A presentation on the history, fabrication,use, advantages and limitations of paper battery or nano composite paper

1. PAPER BATTERY
ADHIP SEBIN GEORGE
B090466EE
S8EE

2. INTRODUCTION
 The creation of the Paper Battery drew from a diverse
pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials
science, energy storage and chemistry.
 In August 2007, a research team at RENSSELEAR
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE led by Drs. Robert
Linhardt, John H.Broadbent, Pulickel M.Ajayan,
Omkaram Nalamasu with a joint appointment in
Material science and engineering developed the Paper
Battery, also known as Nano Composite Paper.
 In December 2009 Yi Cui and his team at STANFORD
UNIVERSITY successfully made an actual prototype
that gave a terminal voltage of 1.5V

3. BASIC BATTERY CHEMISTRY
A Voltaic Cell

4. NICD BATTERY
 Rechargeable battery using nickel
oxide hydroxide and
metallic Cadmium as electrodes.
 Terminal voltage of 1.2V
 Rugged, high specific
power(150W/kg), long life, light.
 Used in UPS, portable power tools,
photography equipment, flashlights,
emergency lighting, and portable
electronic devices.
 Disadvantages include Memory
effect, Environmental hazards, cost.

5. LI-ION BATTERY
 Constructed using graphite rod,
Lithium cobalt oxide(or Lithium
manganese oxide) as electrodes and
lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)
as electrolyte.
 Nominal cell voltage of 3.6-3.7V
 High specific power(300W/kg),
no memory effect, and only a
slow loss of charge when not in
use,possibility of a range of shape
and size.
 Used in laptops, mobiles, other
consumer electronics.
 However it is expensive, delicate,
has high internal resistance and
safety concerns.

6. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL
BATTERIES
 Lower specific power compared to fuels
 Weight and size
 High charging time
 Environmental hazards
 Explosion, corrosion, leakage
 High cost
 Terminal voltage constraints

8. PAPER BATTERY
 A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage
and production device formed by combining carbon
nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based
paper.
 The nano materials are a one-dimensional structure with
very small diameters.
 It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or
molded into any needed shape.
 A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and
super capacitor. This combination allows the battery to
provide both long-term, steady power production and
bursts of energy.
 It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything
that a conventional battery is not.

9. PRINCIPLE
 The battery produces electricity in the same way as the
conventional lithium-ion batteries, but all the
components have been incorporated into a lightweight,
flexible sheet of paper.
 The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an
infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes.
 The electrolyte and the ions that carry the charge can be
varied depending the use of the battery.
 A conventional Li-ion battery can be incorporated in
cellulose-nanotube composite as shown in the next slide.

10. LI-ION PAPER BATTERY

11.  The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as
electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct
electricity.
 The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a
super-capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but
has no liquid electrolyte.
 The paper battery provides a long, steady power output
as against a conventional battery burst of high energy.
 The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper
is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it won’t freeze
or boil.
 Research is going on around the world to replace this
ionic electrolyte with body fluids, blood, sweat etc.

12. FABRICATION
The materials required for the preparation of paper
battery are:
Copier paper and Carbon nano ink
 1: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is a
solution of nano rods, surface adhesive agent and
ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on one
side of the paper.
 2: The paper is kept in the oven at 150 degree Celsius.
This evaporates the water content on the paper.
The battery is ready and would provide a terminal
voltage enough to power an LED

17. ADVANTAGES
 Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut,
made into any shape.
 The nano composite paper is compatible with a number
of electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.
 If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500
times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut
power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage
issue.
 Non toxic and hence ca be used to power pacemakers
and RF tags.
 It is very useful where burst of energy is required for
operation like mostly electric vehicles.

18.  The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in
the batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing
operation in extreme temperatures.
 Environment friendly.
 The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an
"electrolyte-permeated gel state,“ which helps ions make
a smooth move, allowing the batteries to charge at
lightning speeds.
(It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Li-
ion batteries.)
“Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical
Energy Storage Problems.”

19. LIMITATIONS
 Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and
they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to
make it commercially viable.
 Carbon nanotubes are expensive.
 The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable
paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a
reality.
 Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce
nanotubes is promising.

21. APPLICATIONS
 Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)
 Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.
 Devices in space shuttles
 Powered smart cards RF id tags, smart clothes.

22.  Disposable medical devices - Single-use delivery and
diagnostic devices could have Power Paper incorporated
into their construction to allow for sensors and smart
labels.
 Paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch. It helps to
deliver functional drugs, local anesthesia, antichloristic,
anodyne, etc into skin.
 In iontophoresis patch for whitening and wrinkles
 Paper battery could one day power motor vehicles and
aircrafts and replace the conventional fossil fuel based
engines with electric motors.

23. CONCLUSIONS
 The range of possible applications for paper batteries
derives from their important advantages as compared to
conventional battery technologies.
 They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet
the requirements of each application.
 The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost
and weight which in itself may give birth to new
applications.
 Paper battery could solve all the problems associated
with electrical energy storage.
 However the reality is still very far away, though the
researches are promising.

24. REFERENCES
 Highly Conductive Paper for Energy Storage Devices Yi Cui,
Liangbing Hu, JangWook Choi, Yuan Yang - Aug 2010
 Flexible Nanocomposite Thin Film Energy Storage Devices V. L
Pushparaj, S. M. Manikoth, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R. Vajtai,
R. J. Linhardt, O. Nalamasu, P. M. Ajayan. - Sept 2007
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)
 http://www.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/papers/87%20paper%20
battery.pdf
 The youtube video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPTcQJPbGHw