Innovative technologies in agri-horticulture and agroprocessing for enhancing growth and sustainable productivity

National Research
Development Corporation

Innovative Technologies in Agri-Horticulture and Agro-
processing for Enhancing Growth & Sustainable Productivity

Session: Innovations for competitive agribusiness development
2nd Global Conference on Agribusiness Incubation
NIABI- 2012

Arunabha Pradhan
Head of Office
National Research Development Corporation
New Delhi, India

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Presentation Structure

 Innovations in Agriculture

 NRDC Background

 Brief Overview Agriculture & Agro-Chemicals

 Technologies Offered

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Innovations in Agriculture
- Some Examples

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IT in Agriculture

 Agricultural Advisory Services, Weather Monitoring & Prediction
 Agricultural Supply Chain Management
 Link farmers to markets, banks extension partners and suppliers
 Support for Crop Disease Control, Soil quality monitoring
 Agro Processing
Neurosynaptics weather
monitoring kit

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Dry land Agriculture using Super Absorbent Hydrogel

 Hydrogel is
prepared through
crosslinking of
monomers
 Possesses high
water absorption
capacity up to 350
times
 Remains stable in
soil for long period
under high
temperature (50-
600C)

 Huge potential for
use in Agriculture as
water economy aid
in Dry-land
agriculture,
horticulture,
floriculture and
nursery raising

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Application of Novel Bio-pesticide (Using Entomopathogenic
Nematodes) - NemaGel

 NemaGel is a New
Formulation of specially
isolated Entemopathogenic
Nematode (Steinernema
thermophilum) and Super
absorbent Hydrogel
 It controls wide range of
pastes in the field Groundnut Field Attacked by Termites
 The product has a shelf life of
over 9 months at 40-45 deg C
and 2-3 years up to 15 deg C
 Application of Nemagel acts as
dual function contols pests as
well provides water to the
plant
Maize field after application of NemaGel
– No Maize Field Attacked by Termites
termite and healthy crop

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Packaging of Organic Vegetables of a Farmer in Taiwan
Green house for Organic Farming with innovative organic manure

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Shelf Life Extension of Fruits and Vegetables
Testing after 30 days storage without refrigeration
UNCOATED COATED
UNCOATED COATED

The technology is Results Achieved (Without refrigeration)

preparation of organic Apples : 6-8 weeks Oranges : 3-4 weeks
formulations to be used Tomatoes : 2 weeks Small Pears : 4-5 weeks
for coating of fruits and Plums : 2 weeks Pears : 12 days
vegetables Capsicum : 2 weeks

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Use of Geo Textiles from Coir (Coconut Fibre)

Eroded Slope Stabilization

Over bridge Near Cochin

Airport

Sectioning of slope
Area after installation
before application

Lush green vegetation
after six months
Cutting the trench
For fixing the CGT

Source: Dr. Us. Sarma, Director,
CCRI, Alleppy

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COCOLAWN
A Ready made Lawn
 Cocolawn is an eco friendly natural
lawn which is prepared from coir
geotextiles, coir pith, pith organic
manure and natural grass

 Rollable & transportable to distant
places

 Instant lawn for exhibitions, roof tops
& hotels

 Can be cut & cast into any shape

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NRDC- A Brief Introduction

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NRDC – A Brief Introduction

 Incorporated in 1953; as a Section 25 Company

 Specialize in Technology Transfer, IP Portfolio
Management and Project Consultancy

 Catalyze conversion of lab-scale R&D into
A Technology marketable technologies
Commercialization
 Offer support for technology upgradation
Company
 Offer effective linkages with

 R & D Institutions (Public & Private)
 Industry
 Customers Nationally & Internationally

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NRDC- Core Strength

 Nearly Six decades of Expertise
experience in Management • Techno Commercial evaluation
and Transfer of Technology
• Basic engineering design
package
 Reservoir of large number of • IP portfolio Management
technologies catering to • Task force for Royalty
almost all sectors of industry Collection

 Strength in understanding the Achievements
complexity of Partnerships
commercialisation of lab- • Licensed technologies to
• Strong R&D linkages
scale technology over 4800 entrepreneurs
• Wide industry clientele
• Estd. turnkey projects in
• Partner with funding South East Asian & African
 Hand holding with agencie & NGOs
countries
entrepreneurs for successful • Flexible Business models
for upcoming • IP licensing / Joint IP
absorption of technology entrepreneurs development / IP integration

 Established network with
other countries for promotion
of technologies

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Network: Research Institutes and Universities*

* Partial List Only

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Network: Customers & Partners*

* Partial List Only

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NRDC Business Model

Evaluation

Export of
Technologies

Source of NRDC Value
Scouting of Entrepreneur
Technology Technology Addition*

* Value Addition: Evaluation, Basic Engineering Design
Package, Scale-up, Validation/Authentication, IP Protection, Socio-economic
Market Survey, Feasibilty Report, KMS, Project Report, Development
Publicity, etc. Programme

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Agriculture A Brief Overview

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Agriculture Production in recent years
The share of agriculture in gross domestic product (GDP) has

sharply reduced to 15.7% in 2008-09 from 36.4% in 1982-83,

though it continues to support over 500 million people, and

provides employment to 52% of the country's workforce.

(Source: Economic Survey 2009-10)

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Agriculture Production in recent years
Agriculture sector: Key indicators at constant prices (2004-05) in per cent
Item 2007-08 2008-09
Growth in GDP in Agriculture & Allied Sectors 4.7 1.6
Agriculture 5.0 1.1
Forestry and Logging 2.2 2.9
Fishing 6.0 6.3
Share in GDP - Agriculture and Allied Sectors 16.4 15.7
Agriculture 13.9 13.2
Fishing 0.8 0.8
Share of Agriculture & Allied Sectors in total GCF. 7.01 9.05
Agriculture 6.43 8.39
Fishing 0.51 0.58
Share of Agricultural Imports in Total Imports at Current Prices 2.95 2.74
Share of Agricultural Exports in Total Exports at Current Prices 12.05 10.23
Employment in the agriculture Sector as Share of 52.1
Total Employment in 2004-05 as per CDS

Source : Economics Times 209-10: Central Statistical Organization (CSO) and Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation.
Notes : GCF—gross capital formation; CDS—current daily status.

