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Seeing is believing
Presenting evidence using information graphics
!

Dr Will Stahl-Timmins
Associate Research Fellow: Visualisation

EUROPEAN UNION
Investing in Your Future

European Regional
Development Fund 2007-13

EUROPEAN UNION
Investing in Your Future

European Regional
Development Fund 2007-13
Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data
Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation
Common evidence presentation issues - examples
Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data
Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation
Common evidence presentation issues - examples
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
1996

?

0yr

1

2

0

baseline
MMSE
10

20 30

1998 (A)

N = 473

Rogers et al.
1998 (B)

N = 468

N = 818

Greenberg
et al.
2000

N = 60

2000

N = 268

Mohs et al.
2001

N = 431

Placebo N = 217
0yr

1

2

0

10

20 30

F

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 214

F

M

Placebo N = 129

F
F

M

Donepezil 5mg N = 134

Homma et al.

F

M

Donepezil 5mg (D)
group 1 (p-D-p-p) N=30
group 2 (p-p-D-p) N=30
Placebo (p)

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 274

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 273

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 153
Donepezil 5mg N = 271

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 158

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 162
Donepezil 5mg N = 157

F
F
F
F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 157

Burns et al.
1999

55 75 95

M
M

Donepezil 5mg N = 154
Rogers et al.

ages

M
M
M
M

Donepezil 1mg N = 42
Donepezil 3mg N = 40
Donepezil 5mg N = 39
Placebo N = 40

N = 161

sex

F

study
quality
Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

ADAS-cog
MMSE
SIB
other
ADCS-ADL
DAD
PDS
other
NPI
other
CIBIC
GDS
CDR
ADCS-CGIC
QoL

Rogers &

design, size
& follow-up

1mg
3mg
5mg
5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10
mg

5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10
mg

5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

55 75 95

ADAS-cog
MMSE
SIB
other
ADCS-ADL
DAD
PDS
other
NPI
other
CIBIC
GDS
CDR
ADCS-CGIC
QoL

author location

no. of
centres

outcome measures used
cog func be glo

cog

func be

glo
Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data
Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation
Common evidence presentation issues - examples
Seeing is Believing
GOfER (Graphical Overview 

for Evidence Reviews
Mean task time
(% of total task time)

Error Bars: 95% CI

20%

15%

two-sample t(69) = 4.4

p < 0.001


10%

5%

0%

Report

COGS
task accuracy
!

COGS:

74.3%


report:

46.4%

!
!
!

c2 (1, N = 63) = 5.12, p = 0.024
1996

?

0yr

1

2

0

baseline
MMSE
10

20 30

1998 (A)

N = 473

Rogers et al.
1998 (B)

N = 468

N = 818

Greenberg
et al.
2000

N = 60

2000

N = 268

Mohs et al.
2001

N = 431

Placebo N = 217
0yr

1

2

0

10

20 30

F

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 214

F

M

Placebo N = 129

F
F

M

Donepezil 5mg N = 134

Homma et al.

F

M

Donepezil 5mg (D)
group 1 (p-D-p-p) N=30
group 2 (p-p-D-p) N=30
Placebo (p)

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 274

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 273

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 153
Donepezil 5mg N = 271

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 158

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 162
Donepezil 5mg N = 157

F
F
F
F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 157

Burns et al.
1999

55 75 95

M
M

Donepezil 5mg N = 154
Rogers et al.

ages

M
M
M
M

Donepezil 1mg N = 42
Donepezil 3mg N = 40
Donepezil 5mg N = 39
Placebo N = 40

N = 161

sex

F

study
quality
Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

ADAS-cog
MMSE
SIB
other
ADCS-ADL
DAD
PDS
other
NPI
other
CIBIC
GDS
CDR
ADCS-CGIC
QoL

Rogers &

design, size
& follow-up

1mg
3mg
5mg
5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10
mg

5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10
mg

5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

55 75 95

ADAS-cog
MMSE
SIB
other
ADCS-ADL
DAD
PDS
other
NPI
other
CIBIC
GDS
CDR
ADCS-CGIC
QoL

author location

no. of
centres

outcome measures used
cog func be glo

cog

func be

glo
Title

Gender
M

Able Baker et al.

Ages

Sites

Features

Outcomes

Design

F

500mg N=22

2010

N=50
M

F

Dogg's Hamlet

2009

M

F

Echo Bazaar

2006

M

F

Control N=28

N=150

?

