Types Of Internet Connections Explained

Types Of Internet
Connection

SUBMITTED TO :

Mrs. Amandeep Kaur

(LEC. IN COMPUTER SCIENCE)

SUBMITTED BY :

AMRIT KAUR

POOJA PURI

PRABHJOT KAUR

8/19/2004

Internet Connections

S. No. Topic Page
1 Types Of Internet connection 3
2 Dial-up access 3
3 ISDN 4
4 DSL 5
5 T Carrier 8
6 USB 10
7 Satellite 13
8 3G 14
9 4G 16
10 Comparison 17
11 Future Scope 18
12 Conclusion 19
13 References 20

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Presented by Amrit, Pooja and Prabhjot


Types of Internet Connections

As technology grows, so does our need for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Over
the years, the way content is presented via the Web has changed drastically. Ten years ago being
able to center bold, colored text was something to admire, while today Flash, animations - to
name but a few — are becoming standards. The need for speed has changed the options available
to consumers and businesses alike in terms of how and how fast we can connect to the Internet.

While technology changes at a rapid pace, so do Internet connections. The connection speeds
listed below represent a snapshot of general average to maximum speeds at the time of
publication. This is no doubt will change over time and Internet connection speeds also vary
between Internet Service Providers (ISP).

1. Analog (up to 56k)

Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your
PC, users connect to the Internet when
the computer dials a phone number
(which is provided by your ISP) and
connects to the network. Dial-up is an
analog connection because data is sent
over an analog, public telephone
network. The modem converts received
analog data to digital and vise versa.
Because dial-up access uses normal
telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited.

Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps.
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2. ISDN

ISDN which stands for Integrated Services Digital Network, is a system of digital phone
connections which has been available for over a decade. This system allows voice and data to be
transmitted simultaneously across the world using end-to-end digital connectivity.

There are two basic types of ISDN service: Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate
Interface (PRI). BRI consists of two 64 kb/s B channels and one 16 kb/s D channel for a total of
144 kb/s. This basic service is intended to meet the needs of most individual users.

H channels provide a way to aggregate B channels. They are implemented as:

• H0=384 kb/s (6 B channels)
• H12=1920 kb/s (30 B channels) - International (E1) only

Advantages of ISDN

• Speed

It allowed computers to communicate by converting their digital information into an
analog signal to travel through the public phone network. There is an upper limit to the
amount of information that an analog telephone line can hold. Currently, it is about 56
kb/s bidirectionally.

• Multiple Devices

ISDN allows multiple devices to share a single line. It is possible to combine many
different digital data sources and have the information routed to the proper destination.
Since the line is digital, it is easier to keep the noise and interference out while combining
these signals.
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• Signaling

The signaling also indicates who is calling, what type of call it is (data/voice), and what
number was dialed. Available ISDN phone equipment is then capable of making
intelligent decisions on how to direct the call.

3. DSL

DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line
connected to the premise and will not tie up your phone as a dial-up connection does. There is no
need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on. The two main categories of DSL for home
subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.

• ADSL
ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for
asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when
receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending
data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.
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• ADSL+2
ADSL+2A is an extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscribers with
significantly faster download speeds when compared to traditional ADSL connections.
ADSL+2 works in the same fashion as ADSL a special filter is installed on a subscriber's
telephone line to split existing copper telephone lines (POTS) between regular telephone
(voice) and ADSL+2. ADSL2+ service is most commonly offered in highly-populated
metropolitan areas and subscribers must be in close geographical locations to the
provider's central office to receive ADSL2+ service.
• SDSL
SDSL is still more common in Europe. Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, a
technology that allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS).
SDSL supports data rates up to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses in the
high-frequency area of telephone wires and can not operate simultaneously with voice
connections over the same wires. SDSL requires a special SDSL modem. SDSL is called
symmetric because it supports the same data rates for upstream and downstream traffic.
• VDSL
Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively
short distances — the shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.
o All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.
o xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps.

Advantages of DSL

• You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice
calls.
• The speed is much higher than a regular modem
• DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already
have.
• The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the
installation.

