9. The conceptual framework Box 1: Socio-ecological-economic system Box 2: Economic approaches Box 4: External socio-economic factors Box 1.1: People’s assets Financial Physical Human Social Ecological Cultural Box 1.2: Tenure arrangements Communal State Private Commons Box 1.3: Development Income Employment Health Food consumption Box 1.4: Land use mosaic Conservation Agriculture Industry Livestock farming Rural settlements Urban centres Ecosystem goods & services Droughts Floods Biological invasions Governance Institutions Economics Total costs Total benefits Costs: benefits Incentives and/ or disincentives Cost effectiveness of institutions (e.g. rights of access, use rights) Institutional costs e.g. transaction costs Institutional benefits e.g. co-operative governance Cost benefit analysis Local Regional National Short term (10 yrs) Long term (+20 yrs)