1. Semiconductor
Electronic Circuits
CHO, Yong Heui

2. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
The world is changing
“We’re in one of those great historical
periods that occur every 200 to 300 years
when people don’t understand the world
anymore, when the past is not sufficient to
explain the future.”
-Peter Drucker
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3. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
三國志
讀書百遍 意自見
- 董遇
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4. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Three waves
The First Wave (10,000 ~ 3,000 B.C.)
Agricultural Revolution
Stone->Bronze->Steel Tools
The Second Wave(~200 yrs ago)
Industrial Revolution
Steel Tools
The Third Wave
Information Revolution
Silicon Tools
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5. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Semiconductor
• 도체와 절연체 사이의 전기 전도성을 가진 고체
• 전기 전도성이 불순물의 종류 및 농도 , 온도 , 빛 ,
전압 / 전류의 크기 및 극성 등에 의하여 쉽게 변하는
성질을 이용하여 신호 ( 정보 ) 를 처리하는 소자
( 트랜지스터 ) 를 만드는 물질로서 사용
• 실리콘이 가장 널리 쓰이며 , 고순도의 실리콘
원소가 규칙적으로 배열되어 있는 결정 구조로서
주로 사용
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6. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Early Discovery
In 1874, Ferdinand Braun, a
German scientist, discovered that
crystals could conduct current in one
direction under certain conditions. This
phenomenon is called rectification.
In 1895, the Italian Gugielmo Marconi
first showed a new technology invented by Nikola
Tesla through radio signals. This was the
beginning of wireless communication. Crystal
detectors were used in radio receivers. It is able to
separate the carrier wave from the part of the
signal carrying the information.
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7. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Vacuum tube
In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming, an English
physicist, devised the first practical electron tube known as the
"Fleming Valve”.
In the early 1910s, he ameliorated the reception of these
signals by building up his research on the "Edison Effect"
(dark particles smudge the inside of glass light bulbs as current
flows through one direction), Fleming attached a light bulb
outfitted with two electrodes to a receiving system. In it,
electrons flew from the negatively charged cathode to the
positively charged anode. As the current within the tube was
moving from negative to positive, the weak incoming signal
were rectified into detectable direct current.
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8. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Audion
In 1906, Lee de Forest, an American scientist,
added a third electrode (called a grid) to the electron
tube, which is now called a triode. This is a network of
small wires around the vacuum tube cathode . Thus, the
amplifying vacuum tube, the most recent ancestor of the
transistor, was born.
Although solid-state technology overwhelmingly dominates
today's world of electronics, vacuum tubes are holding out in
two small but vibrant areas. They do so for entirely different
reasons. Microwave technology relies on tubes for their power-
handling capability at high frequencies ["Tubes: still vital after
all these years," Robert S. Symons, IEEE Spectrum, April,
1998]. The other area--the creation and reproduction of music--
is a more complicated and controversial story.
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9. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
ENIAC
The University of Pennsylvania's ENIAC computer, due
to its incorporation of thousands of vacuum tubes
(18,000 vacuum tubes), filled several large rooms and
consumed enough power to light ten homes. The
vacuum tube's cathode required a good amount of heat
in order to boil out electrons and often burned out. Also,
the actual glass tube was fragile and bulky.
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10. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
First transistor
1947
1st transistor
AT&T Bell Lab
1st commercially available TR
Raytheon CK703, 1948
3 inventors (John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain, and
William Shockley) shared
Nobel prize
1st commercially successful TR
Raytheon CK722, 1953
Ge-based pnp low power TR
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11. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Bipolar transistor
Point contact transistor: Bardeen & Brattain
Junction transistor: Shockley
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12. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
First IC
Integrated Circuit (IC):
a large number of individual components
(transistors, resistors, capacitors, etc.) fabricated
side by side on a common substrate and wired
together to perform a particular circuit function.
1958, Jack
Kilby, Texas
Instrument
A part of news release: October 19, 1961
The aeronautical Systems Division, U.S. Air Force, and Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Texas, today demonstrated
in operation a microminiature digital computer utilizing semiconductor networks. The advanced experimental equipment
has a total volume of only 6.3 cubic inches and weighs only 10 ounces. It provides the identical electrical functions of a
computer using conventional components which is 150 times its size and 48 times its weight and which also was
demonstrated for purposes of comparison. It uses 587 digital circuits (Solid Circuit(tm) semiconductor networks) each
formed within a minute bar of silicon material. The larger computer uses 8500 conventional components and has a volume
of 1000 cubic inches and weight of 480 ounces. Application of semiconductor networks will give equipments higher
reliability than can be achieved presently from conventional components. The improvement will be realized because the
integrated structure of the networks minimizes connections and eliminates the individual packaging required for
conventional components. In addition, the network is formed by relatively few process steps, allowing a high degree of
control, and uses only very high purity material for its fabrication.