But there are disadvantages:
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• A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the provider's central office.
The farther away you get from the central office, the weaker the signal becomes.
• The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the Internet.
• The service is not available everywhere.

4. Cable

Through the use of a cable modem you can
have a broadband Internet connection that
is designed to operate over cable TV lines.
Cable Internet works by using TV channel
space for data transmission, with certain
channels used for downstream
transmission, and other channels for
upstream transmission. Because the coaxial
cable used by cable TV provides much
greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a
cable modem can be used to achieve
extremely fast access.

Cable Modem Broadband A connection through an ordinary coax cable through your digital
cable provider is the easiest and most common way to connect to the Internet at high speeds.
Most connections average about 400K/second download and 128K upload. Cable’s largest
advantage is its availability and ability to produce multiple upstreams (when sending). The
biggest downside to a cable connection is the slow-downs
you’ll experience during gluts of service when several people
are sharing the network. Expect to pay around $40 per month
for this service.

• Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.

High speed cable Internet access utilizes and shares the existing coaxial and fiber cable lines that
currently bring television signals into your home. High speed cable Internet access is designed to
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transmit Internet information (packets) to your computer at phenomenally high rates of speed. In
fact, customers receive speeds of up to 70 times faster than typical 56 Kbps dialup modems!
For cable Internet service, an ethernet card is equipped to receive the bursts of high speed
information from the cable line and translate the data in a way that your computer system
understands it. With some cable access providers, the cable modem is provided with the service,
while others require you to have your own equipment.

Additionally, it's important to realize that the television signals and the Internet information
travel through the cable at different frequencies, enabling you to watch cable television while
accessing the Internet at the same time with no impact on digital television reception.
Advantages of cable
• Speed :Cable boasts faster speed than DSL Internet in theory. However, cable does not
always deliver on the promise in everyday practical use.

• Security Cable implement different network security models. Historically, more concerns
have existed with cable security, although cable providers have definitely taken steps to
improve security over the past few years

5. T Carrier

A T1 line refers to a specific type of copper or fiber optic telephone line that can carry more data
than traditional telephone lines. The T-carrier line, as it is sometimes called, was developed by
AT&T Bell Labs for North America and Japan. Twisted copper telephone lines. While standard
telephone lines can transfer data and voice at a rate of about 30,000 bits per second (30 kbps)
using a dial-up modem, a T1 line can transmit 1.544 megabits per second, or can be used to
transmit 24 digitized voice channels.

Hence it can be used for phone service in a commercial building, for instance, or for data transfer
on a network, providing service up to 60 times faster than a traditional modem. Businesses with
more than 8 phone lines may save money by getting a dedicated T1 line to loop to the place of
business from the local phone company office. This can reduce telecom charges and provide
high-speed Internet access at the same time. The business is charged for one T1 line, rather than
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eight (or more) separate telephone lines. Pricing for the T1 line will depend on the distance of the
loop, or the mileage between the telcom and the place of business.

The cost of a T1 line can be expensive, but prices are dropping as demand grows. Internet
service providers (ISPs) will lease T1 lines to provide service to their network of clients. Other
multiplexed fiber optic lines include T2 and T3 lines, which can transfer up to 44.736 megabits
per second. A T3 line is equal to having 28 T1 lines, and is used by larger businesses with higher
data and voice demands. More advanced T-standards also exist, though are not in high use.

T-1 Lines

T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone
connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual
channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be
configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to buy just one or
some of these individual channels. This is known as as fractional T-1 access.

Bonded T-1

A bonded T-1 is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase
bandwidth. Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide
3Mbps or 46 channels for voice or data. Two bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of
3Mbps where two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum of 1.5Mbps at one time. To be
bonded the T-1 must run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to the same ISP.

• T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps
• Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending on number
of leased channels.
• Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.

T-3 Lines
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T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps. It too is
a popular leased line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of
which supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself.

• Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.

A satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because
of the enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back
again, IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or fiber
optic cables.

• Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average around
492 up to 512 Kbps.
6. USB
Short for Universal Serial Bus, an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12
Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice,
modems, and keyboards. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging. Starting
in 1996, a few computer manufacturers started including USB support in their new machines. It
wasn't until the release of the best-selling iMac in 1998 that USB became widespread. It is
expected to completely replace serial and parallel ports.

