1. African Salt/Gold
Trade
Sahara Desert merchant
caravans exchanged salt
for gold

2. Al-Qaeda
Formed by Osama bin Laden

3. Alliance System
Sought to
preserve
balance of
power but
dragged
their
members
into
World War I

4. Archimedes
Greek who studied
levers and pulleys

5. Armenians
Christians in
the Ottoman
Empire who
faced
genocide in
World War I

6. Thomas Aquinas
Natural laws based on reason

7. Arms Race
Race to develop
better weapons –
U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.

8. Atlantic Slave Trade

9. Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima and Nagasaki

10. Aztec Civilization
Highly complex
society in
Central Mexico
Used unique
agricultural
techniques –
including
floating gardens

11. Balkans
Spark that
ignited World
War I; and,
ethnic
cleansing by
Serbs in
1990’s

12. Black Death
Disease
carried by
fleas on
rats that
killed
millions of
people in
Europe

13. William Blackstone
Rights of Individual

14. Símon Bolivar
Independence in South America

15. Bolsheviks
“Peace, Bread and Land” – Russian Revolution

16. Napoleon Bonaparte
French general who
seized power, declared
himself emperor and
conquered much of
Europe.

17. Robert Boyle
“Father of Chemistry”

18. Buddhism
Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path

19. Byzantine Empire
Eastern Roman Empire - Constantinople

20. John Calvin
• New Protestant Church
• Predestination
• Faith as key to salvation
• Strict moral code

21. Christianity
Based on teachings of Jesus as the Son of God
Forgiveness, Mercy, Sympathy for Poor

22. Winston Churchill
British Prime
Minister during
World War II –
“We shall never
surrender.”

23. Cold War
20th Century conflict
between U.S. and
U.S.S.R. – never directly
engaged each other in
open warfare

24. Columbian Exchange
Exchange of products and ideas between Native
Americans and Europe

25. Commercial Revolution
From local economies to Mercantilism

26. Confucianism
Filial Piety = Respect for elders and order

27. Nicolas Copernicus
Believed Earth orbited the Sun – Banned by The Church

28. Crusades
War to recapture the Holy
Land from Muslims –
Led to increased trade between
Europe and the Middle East.

29. Marie Curie
First woman to
win Nobel Prize -
radioactivity

30. Darfur
Sudan – acts of genocide

31. Declaration of the
Rights of Man
French Revolution –
consent of the governed and
protection of rights.

32. Thomas Edison
American Inventor – light bulb, phonograph and motion pictures.

33. Albert Einstein
Time and
Space are
Relative

34. Elizabeth I
• Shared power
between
monarchy and
Parliament
• Defeated the
Spanish Armada

35. English Bill of Rights
Signed by William and
Mary agreeing to many
rights for English
subjects

36. English Civil War
War
between
Parliament
and
Charles I
over
supremacy

37. Enlightenment
Thinkers
questioned
hereditary
privilege and
absolutism

38. Eratosthenes
Greek who showed that
the Earth was round and
calculated its
circumference

39. European Imperialism
European economic control of Africa, Asia and the Pacific

40. Fascism
Intense nationalism and
belief in an all-powerful
militaristic leader

41. Wilson’s 14 Points
• Goals announced by U.S.
President Woodrow Wilson
• Created the League of
Nations

42. Free Enterprise
System
Free actions of
producers and
consumers – supply and
demand – determine
economic questions

43. French Revolution
Overthrew monarchy and ended hereditary privilege

44. Galileo Galilei
• Confirmed the Earth
traveled around the Sun
• Was tried and convicted
by The Church

45. Indira Gandhi
First Woman Indian
Prime Minister -- was
assassinated in 1984.

46. Mohandas Gandhi
• Leader of Indian
independence movement
• Non-violent
• Passive resistence

47. Genocide
Murder of an
entire group of
people or
nationality –
Holocaust,
Rwanda,
Darfur,
Kosovo

48. Globalization
Global economy through communications, transportation
and trade

49. Glorious Revolution
Overthrow of
James II of Britain
and the placement
of William and
Mary on the
throne. They
agreed to a Bill of
Rights.

50. Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet reformer led
to the election of
non-Communist
governments in
Eastern Europe
and dissolution of
the U.S.S.R.

