An Understanding Of Financial Communications And Investor Relations
Managing Risks & Delivering Growth in the Chemicals Industry
1. Managing Risks & Delivering Growth
In the Chemicals Industry
The IFC Approach in Emerging Markets
IHS Chemicals Financial Forum Anil Chandramani
New York Chief Investment Officer and
June 13, 2012 Global Sector Lead, Chemicals & Fertilizers
1
3. IFC is a Member of the World Bank Group
IBRD IDA MIGA
IFC Multilateral
International Bank International
International Investment and
for Reconstruction Development
Finance Corporation
and Development Association Guarantee Agency
Est. 1945 Est. 1960 Est. 1956 Est. 1988
Role: To promote institutional, To promote institutional, To promote private To reduce political
legal and regulatory legal and regulatory sector development investment risk
reform reform
Clients: Governments of member Governments of poorest Private companies in Foreign investors in
countries with per capita countries with per capita member countries member countries
income between $1,025 income of less than
and $6,055. $1,025
Products: - Technical assistance - Technical assistance - Equity/Quasi-Equity - Political Risk Insurance
- Loans - Interest Free Loans - Long-term Loans
- Policy Advice - Policy Advice - Risk Management
- Advisory Services
Shared Mission: To Promote Economic Development and Reduce Poverty
3
4. IFC – over $100 bn invested in Emerging Markets since 1956
Largest multilateral source of loan/equity
financing in the emerging markets – for the IFC FY11 Highlights
private sector
Founded in 1956 with 184 member countries
Portfolio ~$50 billion
Committed ~$16 billion
AAA rated by S&P and Moody’s
Mobilized >$7 billion
Equity, quasi-equity, loans, risk management # of companies ~2,000
and local currency products
# of countries 129
Loans may be foreign currency or, in several
countries, may be local currency
Takes market risk with no sovereign guarantees
Promoter of environmental, social, and
corporate governance standards
Resources and know-how of a global
development bank + flexibility of a merchant
bank
Holds equity in over 800 companies worldwide
IFC Fiscal year: July 1 – June 30
4
4
5. IFC’s Global Reach
•100+ country and regional offices worldwide
•Moscow
•Almaty
•Washington
•Istanbul
•Cairo •New Delhi
•Mexico City
•Hong Kong
•Dakar
•Port-of-Spain
•Bogota
•Nairobi
•São Paulo •Johannesburg
•Buenos Aires
IFC HQ/Hub Offices
IFC Operational Centers
IFC Country Offices
5
5
6. IFC: An Integrated Approach to Financing & Risk Management
Global Industry
Expertise
World Bank Both Equity
Synergies / and Debt
Economic Financing.
Analysis Long Term
Mobilization incl.
Risk Cooperation
Management / Agreement with
Political risk Multilaterals
Mitigation
Short Term
Environmental Customer
and Social + Financing and
Advisory Supplier Financing
Services 6
7. Presentation Highlights
1. The Global Perspective of Risks
Challenges for IFC’s financing
the chemical approach in
2. Petrochemicals: The Industry view Emerging
sector
Markets
3. The IFC approach in Emerging Markets
7
8. Global Growth has weakened. Emerging Markets are
driving global growth
Historical and Forecast ?? GDP Growth
6
10
5
8
4
6
3 4
2 2
0
1
-2
0
-4
-1
-6
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
World
Source: IMF Advanced economies
Emerging and developing economies
IFC Chemicals 8
9. Source: IMF
Europe in Divergent Mode
Impact on chemical Companies: Credit Squeeze, Higher Interest Rates, Refinancing Risks
20 6
15
10 4
5
0 2
-5
0
-10
-15 -2
-20 Industrial Production Index GDP Growth
-25 -4
(% Change/Same Period Prev. Year, Seas. Adj.) (constant prices)
-30
-6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
France Germany Italy
Spain United Kingdom United States Germany European Union
180
4.0 Inflation 160 Government Net Debt
3.5 140 (% of GDP)
(average consumer prices)