N=25
FLOODS AND STORMS

AIR QUALITY AND DISEASE
Weather at all time scales determines the development, transport, dispersion and deposition
of air pollutants, with the passage of fronts, cyclonic and anticyclonic systems and their
associated air masses being of particular importance. This information graphic shows
some of the causes and health impacts of air pollution, and shows how both the amount
of air pollution, and our exposure to it, may increase in the future.

Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm
physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation.
Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This information
graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and
shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future.

CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

URBANISATION

The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing
temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free
water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased
temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes.
This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms,
cyclones and extreme weather events.

The number of people living in
cities is growing, particularly in
low income countries.

The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is
causing temperatures to rise around the world. These higher
temperatures can affect weather systems, causing extremely
high or extremely low winds. Rising temperatures also affect
the amount of water in the atmosphere.

1900
1950
2005

POLLUTION SOURCES

GLOBAL TRENDS

Investigating the use of 
information graphics 
to explain the effects 
of climate change 
on health, compared
to textual presentation.

FLOODS AND STORMS

There is increasing evidence of the importance of mental disorders as an impact of
disasters. Prolonged impairment resulting from common mental disorders (anxiety
and depression) may be considerable. Studies in both low- and high-income
countries indicate that the mental-health aspect of flood-related impacts has
been insufficiently investigated. A systematic review of post-traumatic stress
disorder in high income countries found a small but significant effect following
disasters. There is also evidence of medium- to long-term impacts on behavioural
disorders in young children.
Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk
(including where they live, age, income, education and disability) and on broader
social and environmental factors (level of disaster preparedness, health sector
responses and environmental degradation). Poorer communities, particularly slum
dwellers, are more likely to live in flood-prone areas. In the USA, lower-income
groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina, and low-income schools had
twice the risk of being flooded compared with the reference group.
High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health
burden from weather disasters, such as settlements along the North Sea coast in
north-west Europe, the Seychelles, parts of Micronesia, the Gulf Coast of the USA
and Mexico, the Nile Delta, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bay of Bengal.
Environmentally degraded areas are particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones
and coastal flooding under current climate conditions.

Future vulnerability to climate change

EVAPORATION

Drowning by
storm surge is
the major killer
in coastal
storms.

Global warming
and changes in
land use (like
urbanisation)
affect how much
water is carried
in the air.

THE NILE
DELTA

FLOODS
SOUTH ASIA
MICRONESIA

THE GULF
COAST

LATIN
AMERICA

HEALTH IMPACTS

SURFACE
RUN-OFF

LOCAL
TOPOGRAPHY

Urbanisation can
affect how much
excess water
can be absorbed
into the ground.

Sometimes,
the shape of the
land can make
areas vulnerable
to flooding.

Those living in
Low lying places
(especially those
with high density)

In the USA, lower-income
groups were most
affected by Hurricane
Katrina in 2005.

BAY OF BENGAL
(particularly at
risk from storm
GULF OF
GUINEA SEYCHELLES surges)

Those with limited
ability to escape

Such as children, the
infirm, or those living
in sub-standard housing.

INFECTIOUS
DISEASES

Deaths recorded in disaster databases
are from drowning and severe injuries.
VENEZUELA

1999

30,000 DEAD

MOZAMBIQUE

2000/2001

1,813 DEAD

CHINA

2003

130m AFFECTED

Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods
and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact
of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects
is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women.

TOXIC CONTAMINATION
From storage or
from chemicals
already in the
environment:
Oil

FOREST
FIRES

As well as producing
greenhouse gasses
such as carbon dioxide, that
lead to global warming,
the burning of fossil fuels
for energy releases small
particles into the air, called
particulate matter (PM).

The amount of air
pollution breathed
in by people
depends on:
— Wind / circulation of air
— Topography
— Housing
characteristics
— Activity patterns

In urban areas, transport
vehicles are the key sources
of nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs)
that lead to ground-level
ozone. Burning fossil fuels
for transport also releases
other gasses and particles.

Naturally-occuring forest
fires mean that toxic
gaseous and particulate air
pollutants are released
into the atmosphere.

ALLERGIC
RHINITIS

Hazardous
waste

The number
of forest fires
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture

PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM)

OTHER TOXIC
GASSES

Many different kinds of
combustion, both artificial
and natural, can cause
particles of solid matter can
become suspended in the air.
PM is known to affect
morbidity and mortality.

Ozone is a secondary pollutant
formed through photochemical
reactions involving nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in the
presence of bright sunshine
with high temperatures.

As well as ozone, other
toxic gasses such as
carbon monoxide can have
effects on human health.

PNEUMONIA

Insufficiently
investigated,
but may include:
Post-traumatic
stress
Behavioural
disorders in
children
Anxiety?