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Food Grain Production in recent years

Foodgrain production (million tonnes)
Crop 2007- 08 2008-09
Final
Targets Fourth Percentage Percentage
advance increase (+) increase (+)
estimates decrease(-) decrease(-)
over final vis-à-vis target
2007- 08 for 2008- 09
Rice 96.69 97.0 99.15 2.5 2.2

Wheat 78.57 78.5 80.58 2.6 2.6
Coarse Cereals 40.76 42.0 39.48 - 3.1 - 6.0
Cereals 216.02 217.5 219.21 1.5 0.8

Total Pulses 14.76 15.5 14.66 -0.7 -5.4
Total Foodgrains 230.78 233.0 233.88 1.3 0.4
Source : Department of Agriculture & Cooperation.

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Agriculture Growth Rates

 The main concerns for slow-down in agriculture growth rates in
recent years are:

 Green revolution fatigue in progressive States.

 Limited/slow improvement in many other States where
dependence on agriculture is highest.

 Possible reasons :-

 Slow-down in productivity gains

 Decline in public investments

 Increasing degradation of natural resources

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Technologies Offered
- Selected

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 Technologies Offered - Agro-Chemicals
 Neem Based Pesticidal Products
 Humic Acid
 Super absorbent Hydrogel
 Polymeric Seed Coats
 Low Cost Tissue Culture Medium
 A Novel Composition of Trichoderma Viren
 Nitrification Inhibitors
 Multi Component Bio-Release Micronutrient Fertiliser
 Crop specific Micronutrient Mineral Mixture for Banana
 Crop specific Micronutrient Mineral Mixture for Vegetables
 Sea weed extract fertiliser
 Pesticidal Oxime Esters
 Alkane Polyol Alkanoates Pesticides

 Technology offered - Bio-Pesticides
 Nemagel
 Bio-fertiliser cum Bio-fungicides
 Management of White Grub through Bacillus Cereus
 Bt Based Mosquito Larvicide
 Plant Based Mosquito Larvicide

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 Technologies Offered - Agro-Biotech
 Seeds –Varieties and Hybrids
 Tissue Culture
 Green Houses
 Spirulina Algae

 Agro-Processing
 Shelflife Extension of Fruits and Vegetables
 Coir Processng

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- Agro- chemicals (Selected)

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Neem Pesticides
- Technologies and Products

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Neem

Background
 Azadirachta indica A. Juss, syn. Melia
azadirachta L., Antelaea azadirachta (L.)
Adelb.
 Mahogany family Meliaceae, is one of the
two species in the genus Azadirachta
 Native to India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Neem in India

Lanka, Malaysia and Pakistan, grows in
tropical and sub-tropical regions
 Attracted the attention of chemists and
biologists all over the world because of the
presence of plethora of biologically active
constituents
 All parts of the tree such as leaves, fruits, bark,
seeds, oil cake etc. are traditionally used in
Neem in Africa
India for pest control

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Neem

Key Effects Against Pests

 Biocidal (against insects, fungi,
nematode, bacteria, etc.)
 Anti-feedant
 Insect Growth Disruptor
 Ovicidal
 Oviposition Deterrent
 Anti-fertility/Sterilant
 Pesticide Adjuvant

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Neem

Key Bioactive Constituents

Seed / kernel / Cake

Salannin, nimbin, desacetyl
salannin
Non polar Desacetyl nimbin etc
solvent (s)

Defatted cake
Non-polar
and/or polar
solvent(s)

Azadirachtin-A concentrate
( ~20%)
Chromatographic
Separation

Aza-A Aza-B Aza-H

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Neem

Azadirachtin : The Key Bio-active Ingredient
O 12
CH 3OO C
OH O
O O 11
30

 Is one of the numerous limonoid type 3
1

O
triterpenes produced by neem and is CH 3COO 29
CH 3OO C
H
O
OH
HO
O

the most important constituent Azadirachtin -A

CH 3OO C
H O

 Influences the insect growth and HO O

feeding behaviour O

O
O OH
O
H HO
CH 3OO C O

 Nearly a dozen isomers named for Azadirachtin -B
convenience as Azadirachtin – A, B, O
H
O
OH
O O
etc. are reported
O
CH 3COO OH
O
H HO
CH 3OO C O
Azadirachtin -H

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Neem

Azadirachtin : Salient features
 The most active insect anti-feedant discovered to date

 Interferes in the metamorphosis and reproduction in several
species of insects

 Has emerged as an excellent botanical pesticide

 Is environment friendly, safe to vertebrates and other non-target
organisms, and possesses several other positive traits

 Its multi-pronged effect against insects, fungi, bacteria,
nematodes etc. enables their effective management in diverse
farm and household pest and pathogen situations

 Amongst insects alone, 540 susceptible species / sub-species
belonging to 15 orders are listed

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Neem

Aza as a Pesticide: Salient Feedback

 Use not as widespread as the synthetics

 Unstable on exposure to heat, humidity, sunlight, UV
rays, etc.

 Stabilisers needed in formulations for field application

 Several local brands in the market with undefined and
unauthenticated quality, have negated the credibility of
neem pesticides with the farmers

 Repeat applications add to cost

 The enhanced costs reduce farmer’s acceptability

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Neem

Stable Azadirachtin

 A process has been developed for obtaining more
stable Di – and /or Tetra - Hydro Azadirachtin
(Reduced Azadirachtin)

 Appropriate carrier, diluent, surfactant and /or
other formulants, have been identified to obtain
its solution formulation

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Neem

Stable Azadirachtin : Salient Features
 A simple and cost effective process provides quantitative
conversion and yields
 The raw material (Azadirachtin powder concentrate) is readily
and abundantly available
 The reactants and formulants needed for the manufacture of
technical material and the formulations are readily available
 No undesirable effect on the properties or performance of Aza
 No waiting period at harvest of the crop – an aspect of
significance for particularly the commodities consumed raw

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Neem
Stable Azadirachtin
Efficacy & Toxicity
 Field trials for efficacy and toxicity have been done (funded
under the World Bank Project)
 Reduced Azadirachtin and its formulations are effective in
controlling agricultural and other pests
 These were safe to the non-target organisms
 Reduced Azadirachtin displayed a much higher degree of
anti-feedant and growth inhibitory activities against
Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and other pests than
Aza
 The bio-efficacy of the Reduced (Stable) Azadirachtin was
comparable to synthetic pesticides ex. endosulfan

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Neem
Stable Azadirachtin
Comparative Stability of Aza – A and Reduced
Azadirachtin (RA) concentrates
Condition Half life (t ½)
Aza-A RA
(Stable Aza)

