Fight with cancer using nanorobots

FIGHT WITH CANCER USING NANOROBOTS

Fight With Cancer Using Nanorobots
By Abhijeet Kapse

Table of Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 02
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 03
1.1 Cancer Treatment ........................................................................................................ 03
1.2 Nanorobots ................................................................................................................. 04
2. Properties Of nanorobots .................................................................................................... 07
2.2 Behavior In Fluid Microenvironment ......................................................................... 08
3. Nanorobot Atchitecture ...................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Chemical Sensor ......................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Actuator ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Energy Supply............................................................................................................. 13

4. Current Status Of Development………………….……………………..…………………..15

5. Advantages………...…………………………………………………………………………17

6. Disadvantages…………..…………………………………………………………………….19

7. Conclusion…………...……………………………………………………………………….20

References…………………………………………………………………………...…………..21

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ABSTRACT
According to World Health Organization, today cancer is a leading cause of death. There
are two commonly used treatments for cancer, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. There are many
side effects of these cancer treatments. With the help of Nanorobots we can completely cure
cancer without any side effects. In the past decade, researchers have made many improvement on
the different systems required for developing practical nanorobots, such as sensors, energy
supply, and data transmission. A few generations from now someone diagnosed with cancer will
be offered a new alternative to chemotherapy. The traditional treatment of radiation that kills not
just cancer cells but healthy human cells as well causing hair loss, fatigue, nausea, depression,
and a host of other symptoms. A doctor practicing nanomedicine would offer the patient an
injection of a special type of nanorobots that would seek out cancer cells and destroy them,
dispelling the disease at the source, leaving healthy cells untouched. A person undergoing a
nanorobotic treatment could expect to have no awareness of the molecular devices working
inside them, other than rapid betterment of their health. This paper presents study of cancer
treatment using nanorobots. Further it also provides an insight into the future scope in this field
of study.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Cancer Treatment:

World health organization estimates that cancer is a leading cause of death and because
of this 7.6 million peoples died last year. In the US, men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing
cancer, and for women the risk is 1 in 3. Lung cancer is the most common cancer related cause
of death among men and women.

Radiation therapy is one of the major treatment modalities for cancer. Approximately
60% of all people with cancer will be treated with radiation therapy during the course of their
disease. Radiotherapy is the treatment of cancer and other diseases with ionizing radiation.
Ionizing radiation programs cells for death in the area being treated (“the target tissues”) by
damaging their DNA structure, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow(mitotic
death). Although normal cells can also be affected by ionizing radiation, they are usually better
able to repair their DNA damage. Radiations affect on individual cells is probabilistic process.
However, the effects of radiation on a large set of cells are more deterministic. The primary aim
of radiotherapy is to deliver a high dose to maximize the probability of tumor of tumor control
with risk to normal tissue within the tolerable level. In certain areas, the radio sensitivity of
surrounding normal tissue becomes the dominant factor (e.g. optic chiasm for brain tumor
treatment, or the spine for lung tumor treatment), thus limiting the maximum amount of dose that
can be delivered. Some tissues such as in the lung have a low dose threshold for permanent
radiation effects. Stereotactic technology, which has been applied to neurosurgery since the early
nineties, recently has been applied to radiation treatment of tumors, particularly brain tumors.
Stereotactic radiotherapy involves varying the angle of a radiation treatment beam in 3-D
together with varying beam intensities to achieve very precise delivery of radiation to target
tissue.

The key problem with current chemotherapy is not that the drugs are not effective,
existing cancer treatment drugs do successfully kill growing tumor cells, but that the rest of the
body cannot tolerate the drug concentrations required to eliminate the cancer cells. Drug
concentration high enough to destroy the tumors can kill the patient first, the aggressiveness of
chemo-therapy treatment is usually determined by doses the patient can withstand rather than
doses needed to eliminate all cancerous cells.