Pesticides
Heavy metals

PM generation
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture

OZONE

Severe
allergies can
limit quality
of life.

MENTAL
HEALTH

Particularly in
places with
poor sanitation:
Diarrhoeal
diseases
Cholera
Cryptosporidiosis
Typhoid fever

URBAN
TRANSPORT

Ozone generation
is affected by:
— Bright sunlight
— Raised temperatures
— Low winds
— Atmospheric
moisture

One-quarter of the
world’s population
resides within 100 km
distance and 100 m
elevation of the
coastline.

VULNERABLE
PEOPLE

Poorer communities

DEATH & INJURY

COPD

ASTHMA

Particularly
affects
children.

Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease.

Can affect
quality of life,
and is
increasingly
common,
particularly in
children.

OTHER
DISEASE
Other Cardiovascular and
respiratory
diseases are
also caused by
air pollution.

BURNS
& SMOKE
INHALATION
forest fires
can have
direct effects
on health.

MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY

Depression?
OZONE MODELS

FUTURE CHANGES

CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH

CASE STUDY 2: USA

If human activity continues to warm global temperatures,
countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding.

Studies in industrialised countries indicate that densely
populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise.

ASSUMPTIONS
Global temperature rise
Global Sea level rise
Increase in monsoon rains
Increase in monsoon
discharge into rivers

NEW ORLEANS (USA)
2°c

4°c

30cm

100cm

18%

33%

5%

10%

LIKELY EFFECTS
People affected

4.8%

57%

Flooding depth

30–90cm

90–180cm

1.5–3m below
sea level now

Mid-range estimate
of 48 cm sea level
rise by 2100 plus
subsidence

2.5–4m below
This would mean that
sea level by 2100
a storm surge from a
Category 3 hurricane
(estimated at 3 to 4 m
without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above
areas that were heavily populated in 2004.

PM MODELS

Future emissions are, of course, uncertain, and depend on
assumptions of population growth, economic development,
regulatory actions and energy use. Changes in
concentrations of ground-level ozone driven by scenarios
of future emissions and/or weather patterns have been
projected for Europe and North America:

FUTURE CHANGES

The risk of infectious disease following flooding in high income countries is
generally low, although increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases have been
reported after floods. An important exception was the impact of Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita in the USA in 2005, where contamination of water supplies with faecal
bacteria led to many cases of diarrhoeal illness and some deaths.
Flooding may lead to contamination of waters with dangerous chemicals, heavy
metals or other hazardous substances, from storage or from chemicals already in
the environment (e.g., pesticides). Chemical contamination following Hurricane
Katrina in the USA included oil spills from refineries and storage tanks, pesticides,
metals and hazardous waste. Concentrations of most contaminants were within
acceptable short-term levels, except for lead and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in some areas. There are also health risks associated with long-term
contamination of soil and sediment; however, there is little published evidence
demonstrating a causal effect of chemical contamination on the pattern of
morbidity and mortality following flooding events. Increases in population density
and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters
increase the probability of future disasters and the potential for mass human
exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters.

STORMS

Extreme rainfall
can overwhelm
rivers and lakes,
causing them to
flood.

THE NORTH
SEA COAST

Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades. In 2003,
130 million people were affected by floods in China. In 1999, 30,000 died from
storms followed by floods and landslides in Venezuela. In 2000/2001, 1,813 died
in floods in Mozambique. Improved structural and non-structural measures,
particularly improved warnings, have decreased mortality from floods and storm
surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of
social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women. Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries,
infectious diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems.

Populations with poor sanitation infrastructure and high burdens of infectious
disease often experience increased rates of diarrhoeal diseases after flood events.
Increases in cholera, cryptosporidiosis and typhoid fever have been reported in
low- and middle-income countries. Flood related increases in diarrhoeal disease
have also been reported in India, Brazil and Bangladesh. The floods in Mozambique
in 2001 were estimated to have caused over 8,000 additional cases and 447
deaths from diarrhoeal disease in the following months.

RAINFALL

Coastal regions
are more
vulnerable to
flooding as sea
levels rise.

VULNERABLE PLACES

Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical
infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most
frequent natural weather disaster. Floods result from the interaction of rainfall,
surface runoff, evaporation, wind, sea level and local topography. In inland areas,
flood regimes vary substantially depending on catchment size, topography and
climate. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and
forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods. Windstorms are often
associated with floods.