UV (thin film) 22.87 min. 72.95 min

UV (methanolic sol.) 1.00 h 2.55 h

Sunlight (thin film) 1.19 d 2.54 d

Sunlight (methanolic 11.57 d 31.08 d
sol.)
Accelerated storage 6.42 d 34.83 d
(methanolic sol.)
h = hours, d= days

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Neem
Stable Azadirachtin
Feeding and growth inhibitory activity of Aza-A and Reduced
Aza-A against the larvae of various lepidopteran insect pests
Test insect Test compound AI50 GI50 I50
(%) (%) (%)
3 DAT 7 DAT
Spodoptera litura Aza-A (60%) 0.002 0.008 0.015 0.010

RA (60%) 0.001 0.007 0.010 0.004

NeemAzal 0.015 0.010 0.008 0.011

Spilarctia obliqua Aza-A 0.004 0.015 0.054 0.02
RA (60%) 0.002 0.008 0.02 0.01
Helicoverpa armigera Aza A 0.004 0.01 0.03 0.011

RA 0.004 0.009 0.01 0.007

Pieris brassicae Aza-A 0.0011 0.0008 - -
RA (60%) 0.00065 - - -

AI = antifeedant Activity; GI = growth inhibition; I = total inhibition; Neem Azal – Branded product,
DAT = days after treatment

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Neem

Stable Azadirachtin
Field Trial Results
 Okra
Reduced Aza (RA) was significantly superior over Aza and more active
than NeemAzal and Neem EC against borers and whitefly. Yield with RA
was superior to that with Azadirachtin and at par with Endosulfan.

 Tomato
Efficacy of RA was at par with Endosulfan and superior to Aza,
NeemAzal and Neem EC against hopper, aphid, and borer. The healthy
fruit yield in RA treated plots was comparable to endosulfan treated
plots.

 Mustard
RA was more active than Aza-A, neem EC and NeemAzal but less
active than the synthetic Metasystox in reducing aphid population.

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Neem

Stable Azadirachtin

Toxicological Data

 Toxicological evaluation for Technical Tetrahydro
Azadirachtin was carried out at ITRC, Lucknow. No toxic
effect has been observed.

 Toxicological evaluation for formulation of Technical
Tetra-hydro Azadirachtin was also carried out at ITRC,
Lucknow. No undesirable effect was reported.

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Neem-BasedTechnologies Offered
1. Extraction of Azadirachtin from Neem seed kernel
2. Neem Oil Based pesticide EC formulation up to 1,500 ppm
3. Solvent Based EC Formulation up to 50,000 ppm
4. Solvent Based Eatin C with long shelf life with adjuvents
5. Heat Light storage stable (Reduced) Azadirachtin
6. EC formulation of Stable (Reduced) Azadirachtin up to 50,000 ppm
7. Neem based products incorporating materials with controlled
release and knock-down effect
8. Ultra-refined neem oil for diverse use applications
9. Polymeric seed coats based on bioactive botanicals
10. Nano-formulation of Azadirachtin

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Humic Acid

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HA

Humic Substance - Humic Acid
• Humic substances exist in soil, ground water, streams and
oceans.
• Most widely distributed organic products for biosynthesis on the
face of the earth.
• They are very reactive and are important participants in many
geochemical reaction and processes.
• Humic substances make up about 80 percent of the soil organic
matter in dark soils.
• Humic substance are found in Lignite, brown coal, peat, sapropel
and some organic matter.
• Humic acid is one of the major components of humic substance
and major constitutes of soil organic matter humus that
contributes to soil chemical and physical quality.

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HA

Multiple Function of Humic substance

 Mobilization and transport of metal ions

 Contribution to the cation-exchange capacity of peat,
soil and water

 Binding of various organic molecule such as
carbohydrate, lipids and protein

 Reduce the toxicity of some component in soil and
water

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HA
What do Humic Acid do ?
 Physically modify and improve the soil
 Increase germination of seed and viability
 Stimulate plant growth by accelerating cell division
 Increase the rate of development in root system
 Improves the uptake of phosphates form fertilizer
 Application of humic acid with liquid fertilizer enhances ability
to act as buffer to salinity and toxicity of fertilizer, to increase
permeability of water into cell and intra cellular plasma
• Increase resistance to stresses and unfavorable factors of
climate, atmosphere and soil impact
• Improve the transportation of nutrient in plant and increase the
water holding capacity of plant and decrease the consumption
of water for normal plant growth
• Neutralization of harmful substance

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HA

Potassium Humate from Lignite
 Potassium humate (A salt of Humic Acid) (2-4 %) is extracted
from lignite

 Technology developed by Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited,
Neyveli on a semi-commercial scale

 Found to condition the soil structure, stimulates the plant growth
and increases beneficial activities of soil micro-organisms which
are essential for improving the crop productivity

 Crop yields have increased from 10 to 30 per cent apart from
reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers, which adversely
affects environment

 Potential for use in agriculture especially for field crops,
commercial crops, horticultural crops, plantation crops, etc.

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HA

Salient features of Technology

• Raw material widely available in India

• Patented and Proven

• Very huge potential

• Low manufacturing cost

• Proven at fully functional semi- Potassium Humate –Liquid
commercial plant product 2-4% Conc.

• Ecofrendly process

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HA
Manufacture of Potassium Humate from Lignite

Humic Acid Pilot Pant
Capacity-360,000 Lit per Annum

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HA

Influence of Humic Acid on Onion Bulb

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HA

Effect of Humic Acid on Capsicum

• Method of application:
Foliar spray (0.1 % HA,
3 times) once in 15 days
• HA consumed: 500 ml
• Recorded yield: 700 g/plant
• For 900 plants: 630 Kg
• Increased yield 30%

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HA

Effect of Humic Acid on Tea

• Foliar spraying of HA @ 0.25 to
2.00 after every picking

• HA @ 0.50% showed marked
increase in green leaf yield of
tea

• Quality parameters viz.,
theofillin, theorubigin, total
liquor colour, caffeine, highly
polymerized substances, aroma
and flavour and polyphenol
content of green tea were
improved

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Super-absorbent Hydrogel

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Hydrogel

• Hydrogel prepared through crosslinking of
monomer and possesses high water
absorption capacity

• Wide application in pharmaceutical, sanitary
napkins, dipers, etc.