Another major method to eliminate cancer is through surgical procedures. Cancer can be
successfully treated with current stages of medical surgery tools. However, a decisive factor to
determine the chances for a patient with cancer to survive is: how precise can surgeon eliminate
malignant tissues from the patient’s body.

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1.2 Nanorobots:
Nanorobotics is emerging as a demanding field dealing with miniscule things at molecular
level. Nanorobots are extremely small nano electromechanical systems designed to perform a
specific task with precision at nanoscale dimensions. Its advantage over conventional medicine
lies in its size. Particle size has effect on serum lifetime and pattern of deposition. This allows
drugs of nanosize to be used in lower concentration and has an earlier onset of therapeutic action.
It also provides materials for controlled drug delivery by directing carriers to a specific location.
The typical medical nanodevice will probably be a microscale device assembled from nanoscale
parts.

Nanorobots with sizes comparable to bacteria could provide many novel capabilities through
their ability to sense and act in microscopic environments. Particularly interesting are biomedical
engineering applications, where nanorobots and nanoscale structured materials inside the body
provide significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment of disease. The rapid progress in
engineering nanoscale devices should enable a wide range of capabilities. For example, ongoing
development of molecular scale electronics, sensors and motors provides components to enable
nannorobots. Carbon will likely be the principal element comprising the bulk of medical
nanorobot, probably in the form of diamond or diamondoid/fullerene nanocomposites. Many
other light elements such as hydrogen, sulfer, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, silicon etc. will be used
for special purposes in nanoscale gears and other components.

The various components in the nanorobots design may include onboard sensors, motors,
manipulators, power suppies and molecular computers. Perhaps the best known biological
example of such molecular machinery is the ribosome the only freely programmable nanoscale
assembler already in existence.

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So with the help of chemotactic sensors nanorobots detects the tumor cell. Because
chemotactic sensors have different affinity for each kind of molecule. After sensing the tumor
nanorobots inject the antidode of cancer into the tumor and it will destroy the tumor cell.
With the help of nanorobot control design simulator scientists designed the nanorobot, which
consists of sensors, rotors, fins and propellers and rotors.

Fig: Nanorobots

Using drugs and surgery, doctors can only encourage tissues to repair themselves. With
nanorobots, there will be more direct repairs. Cell repair will utilize the same tasks that living
systems already prove possible. Access to cells is possible because biologists can insert needles
into cells without killing them. Thus, nanorobots are capable of entering the cell. Also, all
specific biochemical interactions show that molecular systems can recognize other molecules by
touch, build or rebuild every molecule in a cell, and can disassemble damaged molecules.
Finally, cells that replicate prove that molecular systems can assemble every system found in a
cell. Therefore, since nature has demonstrated the basic operations needed to perform molecular-
level cell repair, in the future, nanorobots will be built that are able to enter cells, sense
differences from healthy ones and make modifications to the structure.

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Nanocomputers will be needed to guide these machines. These computers will direct
machines to examine, take apart, and rebuild damaged molecular structures. Nanorobots will be
able to repair whole cells by working structure by structure. Then by working cell by cell and
tissue by tissue, whole organs can be repaired. Finally, by working organ by organ, health is
restored to the body. Cells damaged to the point of inactivity can be repaired because of the
ability of nanorobots to build cells from scratch. Therefore, cell nanorobots will free medicine
from reliance on self repair alone.

Nanorobots are also candidates for industrial applications. In great swarms they might
clean the air of carbon dioxide, repair the hole in the ozone, scrub the water of pollutants, and
restore the ecosystems.

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CHAPTER 2

Properties Of Nanorobots

The extreme concept of nanotechnology is the "bottom up" creation of virtually any
material or object by assembling one atom at a time. Although nanotech processes occur at the
scale of nanometers, the materials and objects that result from these processes can be much
larger. Nanorobots will typically be 0.5 to 3 micron large with 1-100 nm parts. Three micron is a
upper limit of any nanorobot because nanorobots of larger size will block capillary flow. The
nanorobots Structure will have two spaces that will consist of an interior and exterior.