In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the
greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Deaths recorded in disaster
databases are from drowning and severe injuries. Deaths from unsafe or unhealthy
conditions following the extreme event are also a health consequence, but such
information is rarely included in disaster statistics. Drowning by storm surge is the
major killer in coastal storms where there are large numbers of deaths. An
assessment of surges in the past 100 years found that major events were confined
to a limited number of regions, with many events occurring in the Bay of Bengal,
particularly Bangladesh.

SEA LEVEL

ENERGY
PRODUCTION

AIR POLLUTION (AP)

FLOOD CAUSES

= 100m people
in towns or cities

These changes may affect air pollution in two main ways. First,
it may mean that the atmospheric conditions are right for more
air pollution to form. Secondly, it may change the patterns of air
flow, meaning that more people are exposed to this pollution.

Evidence for the health impacts of particulate matter
is stronger than that for ozone. However, there are
few models of the impact of climate change on pollutants
other than ozone. These tend to emphasise the role of
local abatement strategies in determining the future
levels of, primarily, particulate matter, and tend to project
the probability of air-quality standards being exceeded
instead of absolute concentrations; the results vary
by region.

REFERENCE AREA

assumed changes
by 2050s
TEMP.
INCREASE EMISSIONS

EFFECTS

Knowlton
New York
et al., 2004 area, USA

1.6 –
3.2°C

medium
increase

4.5% more
deaths

Bell et al.,
2007

1.6 –
3.2°C

medium
increase

0.6% more
deaths

0.9 –
2.4°C

no
increase

ozone +
other AP -

50 cities,
East USA

Anderson
England
et al., 2001 & Wales

(all models assume population
constant at year 2000 level)
There are no projections for cities in low- or middleincome countries, despite the heavier pollution burdens
in these populations.

Because transboundary transport of pollutants plays
a significant role in determining local to regional air
quality, changing patterns of atmospheric circulation
at the hemispheric to global level are likely to be just
as important as regional patterns for future local air
quality.
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
Seeing is Believing
157

129

CONTROL A

TEXT A

160

GRAPHIC A

RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS

179

CONTROL B

142

166

TEXT B
RISK GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY

GRAPHIC B
Approval
View Time
8 mins

6
5
4

3 mins
KEY

3
157 157 129 129 160 160
149
177

MEAN & 95% CI

SIG. (P < 0.05)
N.S. (P > 0.05)

TEXT A

GRAPHIC A

RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS

179 179 142 142 166 166
163
185

TEXT B

GRAPHIC B

RISK GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY
View Time
8 mins

6 mins*

3 3 mins
mins
KEY

157 157 129 129 160 160
149
177

MEAN & 95% CI

SIG. (P < 0.05)
N.S. (P > 0.05)

TEXT A

GRAPHIC A

RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS

179 179 142 142 166 166
163
185

TEXT B

GRAPHIC B

RISK GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY
Memory
100%

80%

60%
0%

KEY
MEAN & 95% CI
SIG. (P < 0.05)
N.S. (P > 0.05)

159
157

130
129

CONTROL A
CONTROL A

TEXT A
TEXT A

164
160

GRAPHIC A
GRAPHIC A

RISK GROUP A:
RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS
STORMS & FLOODS

179
179

142
142

CONTROL B TEXT B
CONTROL B TEXT B

166
166

RISK GROUP B:
RISK QUALITY
AIR GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY

GRAPHIC B
GRAPHIC B
Risk perception (severity)
7

28

1
14
KEY
MEAN & 95% CI
SIG. (P < 0.05)
N.S. (P > 0.05)

158
157

129
129

CONTROL A
CONTROL A

TEXT A
TEXT A

160
160

GRAPHIC A
GRAPHIC A

RISK GROUP A:
RISK GROUP A:
STORMS & FLOODS
STORMS & FLOODS

176
179

142
142

CONTROL B TEXT B
CONTROL B TEXT B

161
166

RISK GROUP B:
RISK QUALITY
AIR GROUP B:
AIR QUALITY

GRAPHIC B
GRAPHIC B
50%
Age
group:
control
text
graphic

68-77

58-67

48-57

38-47

28-37

18-27

68-77

58-67

48-57

38-47

28-37

18-27

68-77

58-67

48-57

38-47

28-37

18-27

Mean knowledge
Error Bars: 95% CI

80%

70%

60%
Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data
Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation
Common evidence presentation issues - examples
Volume
1996

?

0yr

1

2

0

baseline
MMSE
10

20 30

1998 (A)

N = 473

Rogers et al.
1998 (B)

N = 468

N = 818

Greenberg
et al.
2000

N = 60

2000

N = 268

Mohs et al.
2001

N = 431

Placebo N = 217
0yr

1

2

0

10

20 30

F

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 214

F

M

Placebo N = 129

F
F

M

Donepezil 5mg N = 134

Homma et al.