• Huge potential for use in Agriculture as water
economy aid in Dry-land agriculture

• The new Hydrogel developed remains stable
under high temperature conditions (50-600 C),
possesses water absorption potential upto
35000% and remains stable in soil for long
period

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Hydrogel

Salient Features
Water – Soil
• Reduce evapo-transpiration, Enrich soil gradually
• Watering frequency reduced
• Severe water stress in plants prevented
Erosion Limitation
• Form aggregates with soil particles
• Reduce effect of wind erosion
• Reduce effect of water erosion
Forestry
• Useful in nurseries
• Reduce transplantation shock
• Make reforestation successful

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Hydrogel


Salient Features

Agriculture
• Reduce drought effects
• Enable crop production in
arid areas

Landscaping
• Reduce watering frequency
and leaching
• Provide continuous water
supply in root zone

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Hydrogel

The hydrogel has been evaluated and found useful in:

 High tech horticulture and floriculture

 Dryland agriculture

 Nursery raising in soil less medium

Comparative rate of Establishment
Comparative Root growth

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Hydrogel


Without Hydrogel With Hydrogel and Aqua-ferti
Field Trials of Hydrogel at IARI, Pusa on Maize

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Hydrogel

Field Trials of Hydrogel at IARI, Pusa on Tomato

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Hydrogel

Field Trials of Hydrogel at IARI, Pusa on Onion

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Polymeric Seed Coats

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Seed Coat

Importance of Seed Coats
 Seed is likely to play a major role in India’s efforts for second
green revolution
 Several national and multinational seed companies have
already geared up to promote their business interest in the
country
 Seed coating technology is going to be of paramount
importance in preserving the quality of the seed as well as in
providing protection against pest disease both during storage
and immediately on sowing
 In view of current tirade against the use of synthetic pesticides,
botanical products have been emerged as a viable option for
pest control
 Technology developed for Seed Coating uses botanical
pesticides

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Seed Coat

Polymeric Seed Coats
 Azadirchtin based polymeric seed coats, dressing
materials have been developed for seed protection

 Such seed coats act as a barrier to moisture, reduce
proliferation of storage fungi and prevent deterioration
of seeds during storage

 Powder or flowable slurry improve storability,
germination, viability, plantability of seed and/or vigor
of plant

 Indian Patent application 1746/DEL/2006.

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Seed Coat

Function of Seed Coat
Seed coats based on botanical pesticide will help in

 Improving germination, viability, plantability of a seed

 Vigour of an agronomic plant that is grown from a
treated seed that is planted in a pest infested location

 Preventing the fungal/nematode/insect infestation that
is a pest for the agronomic plant and against which a
meliacin compound has bioactivity

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Seed Coat

Novelty
• Use of meliacins with or without polymer is not a prior art
as a seed coat formulation.

• non phytotoxic, effective, efficient and stable seed coat
formulations containing azadirachtin-A/ other meliacins
or other similar bioactive neem materials or other
bioactive botanicals develop

• The coat improves germination, viability, plantability of
seed /or vigour of an agronomic plant that is grown from
a seed

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Low Cost Plant Tissue Culture
Medium

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TCM

Plant Tissue Culture Medium
• Plant tissue culture is a practice
used to propagate plants under
sterile conditions, often to
produce clones of a plant

• Plant tissue culture relies on the
fact that many plant cells have
the ability to regenerate a whole
plant (totipotency)

• Plant tissue culture medium
comprises of macro-nutrients ,
micro-nutrients and hormones

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TCM

New Development
• The process developed is for preparation
of ready to use liquid formulation/powder
formulation
• The novel culture medium was tested for
– Dioscorea bulbifera (air yam) ,
– Solanum melanogena (brinjal)
– Glycirrhiza glabra (mulhati) .
• The performance of this medium was
comparable to that of the MS medium
• This medium is six times cheaper
(estimated) than conventional plant
tissue culture medium ( Murashige and
Skooge)

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TCM

Process

• Relevant bacterial strain is mass
cultivated in bioreactors in the first
step
• After cultivation, the medium
containing the bacterial strain is
centrifuged and the supernatant can
be used as plant tissue culture
medium
• Powder formulation of the medium
can also be prepared
• The culture medium also contains
hormones, which plays vital role in
plants growth

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TCM

Advantages

• It is organic culture medium
as the product is bacterial
supernatant

• The culture medium is also
contains hormones , which
plays vital role in plants
growth

• Cost is much less than
conventional MS Medium

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TCM

Novel Medium vs. MS Medium
S.No Novel Medium MS ( Murashigue and Skooge)
Medium

1. Naturally Produced Artificially Produced

2. Hormones are present Hormones are to be added
naturally externally

3. Liquid / powder Only Powder formulation
formulation Available Available

4. Its cost around Rs. 5 Its cost around Rs.34/litre
per litre ( excluding hormones)

5. Tested and good Used and found good results in
results found in Brinjal, ornamental, vegetables and
Air Yam and Mulhati fruits

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TCM

Novel Medium vs. MS Medium
 One litre of MS medium is around Rs. 34 (including Agar)

 The cost of one litre of Novel Tissue Culture medium is
estimated to be Rs. 27 ( Including Agar) and it was found
that it gives good result in five times dilution

 The diluted (5 times) New Tisuue Culture medium thus
costs Rs. 5 per litre

 The cost per litre of novel medium is around Rs. 5 which
is six times cheaper then MS medium.

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A Novel Composition of
Trichoderma virens

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Tricoderma

Novel Composition
 A novel formulation of Trichoderma virens has been
developed at IARI, New Delhi, which finds application as a
bio-control agent for controlling a number of plant
pathogenic fungi.

 A dormant stage of the agent has been used to develop
the formulation with enhanced shelf life

 A medium capable of supporting energy needs of the
microbes has been employed

 The shelf life of the formulation has been evaluated under
accelerated storage (54  1oC, 25 g/cm2, 14 days)

 Viability of the product has been established at the end of
14 days, suggesting a shelf life of over two years for the
developed formulation

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Tricoderma

Salient features

 Indigenous raw materials have been employed

 The product is eco-friendly, with long shelf life

 The process is simple and can be easily adopted

 The product can be efficiently used for the control of a
number of soil borne plant pathogenic fungi

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Improvement of fertilizer-N use efficiency

through
Nitrification Inhibitors and Slow Release
products

R1 CH=NR2
O

R1 = H/NO2 R2 = substituted aryl

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Nitrification Inhibitors

 To make Nitrogen (N) available to plants, it is fertilized with
ammonium compounds, which are microbially oxidized / nitrified
to nitrate in soil

 Ammonium based fertilizers including urea are the most
extensively used sources of fertilizer N for field crops

 Fertilizers suffer from the drawback of low Nitrogen Use
Efficiency (NUE) and contribute towards environmental pollution

 Worldwide, the NUE for cereal production (wheat, corn, rice,
barley, sorghum, millet, oat, rye, etc.) is approximately 33 per
cent

 The unaccounted 67 per cent represent a US $15.9 billion annual
loss of N fertilizer, assuming fertilizer-soil equilibrium

National Research



The factors contributing to inefficient N-use include
ammonia volatilization, nitrification, de-nitrification,
nitrate-leaching etc.