The exterior of the nanorobots will be subjected to the various chemical liquids in our
bodies but the interior of the nanorobot will be closed, vacuum environment into which liquids
from the outside cannot normally enter unless immune system by having a passive, diamond
exterior. The diamond exterior will have to be smooth and flawless because this prevents
leukocytes activities since the exterior is chemically inert and have low bioactivity. According to
the current theories, nanorobot will possess atleast rudimentary two way communication. Robots
will responds to acoustic signals and will be able to receive power or re-programming instruction
from an external source via sound waves. A network of special stationary nanorobots might be
strategically positioned throughout the body, logging each active nanorobot as it passes, and then
reporting those results, allowing an interface to keep track of all of the devices in the body. A
doctor could only monitor a patients progress but change the instructions of nanorobots in vivo
to progress to another stage of healing.

We treat the nanorobots as cylinders, 1μm in length and 0.5μm in diameter. Most of
the cells are red blood cells, with diameter 6μm. The number densities of platelets and white
blood cells are about 1/20-th and 1/1000-th that of the red cells, respectively. The nanorobot
density equals 1012 nanorobots in the entire 5-liter blood volume of a typical adult. Thus a
similar number of nanorobots may be used in medical applications. The total mass of all the
nanorobots is about 0.2g. Due to fluid drag and the characteristics of locomotion in viscous
fluids, nanorobots moving through the fluid at ≈1mm/ s dissipate a picowatt. Thus, if all the
nanorobots moved simultaneously they would use about one watt, compared to a typical person’s
100-watt resting power consumption. On the inside payloads of up to 2000 siRNA molecules
required for a 70nm diameter tumor. SiRNA is a small interfering Ribonucleic acid, it
deactivates the protein production of ant RNA, so because of this cancer cells will die due to
starvation. So each nanorobot is having siRNA protein which is injected in the tumor cell after
being detected. We can also use Taxol which is a anticancer drug which react with the lower pH
of tumors.

This nanorobots consists of sensor element, power supply circuitry, motors or
actuators,container, and nanochip. As a sensor we can use here biosensors or chemical sensors as
chemical properties of cancer tumors are different than normal cells. Motors or actuators gives
the proper motion to nanorobot in blood fluid. Nanorobot container consists of cancer antidode
element. Nanochip takes input signal from sensor and according to the input signal it performs its
task. Manufacturing better sensors and actuators with nanoscale sizes makes them find the source
of release of the chemical. Nanorobot Control Design (NCD) simulator was developed, which is

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software for nanorobots in environments with fluids dominated by Brownian motion and viscous
rather than inertial forces. These nanorobots can work together in response to environment
stimuli and programmed principles to produce macro scale results.

Replication is a critical basic capability for molecular manufacturing. Replication in the
body is dangerous because it might go out of control. If even replicating bacteria can give
humans so many diseases, the thought of replicating nanorobots can present unimaginable
dangers to the human body.

2.1 BEHAVIOR IN FLUID MICROENVIRONMENTS

We consider nanorobots operating in small blood vessels. The fluid in the vessels
contains numerous cells, several microns in diameter. Viscosity dominates the nanorobots
motion through the fluid, with physical behaviors quite different from our experience with larger
organisms and robots . The ratio of inertial to viscous forces for an object of size R moving with
velocity v through a fluid with viscosity η and density ρ is given by the Reynolds number as
follows:

Re Rρv/η ..……………………………………………..(1)

. Typical values for density and viscosity in blood plasma are represented by equations 2
and 3 respectively

ρ 1g / cm3 ………………………………...(2)

η 10^ 2 g / cm.s ………………………………….(3)