F

M

Donepezil 5mg (D)
group 1 (p-D-p-p) N=30
group 2 (p-p-D-p) N=30
Placebo (p)

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 274

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 273

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 153
Donepezil 5mg N = 271

F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 158

F
F

M
M

Placebo N = 162
Donepezil 5mg N = 157

F
F
F
F

M

Donepezil 10mg N = 157

Burns et al.
1999

55 75 95

M
M

Donepezil 5mg N = 154
Rogers et al.

ages

M
M
M
M

Donepezil 1mg N = 42
Donepezil 3mg N = 40
Donepezil 5mg N = 39
Placebo N = 40

N = 161

sex

F

study
quality
Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

ADAS-cog
MMSE
SIB
other
ADCS-ADL
DAD
PDS
other
NPI
other
CIBIC
GDS
CDR
ADCS-CGIC
QoL

Rogers &

design, size
& follow-up

1mg
3mg
5mg
5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10
mg

5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10
mg

5mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

10mg

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

Rand
Char
Blind
Analy

55 75 95

ADAS-cog
MMSE
SIB
other
ADCS-ADL
DAD
PDS
other
NPI
other
CIBIC
GDS
CDR
ADCS-CGIC
QoL

author location

no. of
centres

outcome measures used
cog func be glo

cog

func be

glo
Time
9415027430914103495740913798571
0938475109345721039247851930475
1039485739085741039751039487548
3094857139047105471051324957104
0194562770139569134056710934567
5709690413765906309167591038467
9415027430914103495740913798571
0938475109345721039247851930475
1039485739085741039751039487548
3094857139047105471051324957104
0194562770139569134056710934567
5709690413765906309167591038467
FLOODS AND STORMS

AIR QUALITY AND DISEASE
Weather at all time scales determines the development, transport, dispersion and deposition
of air pollutants, with the passage of fronts, cyclonic and anticyclonic systems and their
associated air masses being of particular importance. This information graphic shows
some of the causes and health impacts of air pollution, and shows how both the amount
of air pollution, and our exposure to it, may increase in the future.

Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm
physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation.
Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This information
graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and
shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future.

CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

URBANISATION

The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing
temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free
water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased
temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes.
This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms,
cyclones and extreme weather events.

The number of people living in
cities is growing, particularly in
low income countries.

The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is
causing temperatures to rise around the world. These higher
temperatures can affect weather systems, causing extremely
high or extremely low winds. Rising temperatures also affect
the amount of water in the atmosphere.

1900
1950
2005

POLLUTION SOURCES

GLOBAL TRENDS

Investigating the use of 
information graphics 
to explain the effects 
of climate change 
on health, compared
to textual presentation.

FLOODS AND STORMS

There is increasing evidence of the importance of mental disorders as an impact of
disasters. Prolonged impairment resulting from common mental disorders (anxiety
and depression) may be considerable. Studies in both low- and high-income
countries indicate that the mental-health aspect of flood-related impacts has
been insufficiently investigated. A systematic review of post-traumatic stress
disorder in high income countries found a small but significant effect following
disasters. There is also evidence of medium- to long-term impacts on behavioural
disorders in young children.
Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk
(including where they live, age, income, education and disability) and on broader
social and environmental factors (level of disaster preparedness, health sector
responses and environmental degradation). Poorer communities, particularly slum
dwellers, are more likely to live in flood-prone areas. In the USA, lower-income
groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina, and low-income schools had
twice the risk of being flooded compared with the reference group.
High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health
burden from weather disasters, such as settlements along the North Sea coast in
north-west Europe, the Seychelles, parts of Micronesia, the Gulf Coast of the USA
and Mexico, the Nile Delta, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bay of Bengal.
Environmentally degraded areas are particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones
and coastal flooding under current climate conditions.

Future vulnerability to climate change

EVAPORATION

Drowning by
storm surge is
the major killer
in coastal
storms.

Global warming
and changes in
land use (like
urbanisation)
affect how much
water is carried
in the air.

THE NILE
DELTA

FLOODS
SOUTH ASIA
MICRONESIA

THE GULF
COAST

LATIN
AMERICA

HEALTH IMPACTS

SURFACE
RUN-OFF

LOCAL
TOPOGRAPHY

Urbanisation can
affect how much
excess water
can be absorbed
into the ground.

Sometimes,
the shape of the
land can make
areas vulnerable
to flooding.