3.0 120
100
2.5
80
2.0
60
1.5 40
1.0 20
0.5 0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
0.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 France Germany Greece
IFC Chemicals 9
Ireland Italy Japan
Germany European Union Portugal Spain United States
10. Unemployment has risen to the highest level since 1998.
Youth unemployment is particularly high
Youth Unemployment Unemployment Rate
25
Unemployment Rate
20
15
10
5
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 IFC Chemicals 10
France Germany Italy Spain Source: IMF
11. The crisis in the euro area has deepened and broadened.
Spreads on sovereign bonds of economies on the periphery
have reached new highs
Source: IMF
IFC Chemicals 11
Source: IMF
12. •Aging is increasing in the developed world,
specially in Europe and Japan
Old Age Dependency Ratios – Regions
(Ratio of 65+ to 100 persons of working age 15-64)
Labor Force growth
(Rate per annum)
Source: Credit Suisse, UN
13. Political decisions impact the direction of crises
US 2012
French Elections 2012:
There’s an increasing
concern on how Mr.
Hollande, the new
Socialist French
president, will manage
the delicate European
crisis.
Greece Political Turmoil:
After inconclusive general
election in which both
mainstream pro-Europe parties
saw a dramatic collapse in
support and anti-austerity groups
increased their share of the
vote. IFC Chemicals 13
14. US economy is regaining some traction though concerns
remain. Is the worst behind us?
Rising US Inflation
Source: IMF
But, S&P’s cut US Government’s AAA rating one notch. Investor unease also due to concerns that the
Obama administration and Republicans in Congress might not agree to significant reductions in the deficit
The Fiscal Cliff is just ahead ?
China holds $3 trillion in USD reserves and may look to diversity its portfolio. Might affect interest rates
and exchange rates
IFC Chemicals 14
15. A New Middle East & North Africa?
• Syria, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, Algeria, Tunisia, Yemen and Bahrain are experiencing political turmoil.
While these countries are not large producers of olefins or derivatives, their geopolitical affairs and proximity to major oil
and gas producers Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, and Qatar impacted crude oil prices
Proved Production
Country/Region reserves 2009 % of World
Algeri a 12.2 77.6 2.0%
Egypt 4.4 35.3 0.9%
Li bya 44.3 77.1 2.0%
Tuni s i a 0.6 24.1 0.6%
Total States in Conflict 61.5 214.1 5.6%
Total Middle East 754.2 1,156.4 30.3%
Total World 1,333.1 3,820.5
Source: BP Statistics Review
Indicates country experiencing current
political unrest. In total, these
countries represent about 5% of the
world’s oil production
Chemicals and Petrochemicals
• North African countries undergoing political unrest have significant production of methane derivatives like nitrogen
fertilizers and methanol. In addition, Algeria is a major player in the international gas market and has pipelines that
connect directly with Europe
• Iran has been impeded by sanctions over its nuclear program, making it harder for Iranian firms to export chemicals
• Any disruption of the Suez Canal would disrupt petrochemical exports to Europe and global trade beyond petrochemicals
IFC Chemicals 15
16. How will tensions with Iran play out?
GDP growth
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
IFC Chemicals 16
17. Arab --- Spring or Winter?
Political risks are high: But can you afford to neglect these markets ? Important to manage political risks
IFC Chemicals 17
19. Current Account Balance and
Components (In % of GDP)
China: Average Base Metals
Consumption and GDP per Capita
China current account surplus : Yuan versus Dollar
IFC Chemicals
19
Source: IMF, SEI
21. Emerging and developing economies account for
about half of global output. Global production
retreated during second half of 2011
Source: IMF
IFC Chemicals 21
23. Due to economical instability, volatility has been
on the rise
Source: IMF IFC Chemicals 23
24. The Global Economy is Highly Volatile
The 2008 Financial Crisis shook us out of
More than a decade of moderation and complacency.