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13. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Intel 4004 microprocessor
1971
2,300 transistors
92.6KHz
PMOS
3 mm X 4 mm
15V DC
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14. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Pentium IV
42 million transistors
0.18 micron
1.5 GHz
Comparison to 4004:
If automobile speed had
increased similarly over the
same period, you could now
drive from San Francisco to
New York in about 13
seconds.
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15. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Moore’s law
 Gordon Moore: a co-founder of Intel # of devices
“Component counts per unit area SSI (Small scale 1 ~ 100
doubles every two years .” I C)
MSI (Medium 102 ~ 103
scale I C)
LSI (Large scale 103 ~ 105
I C)
VLSI (Very Large 105 ~ 106
scale I C)
 Feature size reduction enables ULSI (Ultra Large 106 ~ 109
the increase of complexity. scale I C)
GSI (Giga scale 109 ~
integration)
RLSI (Ridiculously Next to GSI
Large scale I C) ?
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16. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
History of IC
Intel Pentium 4
processors
3.2 GHz
0.13 µm technology
Transistor counts:
over 54 million
transistors
IBM announced in June, 2001 that it has created the world's fastest silicon-based transistor, and that it
expects the new technology to drive communications chips to the astonishing speed of 100 gigahertz within
two years. IBM said its approach uses a combination of silicon and germanium to make ultra-thin transistors
that can speed along information far faster, while using far less power, than current technology. Company
researchers said it can reach speeds of 210 GHz while using just one milliamp of electrical current.
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17. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
History of IC
Red blood cell: 7.5 µm
Minimum feature size (design
rule):
4Gb DRAM => 0.13 µm
Intel Pentium IV, 3.2 GHz =>
0.13 µm
Bacteria: ~ 0.1 µm
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18. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Gate length
Present
technology
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19. Frequency Scaling

20. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
The smaller size
Early Later
generation generation
~ 2 inch 16 Mb DRAM 16 Mb DRAM
80~100 µm
Early 1960s IC Paper clip and 0.18 µm lines
4 TRs and several resistors 16 Mb DRAM in 64 Mb DRAM
and human hair
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21. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
The larger wafer
2” dia. 12” dia. 12” pizza
# of Production
dies cost
Wafer size Wafer size
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22. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Dollars
Electronics market
~ $ 1.2 trillion
IC sales (annual worldwide)
approximately $ 345 billion (In 2003)
exponential increase with time over the past 3 decades
cost for electronic function exponentially decreases
Personal computers
100 ~ 200 millions sold
So, what does it mean to me?
Yeah, there are plenty of high salary jobs !!!! 
FYI: Avg. starting salary for EE graduates  $ 50,000 (Dec. 2000)
Little bit shaky last two years
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23. Electronic Circuits
1. Semiconductor
Semiconductor technology
• 반도체 재료 ( 정제 및 결정 성장 )
• 반도체 공정 ( 사진 식각 , 불순물 주입 , 산화 , 금속
배선등을 통하여 원하는 반도체 소자 구조 형성 )
• 반도체 소자 ( 원하는 전기적 , 광학적 특성을 얻기
위한 기하학적 구조와 불순물 농도 분포 형성 )
• 반도체 회로 및 시스템 설계 ( 원하는 신호 및
정보 처리 기능을 구현하기 위한 회로 , 회로 블록 ,
알고리듬 , 소프트웨어의 설계 )
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24. Electronic Circuits
. Electronic devices
Passive devices
  Lumped element: R, L, C
Resistor Inductor Capacitor
  Distributed element: transmission line
Coaxial line
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25. Electronic Circuits
. Electronic devices
Active devices
Diode
FET
Transistor IC
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26. Electronic Circuits
3. Industrial trend
전자산업의 동향
출처 : 한국의 전자부품산업 동향 , KETI
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27. Electronic Circuits
3. Industrial trend
IT 산업의 동향
출처 : IT 기반 융합전략 , IITA
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28. Electronic Circuits
3. Industrial trend
IT 산업의 융합 방향
출처 : IT 기반 융합전략 , IITA
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29. Electronic Circuits
3. Industrial trend
IT 산업의 융합 방향
출처 : IT 기반 융합전략 , IITA
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30. Electronic Circuits
3. Industrial trend
20 대 유망 전자부품
출처 : 한국의 전자부품산업 동향 , KETI
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31. Electronic Circuits
3. Industrial trend
26 개 고성장 전자부품
출처 : 한국의 전자부품산업 동향 , KETI
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