Those living in
Low lying places
(especially those
with high density)

In the USA, lower-income
groups were most
affected by Hurricane
Katrina in 2005.

BAY OF BENGAL
(particularly at
risk from storm
GULF OF
GUINEA SEYCHELLES surges)

Those with limited
ability to escape

Such as children, the
infirm, or those living
in sub-standard housing.

INFECTIOUS
DISEASES

Deaths recorded in disaster databases
are from drowning and severe injuries.
VENEZUELA

1999

30,000 DEAD

MOZAMBIQUE

2000/2001

1,813 DEAD

CHINA

2003

130m AFFECTED

Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods
and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact
of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects
is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women.

TOXIC CONTAMINATION
From storage or
from chemicals
already in the
environment:
Oil

FOREST
FIRES

As well as producing
greenhouse gasses
such as carbon dioxide, that
lead to global warming,
the burning of fossil fuels
for energy releases small
particles into the air, called
particulate matter (PM).

The amount of air
pollution breathed
in by people
depends on:
— Wind / circulation of air
— Topography
— Housing
characteristics
— Activity patterns

In urban areas, transport
vehicles are the key sources
of nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs)
that lead to ground-level
ozone. Burning fossil fuels
for transport also releases
other gasses and particles.

Naturally-occuring forest
fires mean that toxic
gaseous and particulate air
pollutants are released
into the atmosphere.

ALLERGIC
RHINITIS

Hazardous
waste

The number
of forest fires
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture

PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM)

OTHER TOXIC
GASSES

Many different kinds of
combustion, both artificial
and natural, can cause
particles of solid matter can
become suspended in the air.
PM is known to affect
morbidity and mortality.

Ozone is a secondary pollutant
formed through photochemical
reactions involving nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in the
presence of bright sunshine
with high temperatures.

As well as ozone, other
toxic gasses such as
carbon monoxide can have
effects on human health.

PNEUMONIA

Insufficiently
investigated,
but may include:
Post-traumatic
stress
Behavioural
disorders in
children
Anxiety?

Pesticides
Heavy metals

PM generation
is affected by:
— Raised
temperatures
— Atmospheric
moisture

OZONE

Severe
allergies can
limit quality
of life.

MENTAL
HEALTH

Particularly in
places with
poor sanitation:
Diarrhoeal
diseases
Cholera
Cryptosporidiosis
Typhoid fever

URBAN
TRANSPORT

Ozone generation
is affected by:
— Bright sunlight
— Raised temperatures
— Low winds
— Atmospheric
moisture

One-quarter of the
world’s population
resides within 100 km
distance and 100 m
elevation of the
coastline.

VULNERABLE
PEOPLE

Poorer communities

DEATH & INJURY

COPD

ASTHMA

Particularly
affects
children.

Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease.

Can affect
quality of life,
and is
increasingly
common,
particularly in
children.

OTHER
DISEASE
Other Cardiovascular and
respiratory
diseases are
also caused by
air pollution.

BURNS
& SMOKE
INHALATION
forest fires
can have
direct effects
on health.

MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY

Depression?
OZONE MODELS

FUTURE CHANGES

CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH

CASE STUDY 2: USA

If human activity continues to warm global temperatures,
countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding.

Studies in industrialised countries indicate that densely
populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise.

ASSUMPTIONS
Global temperature rise
Global Sea level rise
Increase in monsoon rains
Increase in monsoon
discharge into rivers

NEW ORLEANS (USA)
2°c

4°c

30cm

100cm

18%

33%

5%

10%

LIKELY EFFECTS
People affected

4.8%

57%

Flooding depth

30–90cm

90–180cm

1.5–3m below
sea level now

Mid-range estimate
of 48 cm sea level
rise by 2100 plus
subsidence

2.5–4m below
This would mean that
sea level by 2100
a storm surge from a
Category 3 hurricane
(estimated at 3 to 4 m
without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above
areas that were heavily populated in 2004.

PM MODELS

Future emissions are, of course, uncertain, and depend on
assumptions of population growth, economic development,
regulatory actions and energy use. Changes in
concentrations of ground-level ozone driven by scenarios
of future emissions and/or weather patterns have been
projected for Europe and North America:

FUTURE CHANGES

The risk of infectious disease following flooding in high income countries is
generally low, although increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases have been
reported after floods. An important exception was the impact of Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita in the USA in 2005, where contamination of water supplies with faecal
bacteria led to many cases of diarrhoeal illness and some deaths.
Flooding may lead to contamination of waters with dangerous chemicals, heavy
metals or other hazardous substances, from storage or from chemicals already in
the environment (e.g., pesticides). Chemical contamination following Hurricane
Katrina in the USA included oil spills from refineries and storage tanks, pesticides,
metals and hazardous waste. Concentrations of most contaminants were within
acceptable short-term levels, except for lead and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in some areas. There are also health risks associated with long-term
contamination of soil and sediment; however, there is little published evidence
demonstrating a causal effect of chemical contamination on the pattern of
morbidity and mortality following flooding events. Increases in population density
and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters
increase the probability of future disasters and the potential for mass human
exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters.