The world continues to change dramatically
Important to Understand and Manage Risks
Let your risk capabilities drive your strategy
IFC Chemicals 24
25. Presentation Highlights
1. The Global Perspective of Risks
Challenges for IFC’s financing
the chemical approach in
2. Petrochemicals: The Industry view Emerging
sector
Markets
3. The IFC approach in Emerging Markets
25
26. Global Chemical Exports by
Country 2010 (billions of dollars) Global Chemical Output by Region 2010
Basic Chemical and Plastics
(cumulative production growth) Germany 220 (in billion US$)
United States 171
China 109 148
157
France 96 264
Belgium 90
Japan 85 US, 720
United Kingdom 77 955
Netherlands 71
Switzerland 58 98
Ireland 54 4125
Italy 52
Korea
Japan, 338
48
Taiwan 44 China, 903
Russia 37
Singapore 35
Spain 34 541
India 30
Canada 27 Asia-Pacific Western North Latin Africa and Central World
Sweden 20 Europe America America Middle and
Brazil 14 East Eastern
Australia 13 Europe
Mexico 11
The global chemical industry generated about $4Tr of sales in 2010, including Pharmaceuticals.
The global chemical sector has grown 24% in the last 10 years (2000-2010 CAGR).
9 countries accounts for 69% of chemicals output (China, US, Japan, Germany, India, Korea, France, Italy, Brazil).
Asia accounted for largest proportion of Global Chemical Turnover with 44%. China alone register 22% of global
market. Europe is the second largest market with 24% share of global shipment, Germany has the largest
European share with 6% of global market.
40.7% of Global Chemicals Output value is exported. Western Europe countries export 88% of its output value,
highlighting Germany which exports 96% of output, France 70%, UK 82%. 26
Source: American Chemistry Council
27. Cyclicality: we have to live with it
Volume growth is volatile and pricing is often lagged to volumes
Phosphatic Fertilizers : An example
27
Source: Fertilizer International, Deutsche Bank
28. The Industry is Capital Intensive
2010 Global Chemical Capital Spending and
Historical Global Chemical Capital Spending as % of regional shipments
400
400
350 (billions of dollars) 350 (billions of dollars) 19%
300 300
250 250
200 200
150
150
100
100 5%
50 4%
7% 4% 13%
50
0
0 Central and Latin America Africa and North Western Asia Pacific
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Eastern Middle East America Europe
North America Latin America Europe
Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe
Africa and Middle East Asia Pacific
Capital Spending vs. Shipments Growth
A new Refinery costs $5-8bn, while a Polyetilene Plant 30% (%)
costs $2-4bn and Fertilizer Plant (Amonia, Urea) costs 20%
10%
$1-2bn
0%
2010 Capex was around $247bn in 2010
-10%
-20%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Growth Global Capital Spending Growth Global Shipments
Include Pharmaceuticals
28
29. Historically, the Basic Chemicals Index has outperformed the S&P 500 on a relative price basis and as of
Dec. 2010 it was 4.5x higher than S&P 500
On Fwd P/E basis, the Basic Chemicals Index provides 1.25x higher valuation than S&P 500
Basic Chemicals Index has Outperformed the
Market
29
30. Shale Gas: A Game Changer for the Petrochemical Industry?
World proved reserves of natural gas are about 6,609 tcf (Source: EIA, 2010) and world technically recoverable gas
resources are about 16,000 tcf, largely excluding shale gas
Adding the identified shale gas resources increases total world technically recoverable gas resources by more than 40% to
22,600 tcf
In the US, natural gas prices have decoupled from crude oil prices because of a plentiful supply of natural gas from shale
and improvements in gas recovery technology (e.g. horizontal drilling)
Given the price divergence between natural gas and crude oil, natural gas-based feedstock is becoming more cost
competitive than oil-based feedstock
30
Source: Purvin & Gertz, IMF
31. Natural Gas prices by region (in $/MMBtu)
UK: $6.56 Russia: $8.38
Belgium: $6.45
US: $2.0 Spain: $6.43 Uzbekistan: $1.46
Japan: $7.64
Iran: $1.75
Mexico: $3.73
$3.7 Saudi Arabia: $0.75
Nigeria: $1.50
Brazil: $10.00
Note: Uzbekistan price is for wet gas , i.e. natural gas before fractionation
Source: CMAI
Natural gas prices are regional and differ widely between countries
Uzbekistan, Mexico, and Nigeria have comparatively low gas prices
Low natural gas price regions tend to attract large investments
IFC Chemicals 31
33. Key Considerations for Managing Investment Risks
• Country and Political Risks -> Varies country to country: political instability, expropriation,
foreign exchange volatility
• Competitive Advantage -> Gross margins and cash costs
• Financial Structure-> Capital structure (debt/equity), debt servicing
• Project Profile -> Sector, export vs. import market orientation (=> forex generation) , size of
operations, complexity of unit, secured feedstock or off-take agreements, etc.