The nitrate is leached from soil more easily than
ammonium

Besides being non available for plant nutrition, it also
contributes to health and environmental hazards
through contamination of ground water as well as by
de-nitrification

National Research


 Nitrification inhibitors stems from the fact that these retard
nitrification and thus, reduce loss of nitrogen by leaching and
de-nitrification

 These keep nitrogen in ammonium form and thus regulate its
oxidation, thereby extending the availability to plants

 It also enables a check on nitrogen losses, thereby achieving
more efficient use of nitrogen for crop production and in
minimizing fertilizer nitrogen related environmental stresses,
especially

National Research


Potential nitrification inhibitors developed
i) Schiff bases (substituted furfurylidene chloroanilines)

R1 CH=NR2
O

R1 = H/NO2 R2 = substituted aryl

ii) Oximes ethers (N-O-Alkyl furfural oxime)

R1 CH=NOR2
O

R1 = H/NO2 R2 = alkyl

National Research


Potential nitrification inhibitors developed
iii) 5-Substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols
N N

R1 O SH

R1 = Alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl

iv) Novel compositions comprising an effective amount of
fertilizer and Schiff base, oxime ether or related compounds.

Under laboratory conditions these compounds/ products showed
60-80 per cent nitrification inhibition on 30th day at 5-20% dose as
compared to up to 76 per cent inhibition by nitrapyrin (5%)

National Research


Salient features
 Required raw materials are readily and abundantly available.

 The products are stable, safe and cost effective

 The process can be demonstrated at bench scale

 The compounds are effective as nitrification inhibitors/ slow N
release products

National Research

Bio-release Zn-Fe-Cu-Mn Fertilizer

National Research

Zn-Fe-Cu-Mn

Salient features:
 Crystalline
 Water solubility <10%.
 It is water insoluble but soluble in citrate, DTPA (>90%), etc.
 Non-hygroscopic and powdery.
 It is water insoluble but plant available (citrate and DTPA
soluble).
 Very effective in small doses (@ 1 kg ha-1 Zn) which is about
1/4th to 1/5th the normal dosage
 Produces significant improvement in yield and quality of
crops
 Cost effective

National Research

Zn-Fe-Cu-Mn

Dosage at which responses have been observed

 Zn: 1 kg ha-1.
 Mn: 1 kg ha-1.
 Cu: 1 kg ha-1.
 B: 0.5 kg ha-1.
 Fe: 2 kg ha-1.
 Mo: 0.04 kg ha-1.

National Research

Zn-Fe-Cu-Mn

Crop response:
 Over 30% increase in rice, wheat and maize

 25% increase in gram

 25% increase in cabbage and radish

 100% increase in chillies

 50% increase in spinach

 Significantly higher nutrient levels in crop

 Significant increase in vitamin C content

National Research

Crop Specific Foliar Micronutrient
Formulation for Banana (Musa Sp.)

Banana Foliar National Research

Crop Specific Foliar Micronutrient Formulation for
Banana (Musa Sp.)
 Micronutrients when foliar-applied are more readily
available to the plant than soil-applied micronutrients
 Foliar spray used to supplement soil applications of
fertilizers and to correct deficiencies that develop
during the crop production
 Unique and cost effective crop-specific foliar
micronutrient formulation for banana has been
developed by Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Bengaluru
 Product developed based on the soil analysis, crop
analysis and physiological studies of banana crop
grown in all the major agro-climatic zones of the
country
 Trails have also been conducted in these zones
where banana is grown in a large scale
 The formulation can be sprayed on the foliage and
bunches at the rate of 5.0 g/L of water along with a
suitable wetting agent

National Research

Banana Foliar
Crop Specific Foliar Micronutrient Formulation for
Banana (Musa Sp.)
Process
 The formulation consists of a blend of
micronutrient salts and beneficial and
compatible organic inputs
 preparation of the formulation involves
drying the raw material salts it under the
sun, grinding the formulation to different
mesh size in a pulveriser as a second step
 mixing it in a sequence & adding anti-toxicity
agent with the filler material
 The formulation has shelf life period
effectively for three years in any climate
conditions and when exposed to moisture
absorption there is no deterioration in
quality

National Research

Banana Foliar
Crop Specific Foliar Micronutrient Formulation for Banana (Musa Sp.)

Application
 Foliar nutrients applied take just 24 to 48 hours to be
used by the plant and hence can be effectively used
for micronutrient deficiency correction
 Can be used irrespective of the soil and climatic
conditions viz., drought, water-logging, salinity,
alkalinity, infection by nematode, fungus, bacteria, etc.
 Can be sprayed five months after plants on and under
the leaf surfaces and should be repeated during sixth,
seventh and eighth month of planting
 One spray is given on the bunch after one month of
bunch emergence
 The formulation can be mixed with any fungicide or
insecticide
 Spray should be preferably undertaken during the
early morning hours and late evening hours

National Research
Banana Foliar
Crop Specific Foliar Micronutrient Formulation for Banana (Musa Sp.)

Results and Cost-Benefit Analysis to farmers
 NPK fertilizer use efficiency has improved to the
tune of 60 to 80%
 An average of 20% improvement in bunch yield and
also improvement in the quality of the fingers has
been recorded in all the agro-climatic zones of the
country
Trial conducted at farmer’s field
 estimate made at R&D level the cost of the at Doddaballapur, Karnataka

formulation is in the range of Rs.110.00-125.00 per
kg
 Average quantity required by farmer is 15.00 kg for a
minimum of 3 sprays
 Farmer has to invest an amount of Rs.1875.00
(Rs.125.00 x 15 kg,) for obtaining minimum average
increase in yield of 20%
 Farmer will be benefited with increase in yield
ranging from 5000 kg to 10000 kg per hectare which
amounts to an additional income of Rs.25,000 to
Rs.50,000

