2. The Upper Respiratory System
Consists of:
Nose
Pharynx
(throat)
Middle ear
Eustachian
tubes
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
3. The Lower Respiratory System
Consists of:
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial
Alveoli
Pleura
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
tubes
4. Upper Respiratory System defense
•Coarse hairs in the nose filter large
particles from air entering the respiratory
tract.
•The ciliated mucous membranes of the
nose and throat trap airborne particles and
remove them from the body.
•Lymphoid tissue, tonsils, and adenoids
provide immunity to certain infections.
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
6. Lower respiratory tract defense
The lower respiratory
system is usually sterile
because of the action of the
ciliary escalator.
Microorganisms hoping to
infect the respiratory tract
are caught in the sticky
mucus and moved up by the
mucociliary escalator.
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
7. Upper Respiratory System Diseases
Most respiratory tract infections
are self-limiting.
Often caused by bacteria & viruses
in combination
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
8. Upper Respiratory System Diseases
Pharyngitis: inflammation of the pharynx
Laryngitis: swelling and irritation (inflammation) of
the voice box (larynx)
Tonsillitis: inflammation of the tonsils
Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
14. Diphtheria
Diphtheria membrane: Fibrin, tissue, bacterial
cells
••Leading infectious killer of children in U.S. in 1935
Leading infectious killer of children in U.S. in 1935
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
15. Diphtheria
Still common in developing countries where
immunizations aren't given routinely.
Up to 40% to 50% of those who don't get
treated can die.
The exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis, and
heart, kidney, or nerve damage may result.
Prevented by DTP vaccine
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
16. Lab diagnosis
Microscopy – Gram’s , Albert’s
Culture – selective media containing tellurite,
Loeffler’s serum slope
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
17. Pertussis / whooping cough
Causes whooping
cough
Mostly in children
Coughing thru
strained vocal
cords produces
sound
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
19. Lower Respiratory System Diseases
Bacteria, viruses, and fungi cause
Bronchitis
– S. pneumoniae
Pneumonia – S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella,
Mycoplasma
Tuberculosis - M. tuberculosis
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
21. Grow on media enriched with serum
Colonies give fried egg appearance
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
22. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia
Primary atypical pneumonia; walking pneumonia
No physical signs/symptoms
X ray shows lower lobe pneumonia
Genitourinary infections
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
24. Viral Pneumonia
Viral pneumonia occurs as a complication of
influenza, measles, or chickenpox
Viral etiology suspected if no other cause is
determined
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
25. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
The most common viral respiratory disease in
infants; 4500 deaths annually
Causes cell fusion (syncytium) in cell culture
Symptoms: Pneumonia in infants
Diagnosis: Serological test for viruses and
antibodies
Treatment: Ribavirin, palivizumab
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
26. Influenza (Flu)
Symptoms: Chills, fever, headache, and muscle
aches
No intestinal symptoms
1% mortality, very young and very old
Treatment: Zanamivir and oseltamivir inhibit
neuraminidase
Prophylaxis: Multivalent vaccine (currently grown
in Embryonated egg cultures
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
27. The Influenza Virus
Hemagglutinin
(HA) spikes used
for attachment to
host cells
Neuraminidase (NA)
spikes used to
release virus from
cell
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar
28. Fungal Infections
Fungal spores are easily
inhaled; they may germinate in the
lower respiratory tract.
The incidence of fungal diseases has
been increasing in recent years.
The mycoses can be treated with
amphotericin B.
Dr. Ashish V. Jawarkar