• Sponsor Profile -> Management and technical experience, ability to commit capital
• Mobilization -> Ability to raise capital (locally and internationally)
• Environmental & Social -> Company commitment to quality standards and best practices to
manage environmental and social impact
33
34. Presentation Highlights
1. The Global Perspective of Risks
Challenges for IFC’s financing
the chemical approach in
2. Petrochemicals: The Industry view Emerging
sector
Markets
3. The IFC approach in Emerging Markets
34
35. International Chemicals Working
IFC Value Sector
Finance Proposition with
Corporation Activities IFC
35
36. IFC’s Products and Services
Senior Structured Mezzanine Private
Debt Finance Finance Equity
• On-lending • Partial credit • Convertible debt • Common shares
guarantees
• Liquidity management • Subordinated debt • Preferred shares
• Securitization
• Acquisition financing • Other Tier II
• Bond underwriting instruments
• Warehousing facilities
• Credit
• Syndicated loans
Enhancement
Global Trade Advisory Sustainable
Finance Program Services Finance
• $1 billion program • Corporate governance • Carbon finance
• Guarantees to issuing banks • Risk management • Renewable energy
• 46 issuing banks in 24 • Small and medium business • Supply chain financing
countries banking
• Corporate governance
• 92 confirming banks in 62 • Housing finance financing
countries
• Energy efficiency finance
• $579 million of issued
• Privatization
guarantees in first 12 months
36
For more information see Annex 1
37. IFC Value Added
Long-term Global Regional Environmental Sustainability
Country Risk
Competitive Chemicals Knowledge & Social Risk Toolkit
Mitigation
Financing Expertise Management
Equity Government 50 Years of Extensive Advice on Local Supplier
Relations: 184 Sector Local Office Environmental Development
Fixed/Floating
Finance Expertise Network and Social Best
Rates, Local Environmental
Ministries form Practices
Currencies Greenfield Local / Social Advice
IFC’s BoD
Transaction Equator
Up to 15 year Expansion/ Corporate
Neutral broker Experience Principles
Loan Maturity Modernization Governance
Role Modeled after
World Bank
Flexible Corporate IFC Standards Local
Reduced Risk of Synergies
Amortization Strategy Economic
Expropriation, Local
Profile Development
Breach of Access to Consultation
Catalyst for Contract, International and Disclosure HIV/AIDS
other Investors Convertibility Investors Prevention
and Lenders
World Bank Technical Community
Equity Synergies Advice Development
Participation Funding
Withholding Tax
Capital Benefit
Mobilization
Partnership with
MIGA
37 37
38. Local Currency Financing
•IFC has committed over $6.0 billion of local currency loans in a variety of currencies
since 1999
•(31 currencies currently available)
38
For more information see Annex 1
39. IFC Mobilization: (“B-Loan”) & Parallel Loans
Top 10 IFC B-Loan Participants
1. Calyon 3. Citigroup 5. ABN AMRO 7. Societe Generale 9. Natixis
2. Cordiant Capital 4. ING Bank 6. BayernLB 8. HSBC 10. KBC Finance Ireland
Loan Agreement
Borrower
IFC
A + B Loans
Participation
B Loan •A loan is for IFC’s own account
Agreement
•B loan is for account of participant
commercial banks
•Only one loan agreement, signed by
Participants the borrower and IFC
•IFC is the lender of record for the
entire loan (A+B)
•IFC Loans exempt from withholding tax 39
40. MIGA’s Value Addition Proposition
Umbrella of deterrence Facilitation of settlement of disputes
MIGA’s Shareholders are the same as the Host •Host Country is motivated to find a solution
Countries of investments