Nowadays everyone has a Laptop in India because the pricing of
the laptops have come from high xxxxxRs to low xxxxxRs and
now everyone is in need of a wireless internet connection to
connect to the internet and always stay in touch. All the shopping
malls and airports are now equipped with WiFi internet
connections, but what is the option when there is no WiFi and you
want to stay online while travelling?

That is the time when you are looking for a wireless Datacard or USB option to get connected
wireless all over India while travelling and let me introduce you with the Top3 available wireless
data card connections -
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1. Reliance Netconnect – Reliance is currently the best wireless connection in India which
can be used for bothlaptops and desktops and the monthly subscriptions start from just
400Rs/month and currently a promotional offer is running where in a free data card is
offered. The download speeds are ranging from 15-25kbps when you opt in for unlimited
data download package which is the best download speed offered in India on wireless
internet connections.
2. Tata Indicom Plug 2 Surf – Tata indicom broadband offers a internet compatible
connection for laptops and PC’s where in you can surf internet anywhere in india with
internet speeds upto 153 kbps though the practical speed is 20kbps only. The USB
modem rental starts from 99Rs/month with time based and data based plans. You can get
more information on this at ichoose.in
3. Airtel Wireless – With Airtel’s Wireless Internet, you have the freedom to access the
Internet anytime, anywhere across India. It enables Internet, Email, and Office
applications with real-timesecure VPN access to corporate applications whilst on the
move. From the above 3 wireless USB/Data Card connections iam personally very much
satisfied with Reliance Netconnect connections and i would recommend it to anyone who
would be planning to buy one, but again always go for the external USB connection
rather than the data card which is plugged into the internal slot in the laptops. Also
review, rate and post your experiance on the best broadband connections in India.

How To Install
Before you can start using your new USB Stick, you'll need to set it up. You will need to have a
Vodafone SIM card activated for data - this should have been provided when the USB Stick was
purchased.
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• Remove the cap from the end of the USB Stick. Pull out the SIM card holder from its slot
& insert SIM as shown. Re- insert the SIM card holder into the USB sticks.

• Plug the USB Stick into your computer's USB port - make sure the USB Stick is fully
inserted. For a very few laptop models you may need the USB extension cable to connect
the USB Stick to the PC port to ensure a good USB connection. This should
automatically start the softaware.

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7. Satellite Connection

In a communications context, a satellite is a specialized wireless receiver/transmitter that is
launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the earth. There are hundreds of satellites
currently in operation. They are used for such diverse purposes as weather forecasting, television
broadcast, amateur radio communications, Internet communications, and the Global Positioning
System, (GPS).

How Satellite Communication Takes Place

It is simply the communication of the satellite in space with large number of earth stations on the
ground. Users are the ones who generate baseband signals, which is processed at the earth station
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and then transmitted to the satellite through dish antennas. Now the user is connected to the earth
station via some telephone switch or some dedicated link.

The satellite receives the uplink frequency and the transponder present inside the satellite does
the processing function and frequency down conversion in order to transmit the downlink signal
at different frequency.

The earth station then receives the signal from the satellite through parabolic dish antenna and
processes it to get back the baseband signal. This baseband signal is then transmitted to the
respective user via dedicated link or other terrestrial system.

8. 3G Internet Connection

3G is the third generation of wireless technologies. It comes with enhancements over previous
wireless technologies, like high-speed transmission, advanced multimedia access and global
roaming. 3G is mostly used with mobile phones and
handsets as a means to connect the phone to the
Internet or other IP networks in order to make voice
and video calls, to download and upload data and to
surf the net.

3G Technical Specifications :
The transfer rate for 3G networks is between 128 and
144 kbps (kilobits per second) for devices that are
moving fast and 384 kbps for slow ones(like for pedestrians). For fixed wireless LANs, the speed
goes beyond 2 Mbps. 3G is a set of technologies and standards that include W-CDMA, WLAN
and cellular radio, among others.