Flow speeds in small blood vessels are about 1mm/s. This is also a reasonable speed
for nanorobot motion with respect to the fluid , giving Re ≈ 10^−3 for a 1-micron nanorobot, so
viscous forces dominate. Consequently, nanorobots applying a locomotive force quickly reach a
desired velocity in the fluid. Hence, applied force is proportional to velocity rather than the direct
correlation applied in the acceleration of Newton’s law F = ma . Diffusion arising from thermal
motion of molecules (Brownian motion) is also important. Depending on the object’s size, the
diffusion coefficient D characterizes the resulting random motion. In a time t, the root-mean-
square displacement due to diffusion may be defined as:

…………………………………….(4)

For a ≈1μm nanorobot operating at body temperature, this displacement is ≈ microns with t
measured in seconds. Brownian motion also randomly changes the nanorobot orientation.
Chemicals have much larger diffusion coefficients than nanorobots. Because displacement grows
as Ο( ) instead of linearly in t, diffusion is fast at short distances and relevant for coordinating
activity among nearby nanorobots, but slow over long distances. Chemicals can signal medically

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relevant events , and also be used for nanorobots communication. Communication ideally
involves chemicals not otherwise found in the body (to produce low signal noise level) which are
biologically inert over the relevant time scale of the nanorobot task, and can later be cleared from
the body by existing biological processes.

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CHAPTER 3

Nanorobot Architecture

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The medical nanorobot for biohazard defense should comprise a set of integrated circuit
block as an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The architecture has to address
functionality for common medical applications, providing asynchronous interface for sensor and
logic nanoprocessor, which is able to deliberate actuator and ultrasound communication
activation when appropriate. The main parameters used for the nanorobot architecture and its
control activation,as well as the required technology background that can advance manufacturing
hardware for molecular machines, are described next. As a practical rule, the number of
nanodevices to integrate a nanorobot should keep the hardware sizes in regard to inside body
operation applicability.

3.1 Chemical Sensor:

Manufacturing silicon-based chemical and motion-sensor arrays using a two-level
system architecture hierarchy has been successfully conducted in the last 15 years. Applications
range from automotive and chemical industry, with detection of air to water element pattern
recognition, through embedded software programming, and biomedical analysis. Through the
use of nanowires, existing significant costs of energy demand for data transfer and circuit
operation can be decreased by up to 60%. CMOS-based sensors using nanowires as material for
circuit assembly can achieve maximal efficiency for applications regarding chemical changes,
enabling new medical applications. Sensors with suspended arrays of nanowires assembled into
silicon circuits, decrease drastically self-heating and thermal coupling for CMOS functionality.
Factors like low energy consumption and high-sensitivity are among some of the advantages of
nanosensors. Carbon nanotubes serve as ideal materials for the basis of a CMOS IC
nanobiosensor.

Some limitations to improving BiCMOS (bipolar-CMOS), CMOS and MOSFET
methodologies include quantum-mechanical tunneling for operation of thin oxide gates, and
subthreshold slope. However, the semiconductor branch has moved forward to keep circuit
capabilities advancing. Smaller channel length and lower voltage circuitry for higher
performance are being achieved with biomaterials aimed to attend the growing demand for high
complex VLSIs. New materials such as strained channel with relaxed SiGe (silicon-germanium)
layer can reduce self-heating and improve performance. Recent developments in three-
dimensional (3D) circuits and FinFETs double-gates have achieved astonishing results and
according to the semiconductor roadmap should improve even more. To further advance
manufacturing techniques, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology has been used to assemble
high-performance logic sub 90nm circuits. Circuit design approaches to solve problems with
bipolar effect and hysteretic variations, based on SOI structures, have been demonstrated
successfully. Thus, while 10nm circuits are currently under development, already-feasible 45nm
NanoCMOS ICs represent breakthrough technology devices that are currently being utilized in
products.