Only a small proportion of MIGA-supported •Project sponsors and financiers have a vested
projects encounter difficulties interest in continued success of project
MIGA guarantees provide downside protection on long- •5 claims paid out of 980 guarantees for total of
term investments 616 projects since 1990
Equity covered up to 90%
Debt covered up to 95%
Tenor covered up to 15-20 years
MIGA’s Risk Mitigation Solutions
•Political (Country) Risk Insurance
Coverage
Currency Expropriation War and Civil Breach of Non Honoring of
Transfer Disturbance Contract Sovereign
Restriction and Obligations
Inconvertibility
•Guarantee holder can pick any combinations of coverage
40
For more information see Annex 1
41. Top 6 Reasons Why Clients Choose IFC
70%
60%
50%
Percent
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Maturity Expertise Long-term Stamp of Global Bring in other
partner Approval Presence sources of
finance
Reasons
IFC Chemicals 41
42. International Chemicals Working
IFC Value
Finance Sector with
Proposition
Corporation Activities IFC
Note: IFC’s “Chemicals & Fertilizers ” Business covers Refining, Petrochemicals, Fertilizers and
Chemicals, both Organic and Inorganic as well as Chemicals Infrastructure and Retailing
42
43. Portfolio in 2010 – By Product Equity Portfolio – By Region
Chemicals and Fertilizers Equity Portfolio by Region
Portfolio
Other Loans
products 32%
38%
Equity
30%
Other products: Risk Management and Guarantees
43
43
44. IFC’s Chemicals, Petrochemicals, & Fertilizers
Portfolio – 2011
~$1.5 billion committed on IFC’s account
Catalyzed over ~$17 billion in project investments
By Sector By Region
Agrochem
5%
Other South Asia
Infrastructure Petrochemicals Middle East & North 19%
28% 23% Africa 30%
East Asia
15%
Refineries
Fertilizers Europe
10%
18% 10%
Inorganic
16%
Latin America Sub-Saharan
& Caribbean Africa
8% 18%
For more information please see Annex 2
44
45. IFC’s Experience in Refining and Petrochemicals Sector
Petrochemicals Fertilizers Others/Infrastructure
Continental Carbon of India Ltd. Engro Corporate, Pakistan JPMC Terminal, Jordan
NPC, Thailand: gas cracker ICS, Senegal: phosphoric acid IFC / SCB Facility
Copesul, Brazil: naptha cracker Indo Jordan, Jordan: phosphoric acid Engro Vopak, Pakistan: Chemical terminal
Copene, Brazil: naptha cracker Engro Chemicals, Pakistan: ammonia Messer, Trinidad & Tobago: industrial gases
Samsung, Korea: petrochem/aromatics Trigen II, Trinidad & Tobago: ammonia Opet Petrolculuk, Turkey: fuel distribution
complex restructuring Fosfertil, Brazil: SSP, TSP, MSP, DAP Antai, China: metallurgical coke
HMC Polymers, Thailand: PP GNFC, India: ammonia, urea Ecogreen I & II, Indonesia: oleochemicals
Petroken, Argentina: PP Deepak Nitrate, India: ammonia,Urea,DAP Darong, China: specialty chemicals
Politeno, Brazil: PE PQB, Bolivia: ammonium nitrate UPL, India: pesticides, herbicides
Ipiranga I & II, Brazil: PE, PP KuAz, Russia: ammonia, urea Gapco, Kenya: storage terminal
Indelpro, Mexico Indo Egyptian, Egypt: phosphoric acid Zhong Chen, China: storage terminal
Profalca, Venezuela: PP Koyo, China: ammonia, urea Galnaftogaz, Ukraine: petroleum retailer
Grupo Zuliano, Venezuela: petrochem complex Abocol, Colombia: ammonium nitrate,NPK Dongyue, China: fluorine chemicals,
Suzhou, China: PVC JIFCO, Jordan: DAP organicsilicone
Vinythai, Thailand: PVC JPMC, Jordan: phosphate Atul, India: Dye and pesticide intermediates
Engro PVC, Pakistan: PVC Engro Emergency, Pakistan: urea Hikal, India: Pharmaceuticals
Tuntex, Thailand: PTA OCI Egypt: Corporate loan for fertilizers Vinati Organics (JV), India: specialty chemicals
