Presented by Lava Kumar (IITA) and Warren Arinaitwe (CIAT) at the Africa RISING East and Southern Africa annual review and planning meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3-5 September 2013
Plant disease and pest monitoring surveys in Africa RISING action areas in Tanzania
1. Plant disease and pest monitoring surveys
in Africa RISING action areas in Tanzania
Africa RISING East and Southern Africa annual review and planning
meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3-5 September 2013
Lava Kumar (IITA) and Warren Arinaitwe
(CIAT)
2. Papias Binagwa and Edith Kadege
Selian Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Tanzania
Jean Claude Rubyogo, Mathew Abang and Warren Arinaitwe*
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Lava Kumar*, C Agboton, M Harun, E Mbiru, F Ngulu, E Swai, D Coyne, F Beed,
M Tamo, M Bekunda and I Hoeschle-Zeledon
A Owati, O Patricia, I David and M Hema
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
*Presenting authors
Study Team and Authors
3. Objective
“To provide current information on the abundance and
distribution of important pests and diseases of common bean,
groundnut, maize, pigeonpea and soybean in the Africa RISING
project action areas”
Approach
Interdisciplinary study teams from organizations working in
the actions sites participated in the survey
Surveys were conducted in April
•Filed observation
•Sample collection for laboratory analysis
•Interview with farmers
4. Geographic coverage
Sub-Humid District
(1610 to 2178 mts)
Njoro
Semi-Arid Districts
(1261- 1527 mts)
Medium elevation
Low rain
Moleti
Mlali-Lyegu
High rain
Seleto
Long
Low rain
Sabelo
•Maize in all locations
•Common bean survey in Babati
5. Farmer fields and project sites
were surveyed.
Structured questionnaires &
field observation methods used
to obtain data including, gender,
input usage, production trends
P&D Management,P&D incidence
&severity.
Data was analysed using SPSS
Survey Methodology
Maize
Common bean
6. Variable Groups Frequency (%)
Total land
owned
0-4 acres 90.0
5-10 acres 10.0
11 and above 0.0
Land under
maize
0-4 acres 100.0
5-10 acres 0.0
Cropping
pattern
Monocropping 50.0
Intercropping 40.0
Both 10.0
Planting
pattern
Row planting 100.0
Source of
seed
Own saved seed 50.0
Seed dealer 40.0
Local market 10.0
Trend of maize production- 5 years:
Decreasing: 30%
Increasing: 10%
Same: 60%
Preferred varieties:
Local: 40% reason drought tolerant,
affordable/ easily accessible
Improved: 60% High yield
Production constrains
Weather: Drought
Pests and diseases
Access to inputs: usually delayed,
improved varieties are expensive
Generally farmers perception on IPM
option is low. They do not practice crop
rotation.
Farmer responses (N=10)
7. District Altitude
(mts)
Locations Rainfall Total
farms
Babati 1610 –
2178
Long High rain 5 Aphids (4/5)
Stem borer (1/5)
Siloto High rain 5 Stem borer (3/5)
Sabilo Low-rain 4 Aphids (1/4)
Kiteto 1520 –
1527
Njoro Low rain 2 Stem borer (2/2)
Kongwa 1132 -
1299
Mlali-Lyegu Low rain 3 Stem borer (2/3)
Moleti Low rain 2 Stem borer (2/2)
Kwamasingisa Low rain 1 Stem borer
• Two maize varieties (Situka and Kilima) were more susceptible to the stem bores
attacks (mainly Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis).
• There may exist other stem borer species to be identified.
• Maize aphids also were encountered and its infestation rates were fluctuate
• Some aphids parasitoids exist in the fields and other aphids were attacked by
Neozygites.
Summary of pests
8. Larvae of Sesamia calamistis Larva of Busseola fusca Stem borer damages
9. Aphid infestation on maize in Long (Babati district)
Neozygites sp
Neozygites sp
Aphids detected on 3 – 50% of the plants in Long (high altitude ca2100 mts)
Biocontrol agents colonized aphid colonies
20. S FT W1 W2 W3 W4 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
MCMV CP1 induced with
1mM IPTG and purified
through Ni-NTA column
S: Soluble fraction; FT: Flow through
W1-W4 : Washings; E1-E6 : Elutions
Expressed MCMoV CP
Cloning and expression of MCMoV
Coat Protein in E. coli
22. Production is male
dominated
63.3% of farmers
intercropped beans and
use of owned saved seed
is most common source
of planting seed
Key findings Variable Group Freq (%)
Sex Male 21 70.0
Female 9 30.0
Land under
beans
0-4 acres 24 80.0
5-10 acres 20.0
Cropping
pattern
Monocrop 6 20.0
Intercrop 19 63.3
Both 5 16.7
Seed source Own-saved
seed
12 40.0
Agro input
deal
3 10.0
Local
market
10 33.3
Others 5 16.7
23. 54% of farmers consider bean production to be decreasing
Pests and disease (36%); drought (40%) were cited as the
major to decreasing trends.
Production trends in the last 5years
Decreasing Same Increasing Don’t know
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Farmers perception
24.
25. More than 10 pests were observed but aphids and white flies
were the most abundant.
Aphids
White
flies
Foliage
beetles
Lady
birds
Large
black
beetles
Village Variety Site In Se In Se In Se In Se In Se
Seloto Local NP 70 2 90 3 30 1 70 0 0 0
Kunguru NP 60 2 100 3 60 2 0 0 0 0
Selian 05 BS 50 2 90 3 40 1 0 0 0 0
Selian06 MS 10 0 80 2 80 2 10 0 0 0
Kunguru NP 70 2 90 3 40 1 100 0 0 0
Selian97 NP 50 2 70 2 0 0 30 0 0 0
Mean 51.7 1.7 86.7 2.6 41.7 1.2 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Long Selian06 MS 90 2 40 1 0 0 60 0 50 3
Bwana-shamba NP 100 3 40 1 70 2 80 0 0 0
Selian06 BS 0 0 80 2 0 0 0 0 70 3
Mean 63.3 1.7 53.3 1.3 23.3 0.7 46.7 0.0 40.0 2.0
Sabilo Farm NP 80 3 80 2 0 0 30 0 0 0
Kunguru NP 60 2 70 2 50 1 20 0 0 0
Bwana-shamba NP 40 1 80 2 0 0 30 0 0 0
Lyamungo90 MS 60 3 60 2 40 1 60 0 0 0
Farm NP 60 2 50 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 60.0 2.2 68.0 2.0 18.0 0.4 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
28. Pests:
Beans: Observed in all fields. Aphids and whitefly infestations were the
highest
Maize: Observed in all fields. Stem borers and aphids found to cause
significant damage, but incidence is less <40%. Work in progress to
characterize insect specimens using DNA markers (CO1 gene)
Conclusions
Pathogens
Beans: Multiple disease complex wide spread on beans. Individual
disease incidence and severity differ among sites. Characterization of
pathogens pending.
Maize: Multiple diseases widespread in all locations. Turcicum leaf
blight, bipolaris leaf blight, Curviularia leaf spot and MLND are
significant.
29. Agricultural extension packages promoting efficient IPDM options
should be a priority in subsequent activities.
Widen the survey scope by increasing the sample size to at least 60
farmers/village. Also include non-project districts in Tanzania.
Identification of major pests and diseases using more robust
methods (in progress)
Utilize the diversity knowledge to establish appropriate diagnostics
and isolates for phenotyping germplasm for disease resistance
Promote improved disease resistant varieties to overcome common
maize diseases.
Future directions