STORMS

Extreme rainfall
can overwhelm
rivers and lakes,
causing them to
flood.

THE NORTH
SEA COAST

Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades. In 2003,
130 million people were affected by floods in China. In 1999, 30,000 died from
storms followed by floods and landslides in Venezuela. In 2000/2001, 1,813 died
in floods in Mozambique. Improved structural and non-structural measures,
particularly improved warnings, have decreased mortality from floods and storm
surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of
social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed,
particularly affecting women. Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries,
infectious diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems.

Populations with poor sanitation infrastructure and high burdens of infectious
disease often experience increased rates of diarrhoeal diseases after flood events.
Increases in cholera, cryptosporidiosis and typhoid fever have been reported in
low- and middle-income countries. Flood related increases in diarrhoeal disease
have also been reported in India, Brazil and Bangladesh. The floods in Mozambique
in 2001 were estimated to have caused over 8,000 additional cases and 447
deaths from diarrhoeal disease in the following months.

RAINFALL

Coastal regions
are more
vulnerable to
flooding as sea
levels rise.

VULNERABLE PLACES

Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical
infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most
frequent natural weather disaster. Floods result from the interaction of rainfall,
surface runoff, evaporation, wind, sea level and local topography. In inland areas,
flood regimes vary substantially depending on catchment size, topography and
climate. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and
forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods. Windstorms are often
associated with floods.

In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the
greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Deaths recorded in disaster
databases are from drowning and severe injuries. Deaths from unsafe or unhealthy
conditions following the extreme event are also a health consequence, but such
information is rarely included in disaster statistics. Drowning by storm surge is the
major killer in coastal storms where there are large numbers of deaths. An
assessment of surges in the past 100 years found that major events were confined
to a limited number of regions, with many events occurring in the Bay of Bengal,
particularly Bangladesh.

SEA LEVEL

ENERGY
PRODUCTION

AIR POLLUTION (AP)

FLOOD CAUSES

= 100m people
in towns or cities

These changes may affect air pollution in two main ways. First,
it may mean that the atmospheric conditions are right for more
air pollution to form. Secondly, it may change the patterns of air
flow, meaning that more people are exposed to this pollution.

Evidence for the health impacts of particulate matter
is stronger than that for ozone. However, there are
few models of the impact of climate change on pollutants
other than ozone. These tend to emphasise the role of
local abatement strategies in determining the future
levels of, primarily, particulate matter, and tend to project
the probability of air-quality standards being exceeded
instead of absolute concentrations; the results vary
by region.

REFERENCE AREA

assumed changes
by 2050s
TEMP.
INCREASE EMISSIONS

EFFECTS

Knowlton
New York
et al., 2004 area, USA

1.6 –
3.2°C

medium
increase

4.5% more
deaths

Bell et al.,
2007

1.6 –
3.2°C

medium
increase

0.6% more
deaths

0.9 –
2.4°C

no
increase

ozone +
other AP -

50 cities,
East USA

Anderson
England
et al., 2001 & Wales

(all models assume population
constant at year 2000 level)
There are no projections for cities in low- or middleincome countries, despite the heavier pollution burdens
in these populations.

Because transboundary transport of pollutants plays
a significant role in determining local to regional air
quality, changing patterns of atmospheric circulation
at the hemispheric to global level are likely to be just
as important as regional patterns for future local air
quality.
Multiple dimensions

1
Multiple dimensions

1

2
Multiple dimensions

1

2

3
Multiple dimensions

1

2

3

N...
Gapminder - Hans Rosling
Japan

GAPMINDER WORLD 2012

Israel

Mapping the Wealth and Health of Nations

Spain
South Korea

life expectancy in years

Rich
Sick

70

Micronesia

Bangladesh

Life Expectancy of the World

North Korea
Nepal

Tajikistan

Ghana

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Philippines

55

Niger

Malawi

50

Burundi

Mozambique

Dem. Rep. Congo

Nigeria

Cameroon
Zambia

Sierra Leone

1 000

Afghanistan

Lesotho

2 000

Kuwait

Colour by region

Angola

income per person

100

1000
millions

2011 data for all 193 UN Members and for
Hong Kong, Kosovo, Palestine, Puerto
Rico and Taiwan.