Rhodiaco, Brazil: PTA Paradeep Phosphates, India: DAP
Rhodia-ster, Brazil: PTA/PET Itafos Brazil: PhosRock & Acid Refineries
Oxiteno, Brazil: EO/MEG Inorganic Chemicals
Girsa, Mexico: EO/MEG ERC Refinery, Egypt
Pralca, Venezuela: MEG Engro Polymers, Pakistan PSPC (Shell), Philippines
Gidesa, México: EG, PS Kanoria Vizag, India Star Petroleum (Caltex), Thailand
Trikem, Brazil: PS Atul Ltd, India Refisan (Pecom), Argentina
Innova, Brazil: styrene/PS Alexandria Carbon Black, Egypt: Carbon black Petrotel-Lukoil, Romania
Daaboul, Syria: LAB Continental Carbon (CCIL), India: Carbon Black Alliance Oil Company, Russia
Jose Methanol, Venezuela: methanol Maanshan I & II, China: Carbon black
KuAz, Russia: caprolactam Rain Calcining, India: calcined carbon
Eleme Petrochemicals, Nigeria: PE, PP Peroxythai, Thailand: hydrogen peroxide
Xinao, China: Coal-to-DME Chengdu, China: potassium hydroxide & PVC
DCM Shiram, India: PVC Prodesal, Colombia: caustic soda, chlorine
Himadri, India: Carbon Pitch, carbon black Meghmani Finechem, India: ChlorAlkali
Galaxy Chemicals, India: Surfactants Magadi Soda, Kenya: soda ash
EIPET, Egypt: PET Lukovac Soda, Bosnia: soda ash
Kanoria Chemicals, India: ChlorAlkali
45
Jiuda Salt, China: industrial salt
For more information see Annex 2
46. International Chemicals Working
IFC Value
Finance Sector with
Proposition
Corporation Activities IFC
46
47. How We Finance Projects
Project Type IFC Investment
Up to 35% of project cost
Greenfield, total cost
for IFC’s account
less than $50 million
Up to 25% of project cost
Greenfield, total cost
for IFC’s account
more than $50 million
Up to 50% of project cost
Expansion or rehabilitation
for IFC’s account
Greenfield, expansion,
100% project cost for IFC
rehabilitation
and participating banks’
accounts
•Umbrella for participants in IFC’s syndication program: IFC lender of
record, immunity from taxation and provisioning requirements.
•IFC’s total financing must be less than 25% of total company
capitalization, and IFC does not manage or own largest stake.
47
48. Approaching IFC
• Foreign or Domestic Sponsors
New venture or expansion; private sector majority ownership only
Project must be developmentally sound and commercially viable
• Sponsor Commitment is Required
Equity participation; pre-completion support/guarantees
• Submit Preliminary Business Plan or Feasibility Study
Brief project description, incl. technical feasibility and market study
Information on sponsors and operator
Environmental studies
Information on requirements, financing plan and cash flow projections
48
49. IFC’s Project Cycle
Internal
Early Review Due Diligence Negotiation Disclosure Approvals and Disbursement
Commitment
• Client needs • Assessment of • Terms and • Environmental • Board • Fulfillment of
determined business conditions of and social consideration conditions of
potential, the IFC information disbursement
• Contribution • Board approval
risks, investment disclosed
of project to • IFC funds
opportunities • Legal review
development • Action plan • Opportunity disbursed
assessed • Financial and agreed for public • Signing of legal
economic comment documents
• Project
Evaluation
screened for
potential risks • Compliance
& issues with IFC’s
social and
• Site visit
environmental
• Mandate performance
letter standards
reviewed
We Agree on a Specific Timeline to Meet Client’s Needs
49
50. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION
How to contact us:
Anil Chandramani
Chief Investment Officer &
Global Sector Lead, Chemicals & Fertilizers
Washington DC
Phone: +1-202-473-4081
+1-202-473-
E-mail: achandramani@ifc.org
50