGUE ROOT ALVEOLAR RIDGE HARD PALATE SOFT PALATE (VELUM) UVULA

43. fixed movable UPPER LIP X LOWER LIP X UPPER TEETH X LOWER TEETH (JAW) x TONGUE TIP X TONGUE BLADE X TONGUE FRONT X TONGUE BODY X TONGUE BACK X TONGUE ROOT x ALVEOLAR RIDGE X HARD PALATE X SOFT PALATE (VELUM) X UVULA X

45. TO DESCRIBE SOUNDS, WE NEED TO CONSIDER: THE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM THE ACTION OF THE VOCAL FOLDS THE POSITION OF THE SOFT PALATE DISPOSITION OF THE MOVABLE ORGANS OF THE MOUTH

50. 3. POINT OF ARTICULATION BILABIALS LABIO-DENTALS DENTALS ALVEOLARS PALATALS VELARS GLOTTAL POST-ALVEOLARS PALATO-ALVEOLARS

51. 3. MANNER OF ARTICULATION REFERS TO THE VERTICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ARTICULATORS CONSEQUENCES?

52. 3. MANNER OF ARTICULATION PLOSIVES GLIDES OR SEMIVOWELS LIQUIDS (LATERALS AND FRICTIONLESS CONTINUANT) NASALS AFFRICATES FRICATIVES

53. OUR CHALLENGE…

55. a. The vertical distance between the palate and the upper surface of the tongue. According to these two categories, we have: HIGH VOWELS MID VOWELS LOW VOWELS ch ee se p i n fr ie nd b a d C o me, b u s B ur n, t ur n A bout, clev er D a nce, b a rk P o t, g o t c augh t, or F u ll, b oo k F oo l, gl ue Also known as CLOSE vowels Also known as OPEN vowels TONGUE HEIGHT

56. b. The part of the tongue, between front and back which is raised highest. (horizontal) FRONT VOWELS CENTRAL VOWELS BACK VOWELS CAN YOU THINK OF TWO MORE WORDS FOR EACH VOWEL SOUND? FRONTNESS AND BACKNESS

57. How do vowels differ from each other? 2. Another important variable of vowel quality is LIP-ROUNDING ROUNDED VOWELS NEUTRAL VOWELS SPREAD VOWELS

58. English Diphthongs Think of two more words for each diphthong day eye boy mouth nose ear hair pure