This document contains 5 articles that discuss various topics related to human sensory systems and vision. Article 1 defines and describes different types of sensory receptors in the body. Article 2 discusses the senses of smell, taste, and hearing. Article 3 further explains different categories of sensory receptors. Article 4 provides details about the visual process including refraction, accommodation, pupil constriction, convergence, and discusses near- and farsightedness. Article 5 is incomplete.

1. Volume 1, Issue 3 Did that make sense?
Does that Make Sense???
Article One
Free nerve ending- a receptor Mediates sensations of discrimina-
11.12.12 nerve ending that is not enclosed tive touch and low-frequency vi-
in a capsule. A typical free nerve bration. (2) Pacinian Corpuscles-
ending consists of a bare axon that mediate sensations to crude touch.
may be myelinated or unmyelinat- (2) Muscle Spindles- consists of a
ed. It is often found in fibrous discrete grouping of about 5 to 10
capsules, ligaments, or synovial modified muscle fibers called intra
spaces and may be sensitive to -fusal fibers, which are surrounded
mechanical or biochemical stimuli. by a delicate capsule. (2) Golgi
(2) root hair plexuses- Are Deli- tendon Organs- Like muscle spin-
cate, weblike arrangements of free dles, are proprioceptors. They are
nerve endings that surround hair located ar the point of junction
follicles and detect hair movement. between muscle tissue and tendon. © (14)
(2) Merkel discs- Flattened or disc (2)
-shaped variations of free nerve
© 15 endings, called Merkel Discs, are
responsible for mediating sensa-
tions of light or discriminative
touch. (2) Meissner Corpuscle-
Sense hearing= the ear has dual
Article Two sensory functions. In addition to its
role in hearing, it also functions as
Inside this issue: the nose to smell delicate odors.
Sense of smell: Sense of smell is the sense organ of balanced, or equi-
Inside Story 2 made up of olfactory receptors Sense of taste= Taste buds are the librium. The stimulation, of trigger,
which are yellow colored epithelial most important part of this sense, responsible for hearing and balance
Inside Story 2 support cells, basal cells, and spe- they house the chemoreceptors involves activation of specialized
cialized bipolar type olfactory responsible for taste. The sense of mechanoreceptors called hair cells.
Inside Story 2 receptor neurons. The olfactory taste of taste depends on the crea- Sound waves movement are physi-
epithelial is located in the most tion of a receptor potential in gus- cal forces that act on hair cells to
Inside Story 3 tatory cells. Only then can an ac- generate receptor potentials, and
superior portion of the nasal cavi-
ty. The location of these receptors tion potential be generated and then nerve impulses, which are
Inside Story 4 eventually perceived in the brain as
explains the necessity for sniffing, nerve impulse relayed to the brain
or drawing air forcefully up into for interpretation sound or balance. The ear is divided
Inside Story 5
into three anatomical parts: external
ear, middle ear and inner ear.
Inside Story 6

2. Does that Make Sense???
Article Three
Exteroceptors: Somatic sense receptor locat- Thermoreceptors: Receptors
ed on the body surface. A sense organ, such activated by heat or uli if the intensity is great
as the ear, that receives and responds to cold. The body will either vaso- enough to generate a receptor
stimuli originating from outside the body. constrict the blood vessels, in- potential. Their distinguishing
Visceroceptors: Somatic sense receptors crease the metabolic rare, or feature is the presence of large
located in the internal visceral organs. locat- cause you. Heat-Loss the body amounts of tightly packed mem-
ed in blood vessels and viscera. It arises will dilate the blood vessels or brane that contains the photopig-
from within the body and may be felt as make you sweat. ment rhodopsinor a related mole-
pain, taste, fatigue, hunger, thirst and nau- cule
Nociceptors: receptors activated
sea. by intense stimuli of any type the
Proprioceptors: receptors located in the results in tissue damages. A © 16
muscles tendons, and joints. It allows the group of cells that senses painful
body to recognize its position. stimuli and sends these nerve
signals to the brain and the spi-
Mechanoreceptors: receptors the respond to nal cord.
physical movements in the environment
such as sound waves like equilibrium and Photoreceptors: receptors only in
balance sensors in the ears. the eye, it responds to light stim-
Article Four
Does that make the retina instead of on it, caus-
sense??? There are 4 processes that focus a clear retinal to change shape and the ing the image to be blurry. This
image on the retina; refraction of the light opsin molecule to expand. This can be corrected by using con-
rays, accommodation of the lens, con- signal travels to the brain to be cave contact lenses, glasses, or
striction of the pupil, and convergence of interpreted, and objects are seen in refractive eye surgery. Farsight-
the eyes. Refraction is the bending of shades of gray. (2) edness is caused when the eyes
light. The refracting media of the eye are are shorter than normal, and the
There are 3 types of cones in the
the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor. These 4 image focuses behind the retina
retina and contain a different pho-
refracting media together bend light rays to bring focus on the also making the image blurry. It
topigment than rhodopsin. Each
retina from an object 20 feet away. But an eye can also focus can be corrected by convex con-
cone is acted on by a different
on object much closer than 20 feet away and this is achieved tact lenses, glasses, and refrac-
wavelength or color. Cones are less
by accommodation. Accommodation is for near vision and it tive eye surgery. (2)
sensitive to light so brighter light is
causes an increase in the curvature of the lens, constriction of
needed for the break down. Cones Deer’s don’t see hunters who
the pupils, and convergence of the eyes. The constriction of the
contribute more to sharper images. wear bright orange because they
pupil prevents divergent rays from the object from entering the
(2) have dichromatic vision; only
eye through the periphery of the cornea and lens. Convergence
Nearsightedness, or myopia and seeing hues of blue and yellow,
is the movement of the two eyeballs inward so that their visual
farsightedness, or hyperopia is both but they are red and green color-
axes come together at the object viewed. (2)
refraction disorders. Nearsighted- blind. They can also see uv light.
Rods and cones contain photopigments. The photopigment (13)
ness is when the eyes are elongated
found in rods is called rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is very light
and the image focuses in front of
sensitive so even dim light is broken down. Light causes the
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3. Anatomy and Physiology Weekly
Article Five
Never got part...
ISSUE 3
Page 3