National Research

Micronutrient Foliar Formulation
for Vegetable Crop

National Research
Vegetable Foliar

Micronutrient Foliar Formulation for
Vegetable Crop
 Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and low
organic matter in soil and introduction of high
yielding hybrids resulted deficiency of
micronutrients and has become a major problem
 Correction of nutrient disorders through soil has
become very difficult due soil degradation, poor root
health and excessive phosphorus
 The nutrients especially micronutrients when foliar-
applied are more readily available to the plant than
soil-applied micronutrients
 Application of micronutrients through foliar spray is
used to supplement soil applications of fertilizers
and to quickly correct deficiencies that develop
during the crop production
 Foliar sprays as part of integrated nutrient
management have become important in enhancing
the yield and quality of vegetables

National Research
Vegetable Foliar
Micronutrient Foliar Formulation for Vegetable Crop

New Formulation

 Micronutrient disorders are crop and location
(soil) specific
 Several commercial micronutrient formulations
are available in the market, generally do not
consider above facts, follow precaution and
steps for efficient correction which results in
poor correction of micronutrient disorders
 Unique, safe and cost effective foliar
micronutrient formulation for vegetables
developed by Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research (IIHR), Bengaluru
 The product developed based on the soil
analysis, crop analysis and physiological
studies of vegetables grown in all the major
agro-climatic zones of the country

National Research
Vegetable Foliar
Process
 Micronutrient formulation is a combination of
very essential nutrients, shelf life enhancers and
filler material in required proportion & quantity.
 This product has been found to be more effective
when applied in the form of foliar spray
 Preparation of the formulation involves drying
the raw material salts it under the sun, grinding
the formulation to different mesh size in a
pulveriser as a second step
 Mixing it in a sequence & adding anti-toxicity
agent with the filler material
 Packing of the material in double layered
polythene bags in denominations of 2 kg may be
undertaken
 Product has shelf life of 2 years
 Cost of Production of 1 Kg Formulation is about
Rs.120.00.

National Research
Vegetable Foliar

Application
 The formulation can be used irrespective of the soil and
climatic conditions
 Can be sprayed at 0.5 % concentration after one month of
sowing/transplanting on and under the leaf surfaces and
repeated after two months of planting, during flowering
and fruit formation
 Alternatively, the sprays can be taken up at intervals of
fifteen days till harvesting of vegetables
 The formulation can be mixed with any fungicide or
insecticide
 Spray should be preferably undertaken during the early
morning hours or late evening hours
 Dosages of application
 Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower Capsicum: 5.0 g / Liter
 Chilies, Brinjal, Onion, Potato, Winter Vegetables: 3.0 g / Liter
 Beans, Lady's Finger Cowpea, Garden Pea: 2.0 g / Liter
 Cucurbits (Cucumber, Pumpkin, Water Melon, Musk Melon,
Bottle Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Bitter Gourd, etc): 1.0 g / Liter

National Research
Vegetable Foliar

Trials and results
 Trails have also been conducted on many
vegetables grown in a large scale in these zones
• The product has been repeatedly tested by IIHR in
farmer’s field in South India, Western India & North
Eastern parts of India
• The vegetable foliar formulation when applied
takes just 24 to 48 hours for plant-uptake and
hence can be effectively used for correction of
micronutrient deficiency
• An average improvement in yield of 20-30% in
tomato, cauliflower and cabbage and also
improvement in the quality like size and color of
tomato, cauliflower and compactness of cabbage
• In addition, the NPK fertilizer use efficiency also
improved to the tune of 60 to 80%
• It has also reduced flower drop in tomato, chilies
and capsicum has been observed in all the agro-
climatic zones of the country

National Research

Seaweed Extract Fertilizer

National Research

Seeweed Fert
 Application of synthetic and chemical fertilizers
adversely affects the health of humans, livestock
and environment.
 Recent researches proved that extract of seaweeds
not only enhance plant growth and yield but also
improves soil condition.
 Seaweed fertilizer represents an alternative to
synthetic and chemical fertilizers
 Seaweeds are marine plants and grow naturally, in
abundance, near seashore and contain mineral-rich
nutrients
 Seaweeds are also called macro-algae. Seaweeds
are classified into three broad groups, i.e., Brown
Seaweeds, Red Seaweeds and Green Seaweeds,
based on the pigmentation of the plant.

National Research

Seeweed Fert
 Seaweeds are harvested from nature. Now-
a-days they are also cultivated
 The farming of seaweed has expanded
rapidly as demand has outstripped the
supply available from natural resources
 The Know how offers a simple and novel
process of production of Seaweed Extract
Fertilizer (SEF) in liquid and powder form. Sargassum wightii
 Seaweed Extract Fertilizer can be applied
as an organic nutrition source for all type
of crops, grasses and trees.
 It has been observed that carbohydrates
and other organic matter present in
seaweed extracts alter the nature of soil
and improve its moisture holding capacity.
Enteromorpha sps.
 Seaweeds contain trace elements and plant
growth hormones that are utilized by plants
for their growth.

National Research

Seeweed Fert

Natural Habitat of Seaweeds

National Research

Seeweed Fert Seaweed Extract Fertilizer

Collection & Harvesting of Seaweeds

National Research

Seeweed Fert

Manufacturing Process
Collection of seaweed
Dictyota dichotoma

Extraction

Filtration

Processing Padina gymnospora

Packaging

Storage

National Research

Seeweed Fert

Application & Crop Response
• The fertilizer contains mineral nutrients
and trace elements, which enhance the
plant growth.
• It can be applied as foliar spray or
directly applied to the soil as an organic
nutrition source.
• The experiments carried out on various
plants using seaweed extract as
Application of Seaweed Extract
fertilizer showed higher rate of growth Fertilizer Through Spray
and higher yield in cereal crops,
vegetables, fruits, orchards and
horticultural plants.
• The results showed increase in seed
germination, shoot length, root length,
number of lateral roots, number of
leaves, number of vegetables, length of
vegetables, weight of vegetables and
photosynthetic pigment concentration

National Research

Seeweed Fert

Advantages
• A natural bioproduct
• Can be applied to all crops at any stage
of growth
• Increases plant productivity
• Increases uptake of soil nutrients
• Increases resistance in plants against
pests, drought and stress
• Improves seed germination
• Improves soil fertility, texture, organic
matter content
• Farmers can use SEF for organic food
production and soil amendment

National Research

CHO OH R'
O
N

Pesticidal Oxime Ester
R NH2OH.HCl R R'COCl
T EA
R
N
O

T EA (COCl)2

O
R
N
O

O
N
R
O

National Research

Oxime Ester

Oxime Esters
 Biologically active novel aliphatic and aromatic oxime
esters having alkoxy, phenoxy, benzodioxole groups
have been reported earlier as insecticides, insect
growth regulators, or insecticide synergists.

