997388 the-pancreas

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INSULIN – Hormone Associated with Energy Abundance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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C. Lack of Effect of Insulin on Glucose Uptake and Usage by the Brain

3. Effect of Insulin on Protein Metabolism A. INSULIN PROMOTES PROTEIN Synthesis and Storage a. stimulates transport of amino acids into the cells ( valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine ) b. increases the translation of messenger RNA, forming new proteins c. increases the rate of transcription of DNA genetic sequences in cell nuclei d. inhibits catabolism of proteins e. depresses the rate of gluconeogenesis

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],INSULIN PROMOTES PROTEIN FORMATION AND PREVENTS DEGRADATION OF PROTEINS

MECHANISMS OF INSULIN SECRETION

CONTROL OF INSULIN SECRETION 1. Increased Blood Glucose Stimulates Insulin secretion

Role of Insulin in “Switching” Between Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism ,[object Object]

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SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITS GLUCAGON AND INSULIN SECRETION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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“ The Principal Role of Somatostatin” is to extend the period of time over which the food nutrients are assimilated into the blood

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DIABETES MELLITUS It is a syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by either insulin lack or decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin

Types of Diabetes Mellitus: 1. Type 1 Diabetes - also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by lack of insulin secretion. 2. Type II Diabetes – also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) , is caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to insulin. This reduced sensitivity to insulin is often referred to as insulin resistance

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Usual onset of Type I diabetes occurs at about 14 years of age thus is often called Juvenile diabetes mellitus

Principal Sequelae: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Damage to tissues causing peripheral neuropathy (abnormal function of peripheral nerves, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Obesity, Insulin Resistance and “Metabolic Syndrome” Usually Precede Development of Type II Diabetes

Features of Metabolic Syndrome ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Other Factors That cause Insulin Resistance and Type II Diabetes ,[object Object],[object Object],Development of Type II Diabetes During Prolonged Insulin Resistance

Physiologic Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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