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access - WCDMA

Wideband code division multiple access is a 3rd generation mobile communication system that
uses code division multiple access (CDMA) technology over a wide frequency band to provide
high-speed multimedia and efficient voice services. The WCDMA infrastructure is compatible
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with GSM mobile radio communication system. WCDMA provides for high-speed data and
voice communication services. This figure shows a simplified diagram of a WCDMA system.
This diagram shows that the WCDMA system includes various types of mobile communication
devices (called user equipment - UE) that communicate through base stations (node B) and a
mobile switching center (MSC) or data routing networks to connect to other mobile telephones,
public telephones, or to the Internet via a core network (CN). This diagram shows that the
WCDMA system is compatible with both the 5 MHz wide WCDMA radio channel and the
narrow 200 kHz GSM channels. This example also shows that the core network is essentially
divided between voice systems (circuit switching) and packet data (packet switching).

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access -WCDMA Diagram

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9. 4G nternet Connection

4G is the next in line standard that provides higher data rates. 4G is expected to provide
enhanced gaming, multimedia and Internet access support.

Features

4G standards provide very high throughput and utilize IP packet technology with target
transfer rates of 100 Mbits/second. 4G will also allow users to utilize networks that are not
4G capable at this point. Because 4G will be using IP packet technology and not circuit
switched technology data transmission will be faster, because IP packet technology allows
the use of VOIP or voice over IP that has become popular with consumers via companies
such as Vonage.

4G Technologies
Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS) which is basically a broadband 3G
technology is also a part of 4G. This broadband technology transfers data in the form of frames
or packets. Hence it is capable of carrying voice, video, text and other types of multimedia
datagram with the speed of 2Mb. UMTS is part of 4G because it can enables 4G to make use of
international mobile phone roaming via using GSM (Global system for Mobile
Communications).

another wireless telecommunication technology known as time division synchronous code
division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) provides support to 4G to transfer both circuit switched
data like video and voice and packet switched data.
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Comparison
Carrier
Speed Physical Medium Limitation Advantages
Technology
2400 bps to 56 Slow & noise Cheap & Easy to
Dial-up Access Twisted pair
Kbps problems uyse
Two way
Routers are
64 Kbps to 128 broadband
ISDN Twisted pair expensive, Call Set
Kbps symmetric data
fee is high
transfer
Bandwidth is
128 Kbps to 8 affected by the
ADSL/DSL Twisted pair Security Features
Mbps distance from the
network hubs.
Setup cost is high,
Airwaves Available
Latency, Weather
Satellite 6 Mbps or more Requires outside almost
interruption,Limited
antenna. everywhere
Bulk Downloads
Carrier
Speed Physical Medium Limitations Advantages
Technology
Twisted-pair,
Monthly cost is Reliability &
T1 1.544 Mbps coaxial cable, or
high Timeliness
optical fiber
Monthly cost is Reliability &
T3 44.736 Mbps Optical fiber
high Timeliness
3G 144kbps to 2mbps Cost of new Fast mobile
equipments, S/w internet
and buying connection,
broadband Excellent sound
frequencies. quality & VOIP
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calls over
internet
IPv6 is
20 to 200mbps in High power
4G supported for
mobil emode consuption
voice calls

Future Scope
4G is currently only an ideal. Still, some companies are incorporating new technological
advances into cellular technology, something that some companies are calling “3.5G.” 3.5G
technology, the convergence of cellular and wireless LAN technologies, has led to a handset that
makes calls using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) when a 802.11 network is available (for
example, when at home or at the office), then switches to a 3G cellular network when mobile.

Someday 4G networks may replace all existing 2.5G and 3G networks, perhaps even before a
full deployment of 3G. Multiple 3G standards are springing up that would make it difficult for
3G devices to be truly global. A strong need exists to combine both the wireless (LAN) concept
and cell or base station wide area network design. 4G is seen as the solution that will bridge that
gap and thereby provide a much more robust network.

Conclusion
There are a number of factors to consider while selecting a high-speed Internet provider:
Availability, Speed, cost, security, quality etc.

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References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_device_bit_rates

http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/internet_connection_types.asp

http://support.summersault.com/bandwidth_chart.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access

http://artificialintelligence.suite101.com/article.cfm/compare-internet-service-provider-isp-
connection-speed-tests

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