The document provides an overview of typography, including definitions of typefaces, categories of typefaces (serif, sans serif, script, decorative), anatomy of letters, and guidelines for use. It discusses key typographic concepts like kerning, leading, tracking, and techniques to avoid widows and orphans. The document also lists several common type foundries that design and produce typefaces.
2. Introduction
Here we are giving brief
overview on typography, its
significance, typefaces,
categories & classification of
typefaces, typeface
anatomy and basic
typography terminology….
Also you will read about
some practical guidelines
about the use of typefaces
4. “Typography is means by which words,
conceived in someone’s mind and then
put down on paper are made
available to the world at large."
5. Significance
Typography forms integral part of a good graphic design.
Largely used to create moods.
Crucial in the design of advertisements, magazines, newspaper
and corporate identities.
Different fonts suggest different context & ideas.
Some typefaces even have special functions.
7. We describe the size of type in points and picas, not inches.
There are approximately 12 points to a pica and 6 picas to an
inch.
10 12 16 20 24 32 36 48 6080
8. Points & Picas
While fonts are measured in points, pages are measured in
picas (column width).
12 points = 1pica
6 picas = 1 inch
14. Script
Script typefaces are based upon the varied and often fluid
stroke created by handwriting. They are organized into highly
regular formal types similar to cursive writing and looser, more
casual scripts.
15. Decorative/Ornamental
It includes typefaces of
unusual and unique designs
that do not fit into other
classification. Decorative
and display typefaces are
generally reserved for
specific purposes. They are
most effective when used at
larger sizes, such as for
headlines, titles & display
purposes( eg:newspapers &
advertisements).
16. Typographical Properties
Styling Formatting
Font - Family
Font - Size
Font -Weight
Font - Style
Font -Variant
Letter - Spacing
Word - Spacing
Line - Height
Text - Align
Text - Decoration
Text - Indent
Text -Transform
Text - Shadow
Vertical - Align
White – Space
Direction
Margins
17. TypefaceAnatomy
Typeface anatomy describes the graphical elements that make
up printed letters in a typeface. Anatomy of type can be
classified as:
1. Apex 2. Aperture
3. Arm 4. Bar
5. Bowl 6. Bracket
7. Counter 8. Ear
9. Link 10. Shoulder
11. Spine 12. Spur
13. Stem 14. Stress
15. Tail 16. Terminal
18.
19.
20. Paragraph
A paragraph is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing
dealing with a particular point or idea. A paragraph comprises
of one or more sentences. Common terms used are:
Alignment
Justification
Leading
River
Sentence spacing
Widows and orphans
21. Punctuation
Punctuation is the use of spacing, conventional signs, &
certain typographical devices as aids to the understanding
and correct reading, both silently n aloud, of handwritten &
printed texts. Common terms used are:
Hanging punctuation
Hyphenation
Quotation mark
Prime mark
Dashes
22. DigitalTypography
Digital typography or desktop publishing refers to the creation of
documents using page layout skills. DTP software can generate
layouts & produce typographic quality text and images
comparable to traditional typography & printing.Terms used:
Character encoding
Font formats
Hinting
Rasterization
Typesetting software
List of typographic features
Web typography
23. Typesetting
Typesetting is the composition of text by means of arranging
physical types or digital equivalents.
Type design
Type foundry
Calligraphy
Phototypesetting
Letterpress
Typeface
Font
Punchcutting
Pangram
24. TypographicUnits
Typographic units are the units of measurement used in
typography or typesetting.Common terms used are:
Agate
Cicero
Em
En
Figure space
Measure
Paren space
Pica
Point
Thin space
25. TypeTraits
Kerning: space between characters
Leading: space between lines of type
Tracking: space between words + characters
(how a line of text is spaced out at the PARAGRAPH level)
26. Kerning
In typography, kerning- less commonly, mortising (referring to
the process of physically removing material from the cast
character)- is the process of adjusting letter spacing in
a proportional font. In a well-kerned font, the two-dimensional
blank spaces between each pair of letters all have similar area.