 There is however, no report of structurally related
insecticidal oxime esters.

 The technology developed by IARI is for preparation of
novel oxime esters bearing the related moiety(ies) as
potential pesticides.

National Research

Oxime Ester

Salient Features

 Oxime esters as Pesticidal application and
process for their manufacture is reported first
time.

 Compounds are ecologically sound

 Raw material required is readily available

 Process has been patented

National Research

Oxime Ester

Process
 Process has been devloped for the preparation of a new group
of pesticidal oxime esters of formulae
i) (R1/ArA-CH=N-O-COR2/ArB ) and
Ii) (ArA-CH=N-O-C(O)-(R/ArB)-C(O)-O-N=CH-ArA),
wherein R1/R2/ArA/ArB represents substituted/unsubstituted
straight chain or branched alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl,alkylaryl,
alicyclic or aromatic ring with one or more of hydroxy, alkoxy,
alkenyloxy or phenoxy substituents, mono or dihalosubstituted
phenyl or phenoxyalkyl group
 The group may be of substituted straight chain branched alkyl,
alkenyl, aralkyl, aralkylaryl, alicyclic or aromatic ring

 The carbonyl compounds used are alkoxy phenoxy or alkoxy
phenoxy benzaldehydes.

 The compounds are reacted together to form a link between
-CH=N-O and COR/AR.

National Research

Oxime Ester

Formulation and Application
 The pesticidal compositions include an inert solid or liquid
carrier(s)/diluent(s), surfactant, swelling agent, dipersing
agent or emulsifying agent to prepare various preparations
such as dust, granule, emulsifiable concentrate, solution, etc.

 The compositions may include compounds of different
formula either alone or in the mixture and/or other ingredients
including another pesticidal material eg. an insecticide,
fungicide, nematicide or synergist.

 Solid compositions (dust or granules) may preferably contain
from 1 to 20% by weight of active ingradient.

 The composition may conveniently be applied at an
application rate of 5 to 500 g.a.i. per hectare.

National Research

Oxime Ester

Bioactivity
 The compounds as such or in various
preparations have been found effective to
combat pest infestation in agricultural crops,
mosquito control and/or veterinary health

 These compounds/products can be used to
combat mosquito, insect pests of different
types besides some fungi and nematodes
infecting agricultural crops

National Research

Alkane Polyol Alkanoates Pesticides

RC(O)O[C6H10O-]nC(O)R
n = 1, 2, 3

National Research

Alkane Polyol

Alkane Polyol Alkanoates
 Several naturally occuring lower and higher fatty acids,
glycerolipids such as 1,2-, 1,3-diacyl and 1,2,3-triacylglycerol,
and glycolipids such as sugar have been reported to exhibit
significant pest control properties

 Being highly safe, such compounds find wide applications in
food industry as emulsifiers and cakes, biscuits, shampoos,
etc. or as stabilisers, wetting agents and as solubilisers for
poorly water soluble drugs/chemicals

 The availability of such natural esters in meagre quantities has
been severe constraints in the large scale use

 The process developed for the preparation of polyalkalides and
their derivatives which have been found as potential pesticides
particularly fungicides and nematicides.

National Research

Alkane Polyol

Salient Features
 Raw material required are readily available

 The products are cost effective, safe and
ecological sound

 Compounds are effective both as fungicide
and nematicide.

National Research

Alkane Polyol

Process
• Process developed for the preparation of pesticidal novel
alkane diol/polyol mono/di/polyalkanoates of the general
formulae:
i) R-C(O)-O-[CH2-CH(R’)O-]n-C(O)-R,
ii) R-C(O)-O-CH2-[CH(R’)]n-CH2-O-C(O)-R,
iii) R-C(O)-O-[C6H10-O-]n-C(O)-R
having substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl and aryl
group(s) of varying chain length.
• The compounds are exclusively mono, di, tri or polyalkanoate
or mixture of one or more of such products
• Compound(s) comprising the moiety HO-[CH2-CH(R’)O-]n-,
HO-CH2-[CH(R)’-]CH2-O-, and -O-[CnH2n-2O-]- etc are reacted
with compound(s) comprising a moiety COR/Ar to form the
title compounds of formulae i), ii) and iii)

National Research

Alkane Polyol

Formulation and Application
 These products are present either with an inert
carrier, diluent, or surfactant, other additives to
obtain a granular product or,

 EC wherein the active ingredient may be present
in an amount ranging from from 1 to 25% by
weight either as such or,

 in compositions comprising the title compounds
as an active ingredient together with inert
carrier/diluent and additives such as surfactants,
synergists and/or other ingradients including
another pesticidal material eg. An insecticide,
fungicide, nematicide or synergist

National Research

Alkane Polyol

Bioactivity
 The compounds or their relevant formulations can
be used to combat insect, nematode and fungal
infestation in agricultural crops and food
commodities

 These are particularly effective against root knot
nematode Meloidogynae incognita, reniform
nematode Rotylenchululus reniformis, and
phytophagous fungi Rhizoctonia solani and
Sclerotia rolfsii infecting agricultural crops

National Research


- Bio-Pesticides (Selected)

National Research

Biopesticidal NemaGel

National Research
Neemagel

Biopesticidal NemaGel
 A novel gel formulation incorporating
an indigenously available
entemopathogenic nematode
Termite
(Steinernema species) in to the matrix Diamond back moth
of an indigenous super-absorbent
Hydrogel
 The product has a shelf life of over 9
months at 40-45 0 C and 2-3 years up
to 15 0 C Gram pod borer
Cotton boll worm

 Effective against a wide range of soil
and foliar insect pests
(such as diamondback moth,gram pod borer,
rice borer,white fly, cabbage butterfly,cotton boll
worm, cut worms, tobacco caterpillar, root
grubs, desert locust, mole cricket, field cricket White Fly Root Grub

,rice grasshopper, red cotton bug, mustard
aphid, termites, etc.)