E-cadherin (uvomorulin, cell-CAM120/80) is a calcium dependent cell adhesion molecule
expressed predominantly in epithelial tissues. It plays an important role in the growth and
development of cells via the mechanisms of control of tissue architecture and the maintenance of
tissue integrity. The nanorobot sensing for changes on E cadherin protein signals. Several studies
have shown that E-cadherin expression is significantly reduced in cancer tissues. So this will

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affect on pH level of the cell and with the help of pH responsive sensor i.e. phosphatidic acid
nanorobot can distinguish healthy cells and cancer cells. Thus, the response is improved by
having the nanorobots maintain positions near the vessel wall instead of floating throughout the
volume flow in the vessel. A key choice in chemical signaling is the measurement time and
detection threshold at which the signal is considered to be received. Due to background
concentration, some detection occurs even without the target signal.

Figure: View of simulator workspace showing the vessel wall, cells and nanorobots.

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3.2 Actuator:

There are different kinds of actuators, such as electromagnetic, piezoelectric,
electrostatic, and electrothermal. Which can be utilized, depending the aim and the workspaces
where it will be applied. Flagella motor has been quoted quite frequently as an example for a
kind of biologically inspired actuator for molecular machine propulsion. Adenosine triphosphate,
also know for short as ATP, is equally used as an alternative for nanomotors. DNA and RNA
(ribonucleic acid) prototypes were also proposed for designing different types of devices. A set
of fullerene structures were presented for nanoactuators.
The use of carbon nano tubes(CNTs) as conductive structures permits electrostatically
driven motions providing forces necessary for nanomanipulation. CNTs can be used as materials
for commercial applications on building devices and nanoelectronics such as nanotweezers and
memory systems. SOI technology has been used for transistors with high performance, low
heating and low energy consumption for VLSI devices. CNT selfassembly and SOI properties
can be combined to addressing CMOS high performance on design and manufacturing
nanoelectronics and nanoactuators. Owing to the maturity of silicon CMOS technology, as well
as the unique properties of CNTs, the integration of CNT and the CMOS technology can make
use of the advantages of both. For a medical nanorobot, applying CMOS as an actuator based on
biological patterns and CNTs is proposed for the nanorobot architecture as a natural choice. In
the same way DNA can be used for coupling energy transfer, and proteins serve as basis for ionic
flux with electrical discharge ranges from 50-70 mV dc voltage gradients in cell membrane, an
array format based on CNTs and CMOS techniques could be used to achieve nanomanipulators
as an embedded system for integrating nanodevices of molecular machines. Ion channels can
interface electrochemical signals using sodium for the energy generation which is necessary for
mechanical actuators operation. Embedded actuators are programmed to perform different
manipulations, enabling the nanorobot a direct active interaction with the bloodstream patterns
and molecular parameters inside the body.

3.3 Energy Supply:

The most effective way to keep the nanorobot operating continuously is to establish the
use of a continuous available source of power. The energy may be available and delivered to the
nanorobot while it is performing predefined tasks in the operational environment. For a medical
nanorobot, this means that the device must keep working inside the human body, sometimes for
long periods, and must have easy access to clean and controllable energy to maintain efficient
operation.
Some possibilities to power the nanorobot can be provided from ambient energy.
temperature displacements could likewise generate useful voltage differentials. Cold and hot
fields from conductors connected in series may also produce energy using the well-established
Seebeck effect. Electromagnetic radiation from light is an option for energy generation in
determined open workspaces but not for in vivo medical nanorobotics, especially since lighting
conditions in different kinds of workspaces could sharply change depending on the application.
Kinetic energy can be generated from the bloodstream due to motion interaction with designed
devices embedded with the nanorobot, but this kinetic process would demand costly room within
the nanorobot architecture.

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Electromagnetic radiation from light is used option for energy generation in determined
open workspaces but not for in vivo medical nanorobots, especially since lighting conditions.
Most recently , remote inductive powering has been used both for RFID and biomedical
implanted devices to supply power on the order of milli watts. To operate nanorobot a low
frequency energy source may be enough. This functional approach presents the possibility of
supplying energy in a wireless manner in order to operate sensors and actuators necessary for the
controlled operation of nanorobot inside the human body. Nanocircuit with resonant electric
properties can operate as a chip providing electromagnetic energy supplying 1.7 m at 3.3 V for
power, allowing the operation of many tasks with few or no significant losses during
transmission. The energy received can be also saved in ranges of 1µW while the nanorobot stays
in inactive modes, just becoming active when signal patterns require it to do so. Allied with the
power source devices, the nanorobots need to perform precisely defined actions in the workspace
using available energy sources as efficiently as possible.