27.
28. Leading
In typography, leading (pronounced /ˈlɛdɪŋ/, rhymes
with heading) refers to the amount of added
vertical spacing between lines of type. In consumer-oriented
word processing software, this concept is usually referred to
as "line spacing“.
29.
30. Tracking
Tracking is very similar to kerning in that it is the spacing
between individual characters, but tracking is the space
between groups of letters rather than individual letters. It
affects the overall character density of the copy. It’ll
help to eliminate widows and orphans in paragraphs.
31.
32. LetterSpacing
In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the
amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in
a line or block of text. Since the advent of personal computers
the term tracking is frequently used. In professional
typography and graphic design the term letter-spacing is more
commonly used.
33.
34.
35. Do’s
Do establish a typographic hierarchy
Do choose an appropriate font for the body text
Do give your text room to breathe
Try & limit paragraphs to 40-60 characters per line
Make sure there is enough contrast between your text and
the background
36. Don’ts
Don’t make the text too small
Don’t use too many different fonts on one page
Don’t make continuous use of all caps
Don’t use large amount of centered text
Don’t use extra leading
Don’t use negative leading
(Good leading is 1.25x of the point size)
Don’t use more than 3 font families in
a design. Try to use only one if possible
Don’t use Serif typefaces in headings
Don’t create lines longer than 15 words
37. Moods & Functions ofTypefaces
If you seek a feminine mood, then you might use Isadora
For something comical, consider Comic Sans
For signage, Helvetica is used worldwide because of its
functionality
For a classic look, try Garamond, designed in France almost
500 years ago
38. GeneralGuidelines
Writing guides generally suggest that a manuscript should
have no widows and orphans even when avoiding them
results in additional space at the bottom of a page or column.
Widow : Generally refers to a single line of a paragraph
appearing at the “top” of a page.
Orphans : Generally refers to a single line of a paragraph
appearing at the “bottom” of a page.
39. Techniques for EliminatingWidows
Forcing a page break early, producing a shorter page
Adjusting the leading, the space between lines of text (although
such carding or feathering is usually frowned upon)
Adjusting the spacing between words to produce 'tighter' or
'looser' paragraphs
Adjusting the hyphenation of words within the paragraph
Adjusting the page’s margins
40. Subtle scaling of the page, though too much non-uniform scaling
can visibly distort the letters
Rewriting a portion of the paragraph
Reduce the tracking of the words
Adding a pull quote to the text (more common for magazines)
Adding a figure to the text, or resizing an existing figure
41. An orphan is cured more easily, by inserting a blank line or forcing
a page break to push the orphan line onto the next page to be with
the rest of its paragraph. Such a cure may have to be undone if
editing the text repositions the automatic page/column break.
Most full-featured word processors and page layout applications
include a paragraph setting (or option) to automatically prevent
widows and orphans.When the option is turned on, an orphan is
forced to the top of the next page or column; and the line
preceding a widow is forced to the next page or column with the
last line.This automatic adjustment to a page's layout can be a
source of frustration for someone who is unaware of why text is
shifted from one page to the next.
42. CommonType Foundries
The followings are few category of common typeface
designing companies:
1. CorporateType Foundries
2. LargeType Foundries
3. Independent Type Foundries
43. 1) CorporateType Foundries
1
AdobeType, a division of Adobe Systems Inc.
InternationalTypeface Corporation (ITC)
)
Letraset
Bitstream Inc.
Linotype
MonotypeCorporation
44. 2) LargeType Foundries
2
AmericanType Founders (Kingsley/ATF)
Ascender Corporation
Berthold
Elsner+Flake
Emigre
Font Bureau
FontShop International
Hoefler & Frere-Jones (H&FJ)
House Industries
Paratype
T26
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