National Research

Infective Juveniles

Infective Juvenile Production
Enter via natural openings
(or via cuticle for Heterorhabditis )

Release of Bacterial Cells
Host Dies
Mating in 2nd Generation

Mating in Steinernema

Hermaphrodite in Heterorhabditis

. Life cycle of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis

National Research

CADAVERS KILLED BY ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
NEMATODES

Steinernema sp. Infected larvae Heterorhabditis sp. Infected larvae
Brown, black etc Smoky red, brick red, orange etc

National Research
Neemagel

Biopesticidal NemaGel – Contd…

Key Features:

 Employs Steinernema thermophilum reported by IARI

 The species is heat tolerant and can kill a broad range of soil
and foliar insect pests

 A novel process developed by IARI, New Delhi involves its
entrapping and immobilization in the matrix of a specially
developed super absorbent Hydrogel (another novel
technology)

 The Hydrogel is based on a natural backbone and can
withstand high temperature in soil and is safe for
environment

National Research
Neemagel


Key Features:
 Highly effective in tropical and sub-tropical climates
 Its efficacy in field is visible within 24-48 hours of its
application
 The bioagent can effectively kill insect pests at a wide
range of soil moisture levels (3-19%)

 The product offers an effective two-in-one solution for
management of insect pests and water in agriculture
 It is safe to humans, plants, farm-animals, non-target
organisms and the environment

National Research

Development of adult male & female inside the cadaver Oozing of male & female adults after puncturing

Emergence of IJ from cadaver killed by Heterorhabditis Emergence of IJ from cadaver killed by Steinernema

National Research

•100% Mortality within
24-48 h
•100% cadavers showed C
A emergence of nematode
progenies after 5 days of
inoculation

D
B
Bioefficacy of Steinernema thermophilum against termite:
A- Dead termites at 48 hrs after inoculation;
B: Dead termites at 4 days after inoculation;
C & D: Nematode emergence from the abdomen, at 5 days after inoculation.

National Research
Neemagel

Field Trial results

Termite attack on Maize Termite attack on Groundnut

Maize field after application of NemaGel – No termite and
healthy crop

National Research

Biofertilizer-cum-biofungicide /
biobactericide composition B5

National Research
B5
Biofertilizer-cum-biofungicide/biobactericide
composition B5
 A powdered formulation of strain bacterium Bacillus subtilis,
effective in controlling disease caused by the pathogenic species:

 Rolstonia solanacearum
 Fusarium
 Pythium
 Phytophthora
 Rhizoctonia
 Sclerotium
 Alternaria and
 Pyricularia
 Shelf life one year at room temperature (15-37C).
 The organism produces an antibiotic metabolite, which is
fungicidal, bactericidal, supports immune system, biosynthesizes
siderophores, stimulatory and decreases toxicity.

National Research
B5
Biofertilizer-cum-biofungicide / biobactericide
composition B5–Contd.
Salient features:

 Indigenous raw materials have been employed.
 The product is eco-friendly.
 The process is simple and easy to adopt.
 Controls soil/tuber borne disease up to 80%.
 Increases crop yields up to 25%.
 Compatible with systemic and contact fungicides viz.,
Benlate, Bavistin, Ridomil and Dithane M - 45.

 Safe for person handling it and non target pathogens with no
side effect on biodiversity.

National Research
B5
Growth and yield promotion in potato

National Research

Growth and yield promotion in wheat
B5

Control B-5

National Research
B5

Induction of plant resistance

Control of neck blast of rice by Bio-B5

National Research

Management of White Grubs through
Biopesticide

National Research
White grub
Management of White Grubs through Newly
Discovered Biopesticide
 The talc-based formulation of the bacterial strain is effective in
controlling all predominant white grub species, Anomala
dimidiata, Holotrichia seticollis and Holotrichia longipennis with
a mortality percentage varied from 40 to 90% under field
condition.

 Since the organism has a very strong perpetual effect, once
applied a sustained reduction in the white grub population is
obtained

 The formulations is highly effective at a very low dose under
field condition

 Toxicological data and bio-safety tests reveals that the bacterial
strain is biologically safe for non-target organisms.

 The product is viable, economical, biodegradable and eco-
friendly

National Research
White grub
Management of White Grubs through Newly Discovered
Biopesticide - Contd….

White grubs beetle White grubs - Normal White grubs – Bacteria infected

Talc based formulation of Application of talc based
Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus formulation of B. cereus
through manure

National Research

BT based Mosquito Larvicide

National Research

BT Biopesticide

Based on : Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Bt H-14)
– a naturally occurring bacterial pathogen
Seed production
New Process for Formulation

 Involves the separation of the spore
toxin complex from the fermented broth
and spray drying Production of Active Ingredient

 The spore toxin complex (active
ingredient) is encapsulated in calcium
alginate, dried and packed in perforated
Preservation of Seed lots
plastic vials

 Quality Control checks are conducted at
all stages of production
Fermentation for large scale
production

National Research

BT Biopesticide … Contd
Advantages

 Highly effective against Dipteran species
 Safe to mammals including humans and other non-target
organisms

 Strong resistance management tool
 Compatible with most commonly used pesticides
 Easy to handle and require no skilled man power or
machinery

 Residual activity well over two months and hence limited
applications per year

National Research

BT Biopesticide … Contd
Species controlled by BT
Culex species - Filariasis vectors
Anopheles spp.- malaria vectors
Aedes Spp. – Dengue vectors

Safety

WHO (1982) states that “Products based on Bt are remarkably
safe. No harmful effects have been recorded in safety tests with
bees, vertebrates, mammals and man” and “most beneficial
insects are unharmed even at enormous doses”

Environmental Impact
The environmental impact of Bt has been reviewed by many
authors. In all these studies, Bt has been shown to present no
short or long term hazard to non-target organisms and the
environment

National Research

Plant Based Mosquito Larvicide

National Research

Plant Larvicide

Plant Based Formulations
 Rabdosia melissoides Benth, (synonymous Plectranthus
melissoides Benth), has been found to contain biologically
active materials, effective particularly against the larvae of the
mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus.

 This herbaceous perennial plant grows all over India and
many other countries

 The leaves and inflorescence of the plant on hydro-distillation
yield an essential oil, which exhibits antifungal, repellent and
fumigant properties for stored grain insects

 More than twelve major constituents identified in the essential
oil of its leaves which include & β-pinene, camphene,
myrcene, α -phellandrene, d-limonine, carene, p-cymene,
thymol and carvacrol

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Innovative technologies in agri-horticulture and agroprocessing for enhancing growth and sustainable productivity

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Mais de Agri-Busines Incubation (ABI) Program of ICRISAT

Mais de Agri-Busines Incubation (ABI) Program of ICRISAT (20)

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Innovative technologies in agri-horticulture and agroprocessing for enhancing growth and sustainable productivity