Another method of generating power supply is take the energy from blood itself. For
this nanorobot will having chemical in a container that chemical reacts with glucose and oxygen
of blood. During this chemical reaction energy production takes place and this energy is used by
nanorobot to perform tasks.

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CHAPTER 4

Current Status Of Development

Look close. You may be staring at the end of cancer. Those tiny black dots are
nanobots delivering a lethal blow to a cancerous cell, effectively killing it. The first trial on
humans has been a success, with no side-effects.

“ It sneaks in, evades the immune system, delivers the siRNA, and the disassembled
components exit out.”

Fig: Nanorobots In Cancer Tumor

Those are the words of Mark Davis, head of the research team that created the nanobot
anti-cancer army at the California Institute of Technology. According to a study to be published
in Nature, Davis' team has discovered a clean, safe way to deliver RNAi sequences to cancerous
cells. RNAi (Ribonucleic acid interference) is a technique that attacks specific genes in malign
cells, disabling functions inside and killing them.

The 70-nanometer attack bots made with two polymers and a protein that attaches to
the cancerous cell's surface. These robots carry a piece of RNA called small-interfering RNA
(siRNA), which deactivates the production of a protein, starving the malign cell to death. Once it
has delivered its lethal blow, the nanoparticle breaks down into tiny pieces that get eliminated by
the body in the urine.

The most amazing thing is that you can send as many of these soldiers as you want, and
they will keep attaching to the bad guys, killing them left, right, and center, and stopping tumors.
According to Davis, "the more [they] put in, the more ends up where they are supposed to be, in
tumor cells." While they will have to finish the trials to make sure that there are no side-effects .

The Caltech team combined nanobots with Andrew Fire and Craig Mello's Noble Prize-
winning discovery RNA interference from more than a decade ago. Fire and Mello were looking

15


for a way to disable genetic mutations of worms at their DNA. How did they do it? In cell
production, DNA leads to messenger RNA (mRNA) that carries off the instructions for making
important proteins. Fire and Mello used particles called small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, to
cut out unwanted pieces of the genetic code in the mRNA of their worm subjects.

Fast forward 10 years and the researchers at Caltech combined the RNA interference
technology with nanotechnology and injected nanorobots with siRNAs designed to cut out the
genetic mutation for cancer in mRNA into the bloodstreams of cancer. Phase 1 of the clinical
trial with 15 patients began in March 2010, and the data so far is promising.

If the studies continue to show promise, nanorobots could be our best friends when it
comes to cancer. We may be able to customize dosages based on cancer type, and they appear to
leave good cells alone and work in conjunction with other treatments. For example, researchers
at Georgia Institute of Technology and the Ovarian Cancer Institute are also studying the use of
siRNAs. Their method is to hide a nanoparticle with siRNAs inside of a hyrogel, which then
sneaks its way inside cancer cells. Once inside, it kills the cells and helps make chemotherapy
more effective. The researchers have even been able to time the release of siRNAs from the
nanobots to get the most out of them. Despite all of the promise nanobots may hold for cancer
treatment, there are still a lot of unknowns.

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES
Total Cure:
More than million people in this world are affected by this cancer disease. Currently
there is no permanent vaccine or medicine is available to cure the disease without any
side-effects. The currently available drugs can increase the patient’s life to a few years
only if it is lately detected, so the invention of this nanorobot will make the patients to get
rid of the disease.

Small Size:

As we will inject the nanorobots into the patients body we require robots size as
small as possible. Size of nanorobot is 0.5 to 3 micron. Upper limit of its size is 3 micron.
As minimum diameter of capillary is 5 to 10 microns. So Nanorobots easily flow in the
body without blocking the capillary flow.

