This document provides an overview of 4G technology. It begins with an introduction defining 4G and its objective of providing comprehensive IP solutions for voice, data and multimedia on an "anytime, anywhere" basis. The document then outlines key 4G technologies including communications architecture, ad hoc networks, smart antennas, MIMO, software defined radio, Mobile IPv6, and OFDMA. It describes applications and impacts of 4G and concludes by noting 4G promises to fulfill the goal of personal computing and communication through high data rates everywhere over wireless networks.

1. PAPER
PRESENTATION
ON 4G MAGIC
Abhay Ananda Shukla
Roll- 2007-1026

2. CONTENT
TITLE PAGE NO.
1. OBJECTIVE
2. What is 4G?
3. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
 Communications Architecture
 Ad Hoc Networks
 Smart Antennas
 MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE –OUTPUT
 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
 Mobile IPv6
 OFDM
4. FUTURE SCOPE OF 4G
 APPLICATIONS
 Socio-Economic Impact
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. OBJECTIVE
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth
Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete
evolution in wireless communications.
A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP
solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be
given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at
higher data rates than previous generations.
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of
broadband wireless access communication systems, not
only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to
describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime
anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless
solution, and customized personal service.

4. What is 4G?
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of
broadband wireless access communication systems, not only
cellular telephone systems.
One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile
multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support,
integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service.
As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular
broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much
interest in the mobile communication arena.
The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of
mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless
networks.
This paper presents an overall vision of the 4G features,
framework, and integration of mobile communication.
The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one
word- Integration; the 4G systems are about seamlessly
integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy
increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile
communication and wireless networks shows evidence of
exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless
network access, mobile services, and applications.

5. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Communications Architecture
•Broadcast layer: fix access points, (i.e. cell tower) connected
by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP)
•Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer: wireless LANs (i.e. internet)
•Personal Layer Gateway: devices that connect to upper
layers; cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs
•Info-Sensor layer: environmental sensors
•Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed subterranean labyrinth of
fiber optic cables and repeaters

6. Ad Hoc Networks
•Spontaneous self organization of networks of
devices
•Not necessarily connected to internet
•4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc
networks
•Form of mesh networking–Very reliable

7. Smart Antennas
Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help find, tune,
and turn up signal information. Since the antennas can both
“listen” and “talk,” a smart antenna can send signals back in the
same direction that they came from. This means that the antenna
system cannot only hear many times louder, but can also
respond more loudly and directly as well.
There are two types of smart antennas:
Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of transmission,
and can switch from one predefined beam to another when the
user with the phone moves throughout the sector
Adaptive Array Antennas represent the most advanced smart
antenna approach to date using a variety of new signal
processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize
interference, and maximize intended signal reception.
Smart antennas can thereby:
• Optimize available power
• Increase base station range and coverage
• Reuse available spectrum
• Increase bandwidth
• Lengthen battery life of wireless devices

8. MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE –OUTPUT
MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting
antennas (space multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well
suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time
symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed
for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies
processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by
n antennas.
Processing of the received signals may deliver several
performances improvements: range, quality of received signal
and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient
when many multiple path signals are received. The performance
in cellular deployments is still subject to research and
simulations.
However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum
efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas
in the link.

9. Software Defined Radio
A software defined radio is one that can be configured to any
radio or frequency standard through the use of software. For
example, if one was a subscriber of Sprint and moved into an
area where Sprint did not have service, but Cingular did, the
phone would automatically switch from operating on a CDMA
frequency to a TDMA frequency. In addition, if a new standard
were to be created, the phone would be able to support that new
standard with a simple software update. With current phones,
this is impossible.
A software defined radio in the context of 4G would be able to
work on different broadband networks and would be able to
transfer to another network seamlessly while traveling outside of
the user’s home network.
A software defined radio’s best advantage is its great flexibility
to be programmed for emerging wireless standards. It can be
dynamically updated with new software without any changes in
hardware and infrastructure. Roaming can be an issue with
different standards, but with a software defined radio, users can
just download the interface upon entering new territory, or the
software could just download automatically.

10. Mobile IPv6
The next generation addressing system uses the Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6) to locate devices. IPv6 has a much larger
address space. Its addresses take the form x: x: x: x: x: x: x: x
where each x is the hexadecimal value that makes up one eighth
of the address. An example of this is:
FEDC: BA98:7654:3210: FEDC: BA98:7654:3210 (The
Internet Engineering Task Force Network Working Group).
Using this address format, there is room for approximately
3.40*10^38 unique addresses. This is approximately 8.05*10^28
times as large as the IPv4 address space and should have room
for all wired and wireless devices, as well as room for all of the
foreseeable expansion in several lifetimes. There are enough
addresses for every phone to have a unique address. Thus, phone
in the future can use VoIP over the Internet instead of
continuing to use their existing network.

11. OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only
provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but
also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by
proposing an additional degree of freedom.
Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the
space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain
to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust
transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver
complexity.
OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the
physical layer performance .It is also compatible with other
enhancement Technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO.
OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access
technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access;
OFDMA).
In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit information
to/from several users using a different set of sub carriers (sub
channels). This not only provides additional flexibility for
resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables
cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.

12. How OFDM Works
Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The phase of the sin wave changes to
represent a different bit.
Frequency of the previous wave

13. How OFDM Works
The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do not interfere
with each other (no cross talk)
Parallel Data Transmission -Allows for the sending of multiple
signals simultaneously from the same antenna (or wire) to one
device
Parallel Data Transmission -Allows for the sending of multiple
signals simultaneously from the same antenna (or wire) to one
device
–Each transmission has a different stream of bits

14. FUTURE SCOPE OF 4G
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have
been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global
standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard
that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of
integration. Future wireless networks will need to support
diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources
among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of
implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between
the end users and the wireless infrastructure.
The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC
(personal computing and communication)—a vision that
affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless
network.
APPLICATIONS
The different application areas of 4G are as follows:
 VIRTUAL NAVIGATION
 TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS
 TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION
 CRISIS MANAGEMENT
 MULTIMEDIA – VIDEO SERVICES

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following is the list of resources referred to during the
creation of this seminar Report.
• www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G
• www.4g.co.uk
• www.uscwc.com/4GReport
• www.four-g.net/