51. Great Depression
Devastating economic downturn in the 1930’s

52. Great Schism
Split in Catholic
Church with two
Popes
Caused many to
question the
authority of
The Church

53. Greek Civilization
Major
contributions to
art, architecture, ph
ilosophy, literature,
drama, and history

54. Gupta Empire
Peace, Prosperity
and Trade – The
Golden Age of
Hindu Culture

55. Hammurabi’s Code
Earliest written law
code of the
Babylonians –
promoted justice, but
treated social classes
differently

56. Han Dynasty
Silk Road
Civil service examinations
Paper and Ceramics
Beginning of Pax Sinica

57. Hinduism
• Reincarnation
• Many gods and
goddesses
• Karma and Dharma

58. Adolph Hitler
Nazi Party leader of
the German
totalitarian state
prior to and during
World War II

59. Thomas Hobbes
Man is “nasty and
brutish” and need an
authority to keep
order – Wrote
Leviathan

60. Holocaust
Genocide of Jews and others by Nazis in World War II

61. Human Rights
Rights that all people possess

62. Hundred Years’ War
• War between
England and
France over
succession to
the French
throne
• Brought an end
to feudalism

63. Inca Civilization
Pre-Columbian civilization in Andes Mountains

64. Industrial Revolution
Began in England
Moved production from
home to factory
and from hand to
machine

65. Islam
Founded by Muhammad
Five Pillars of Faith
One God – Allah
Share wealth between rich
and poor

66. Israel
In 1948, the
U.N.
partitioned
Palestine into 2
states – Israel
and Palestine.
Five
neighboring
Arab nations
declared war on
Israel.

67. John Paul II
• Popular 20th Century
Pope
• Helped end Communism
in Eastern Europe

68. Justinian’s Code of
Laws
In Byzantium,
Justinian collected all
Roman laws and
organized them into a
single code

69. Korean War
1950’s –
Communist
North Korea
invaded
South Korea
– United
States and
United
Nations
intervened

70. Las Madres de la Playas
de Mayo
Argentine mothers who
demanded the government reveal
the whereabouts of children who
mysteriously disappeared in the
1980’s.

71. League of Nations
• Proposed by
Woodrow Wilson
• Created by the
Treaty of
Versailles
• Failed to stop war

72. Limited Monarchy
Monarch shares power with Parliament

73. John Locke
• Power comes from
consent of the
governed
• People have the right
to overthrow abusive
government
• Two Treatises of
Civil Government

74. Magna Carta
In 1215, King John of
England guaranteed right
to a trial by jury and
consent of a council of
nobles needed for any
new taxes.

75. Nelson Mandela
• Imprisoned for speaking out
against apartheid
• South Africa’s first black
President

76. Manorialism
Economic system of feudal Europe –
self-sufficient manors

77. Karl Marx
Believed workers
would eventually
overthrow their
capitalist bosses.

78. Mauryan Empire
Emperor Asoka
converted to
Buddhism
Improved
roads, build
hospitals, and
encouraged
education.

79. Mayan Civilization
Pre-Columbian civilization in Guatemala and Yucatan
Builders and creators of a numbering system

80. Golda Meir
First woman Prime Minister of Israel

81. Militarism
Civilians adopt military values and goals and become over-reliant
on military advisors – led to the outbreak of World War I

82. Ming Dynasty
• Followed the
Mongols
• Moved China’s
capital to
Beijing
• Ruled for 300
years of peace
and prosperity

83. Monarchy
System of government in which political power is inherited.

84. Monotheism
Belief in one God
Shared by Judaism,
Christianity and Islam

85. Baron de
Montesquieu
• Separation of Powers –
Executive, Legislative, and
Judicial
• Wrote The Spirit of Laws

86. Benito Mussolini
•Italian leader during
World War II
•Fascist state –
controlled the press,
abolishing unions,
and outlawing strikes

87. Napoleonic Wars
•Wars between
Napoleon of
France and the
rest of Europe
•Spread the
ideals of the
French
Revolution

88. Printing Press
•Johann Gutenberg
•Movable type
•Helped spread the ideas
of the Protestant
Reformation

89. Nationalism
•Each
nationality is
entitled to its
own
government and
homeland
•A cause of
World War I

90. Neolithic Revolution
When people learned how to plant and grow crops, and herd
animals

91. Isaac Newton
Discovered laws of
gravity
Universe acts according to
certain “fixed and
fundamental” laws

92. Protestant Reformation
Led by Martin Luther – Many Christians left the Catholic
Church for Protestant Churches

93. Pythagoras
Greek mathematician - Advances in geometry

94. Qin Dynasty
•Qin Shi Huangdi – China’s first
emperor
•Unified China, built roads and canals
•Constructed the Great Wall to protect
the empire

95. Radical Islamic
Fundamentalism
Reaction by radical Muslims against
Western values
Seek to return to strict Islamic values
and rules

96. Renaissance
A rebirth of European culture that started in Italy – spirit of inquiry – rediscovery
of classical learning – improvements in painting and architecture

97. Republic
A system of government by representatives.

98. Normandy Landing
Largest amphibious assault in history - Allied troops landed at Normandy to
retake France from the Nazis

99. Roman Civilization
Absorbed Greek learning – known for engineering skills, rule of law, and
The Rise of Christianity

100. October Revolution
of 1917
•Revolution in 1917
•Bolsheviks seized
power in Russia
•Russia became a
Communist nation

101. Oligarchy
Rule by a few, powerful people.

102. Ottomans
•Turkish nomads from
Central Asia
•Ruled the Islamic world of
the 13th century
•Conquered Constantinople
in 1453

103. Panama Canal
Built by the United States in Mesoamerica to provide
a short water route between the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans

104. Popular Sovereignty
Ultimate power
rests on the
consent of the
people being
governed.

105. Louis Pasteur
Scientist found that most
diseases are caused by germs
Developed new vaccines
Pasteurization = killing germs
by heating.

106. Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 – surprise attack by Japanese on the U.S.
fleet in Hawaii that brought the U.S. into World War II

107. Fall of the Roman
Empire
In 476 – Rome was
overrun by invading
barbarian tribes
Followed by the
Dark Ages – a period
of great turmoil in
Europe

108. Jean Jacques
Rousseau
•Enlightenment Philosopher
•Government should follow the
will of the people
•Inspired the French Revolution

109. Rwanda
African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi
population by the Hutus.

110. Scientific Revolution
Rejected traditional
teaching of the
Church
Introduced the
Scientific Method –
observing nature
and testing
hypotheses

111. September 11, 2001
Al-Qaeda terrorists
hijacked commercial
airliners and crashed
them into the Pentagon
and the World Trade
Center, killing thousands
of Americans.

112. Natan Sharansky
•Russian dissident
•Founder of Refusenik
Movement
•Imprisoned for
speaking out for
human rights in USSR

113. Sikhism
Religion developed in
Northern India
Sikhs believe in one God
who can only be known
through meditation

114. Silk Road
Trade route connecting China to the Roman Empire. China
exported silk, porcelain and tea.

115. Adam Smith
Wrote Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilism
Promoted competition and the
division of labor and free market
system

116. Socialism
Government should pass laws to stop abuses of
workers and should even take over some businesses

117. Song Dynasty
Period of great social
and economic progress
in China
First use of paper
currency and
standardized coins

118. Joseph Stalin
Communist leader
following Lenin;
Purged government
of his opponents;
Established a
totalitarian state;
Resisted Hitler and
started the Cold War

119. Suez Canal
Provided a shorter route
from Europe to East Africa,
India, and East Asia.
Served as a lifeline between
Britain and its colonies,
especially India.

120. Tang Dynasty
Suppressed
peasant
uprisings,
Reunited China,
Revived feudal
relationships and
brought peace
and prosperity.

121. Ten Commandments
Commandments in the
Jewish religion
prohibiting stealing,
murder and other
forms of immoral
behavior.

122. Mother Teresa
Catholic nun who devoted
her life to helping the poor
and homeless in India
Awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize.

123. Terrorism
Acts of violence against innocent civilians such as
hijacking planes and attacking schools to make demands
on a hostile government.

124. Margaret Thatcher
First woman elected Prime Minister of Great Britain

125. Theocracy
A society governed
by religious
leaders – Present
day Iran is an
example.

126. Tiananmen Square
Chinese students were fired on by tanks while leading peaceful
demonstrations for personal freedom and democracy.

127. Hedeki Tojo
Led the Japanese government
during World War II
Convinced the emperor to
launch a surprise attack on
the United States

128. Totalitarianism
A government that
controls all aspects
of life –
government,
military, schools,
and other
organizations.

129. Trench Warfare
During World War I, ditches were dug to create
fortified positions.

130. United Nations
Began in 1945,
It’s purpose is to maintain
world peace and
encourage cooperation
among nations.

131. Versailles Treaty
Treaty between Allied Powers and Germany that ended
World War I.

132. Queen Victoria
Monarch who doubled Britain’s size and favored social reforms.

133. Vietnam War
War between Communist
North Vietnam and U.S.
supported South Vietnam.
Started with the Viet Cong
launching guerilla warfare
against South Vietnam.

134. Voltaire
Enlightenment thinker;
Views on religious
toleration and
intellectual freedom
influence leaders of the
American and French
Revolutions.

135. Lech Walesa
Polish union leader who
organized the Solidarity
Movement.
Led a workers’ strike
that led to free elections
and the end of
Communist rule in
Poland.

136. James Watt
Scottish inventor who
improved the steam engine
and made steam power
available to run factories
and machines.

137. William Wilberforce
Reformer who led the
fight to abolish the
slave trade and slavery.

138. World War I
Assassination of
Archduke Ferdinand
set off a chain
reaction that
involved most
nations of Europe
and later, the United
State.

139. World War II
Most destructive
conflict in history
Killed an
estimated 70
million
Launched when
Hitler invaded
Poland in 1939.

140. Mao Zedong
•Chinese Communist
leader who drove
Nationalists out of China.
•Great Leap Forward
•Cultural Revolution

141. Zhou Dynasty
Zhou rulers justified their rule
by the Mandate of Heaven –
If a ruler was selfish and
ruthless, Heaven would
overthrow him.