Inexpensive(if mass produced):

The initial cost of development is only high but the manufacturing by batch processing
reduces the cost.

Automated:

Nanorobots will not require any monitoring or control system for performing the
task. These are fully automated robots. When we inject nanorobots into the human body
these will sense the cancer tumor and after detecting the tumor, robots will inject antidote
in it.

Painless Treatment:

Existing cancer treatment drugs do successfully kill growing tumor cells, but that the
rest of the body cannot tolerate the drug concentrations required to eliminate the cancer
cells. These treatment kills not just cancer cells but healthy human cells as well causing
hair loss, fatigue, nausea, depression, and a host of other symptoms. A person undergoing
a nanorobotic treatment could expect to have no awareness of the molecular devices
working inside them, other than rapid betterment of their health. As nanorobots attacks
only on caner tumor patient will not suffer any pain.

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Easily Disposable

After finishing the task nanorobots will reach outlet of patient’s body. If the
nanorobot has been introduced into the body in order to perform a specific task. It will be
removed, which means that either it will obtain outlet from the circulatory system, or it
will pass through an already existing port of exit. It can either proceed to a point where it
can be removed easily. Nanorobot will not leave the body unless they done their job.

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CHAPTER 6

DISADVANTAGES
The initial design cost is very high.

Complicate Design.

Nanorobots should be Accurate. If there is an error then harmful effect occurs.

Electrical systems can create stray fields which may activate bioelectric-based molecular
recognition systems in biology.

Electrical nanorobots are susceptible to electrical interference from external sources such
as RF or electric fields, EM pulses, and stray fields from other in vivo electrical devices.

Hard to Interface.

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CHAPTER 7

Conclusion
The development of nanorobots may provide remarkable advances for diagnosis and
treatment of cancer. Using chemical sensors they can be programmed to detect different levels of
E-cadherin and beta-catenin in primary and metastatic phases. Our work has shown a
comprehensive methodology on tracking single tumor cell in a small venule, where nanorobots
using communication techniques to increase their collective efficiency. The simulation has
clearly demonstrated how better time responses can be achieved for tumor detection, if chemical
signals are incorporated as part of nanorobot control strategy. As observed in the study, the
follow gradient with attractant signal is a practical method for orientation and coordination of
nanorobots. It has enabled a better performance for nanorobots to detect and reach cancerous
targets. This approach can be useful in the treatment of many patients for a detailed examination
and intervention.

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References
1) M. Venkatesan,B. Jolad “Nanorobots in Cancer Treatment” IEEE 2010

2) R.Hariharan , J.Manohar “Nanorobotics As Medicament” IEEE 2010

3) Adriano Cavalcanti , Bijan Shirinzadeh “Nanorobots for Laparoscopic Cancer Surgery”
IEEE ICIS 2007

4) Adriano Cavalcanti , Bijan Shirinzadeh , Mingjun Zhang and Luiz C. Kretly “Nanorobot
Hardware Architecture for Medical Defense” Sensors 2008

5) Adriano Cavalcanti, Tad Hogg, Bijan Shirinzadeh, Hwee C. Liaw “Nanorobot
Communication Techniques: A Comprehensive Tutorial” IEEE ICARCV 2006
International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision

6) A. Cavalcanti, R.A. Frietas Jr.,”Nanorobotics Control Design: A Collective Behavior
Approach For Medicine”, IEEE transaction on Nanobioscience, vol 4, no.2, pp.133-140,
June 2005

7) Robert A. Freitas Jr.,” Progress in Nanomedicine and Medical Nanorobotics” pp. 1-54
2004

8) Adriano Cavalcanti, Bijan Shirinzadeh, Robert A. Freitas Jr. and Luiz C. Kretly,” Medical
Nanorobot Architecture Based on Nanobioelectronics” Recent Patents on Nanotechnology
2007, Vol. 1, No. 1

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