Documentation and
pdf version for print at:
gapminder.org/downloads/world-pdf
Botswana

Equatorial Guinea

Free to copy, share and
remix, but attribute to
Gapminder Foundation.
If you want to see more data visit:

www.gapminder.org

Chad

Central African Rep.

Guinea-Bissau

500

South Africa

Mali

Qatar

Brunei

United Arab Emirates

3 or 10
less

Uganda

Guinea

Somalia

Zimbabwe

Congo, Rep.

Burkina Benin
Faso
Cote d'Ivoire

Rwanda

Luxembourg

Size by population

Gabon

Namibia

Mauritania

Kenya

Togo

USA

Taiwan Denmark

Liechtenstein

Kazakhstan

Kiribati

Timor-Leste

Djibouti

Liberia

Singapore

Turkmenistan

South Sudan

Senegal

Tanzania

Gambia

Bhutan

Sudan

Ethiopia

Russia

Ukraine

India

Comoros

60

Ireland

Nauru
Tuvalu

Papua New Guinea

Haiti

Indonesia

Fiji
Mongolia

Bolivia

Sao Tome
and Principe

Cambodia
Eritrea

Iraq

Moldova

Uzbekistan

Yemen

Myanmar

Norway

Sweden

Canada

China

Pakistan

65

Australia

Brazil

Solomon
Islands

Madagascar

Bosnia and H.

Income per Person of the World

Poor

Puerto Rico

Mexico

Uruguay Barbados
Czech Rep.
Poland
DominicaCroatia
Belize
Syria
Grenada Serbia
Vietnam
Slovak Rep.
Panama
Ecuador
Montenegro
ArgentinaAntigua
Bahamas
&Barbuda
St.Lucia
Macedonia
Bahrain
Cape
St. Kitts
Sri Lanka Thailand
Libya
Palestine
Estonia
Venezuela
Verde
& Nevis
Tunisia
Armenia
Seychelles
Malaysia Hungary
Nicaragua
Peru
Romania Mauritius
Egypt Dom.R.
Georgia
Jordan
Saudi
Colombia Turkey
Latvia
Honduras
Oman
Iran
Paraguay Samoa
Jamaica
Arabia
Lebanon
Algeria
Lithuania
Palau
Bulgaria
Morocco
Tonga El Salvador St.Vincent
and G.
Vanuatu
Guatemala
Suriname
Belarus
Azerbaijan
Guyana
Trinidad and Tobago
Kosovo
Maldives Albania

Iceland
San Marino
Hong
Andorra Switzerland Kong

France

Netherlands
New Zealand
Austria
Greece Cyprus UK
Germany
Chile Portugal
Finland Belgium
Malta
Slovenia

Cuba Costa Rica

Healthy

75

Italy

map layout by Paolo Fausone

80

Monaco

Swaziland

5 000

Version 11 September 2012

10 000

20 000
in US Dollars (GDP/capita, PPP$ inflation adjusted, log scale)

50 000
Charles Joseph Minard
Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data
Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation
Common evidence presentation issues - examples
!

w.stahl-timmins@exeter.ac.uk
!

www.ecehh.org
!

blog.willstahl.com
!

Twitter: @will_s_t

EUROPEAN UNION
Investing in Your Future

European Regional
Development Fund 2007-13

EUROPEAN UNION
Investing in Your Future

European Regional
Development Fund 2007-13

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Seeing is Believing

  • 1. Seeing is believing Presenting evidence using information graphics ! Dr Will Stahl-Timmins Associate Research Fellow: Visualisation EUROPEAN UNION Investing in Your Future European Regional Development Fund 2007-13 EUROPEAN UNION Investing in Your Future European Regional Development Fund 2007-13
  • 2. Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation Common evidence presentation issues - examples
  • 3. Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation Common evidence presentation issues - examples
  • 12. 1996 ? 0yr 1 2 0 baseline MMSE 10 20 30 1998 (A) N = 473 Rogers et al. 1998 (B) N = 468 N = 818 Greenberg et al. 2000 N = 60 2000 N = 268 Mohs et al. 2001 N = 431 Placebo N = 217 0yr 1 2 0 10 20 30 F F M Donepezil 10mg N = 214 F M Placebo N = 129 F F M Donepezil 5mg N = 134 Homma et al. F M Donepezil 5mg (D) group 1 (p-D-p-p) N=30 group 2 (p-p-D-p) N=30 Placebo (p) F F M M Placebo N = 274 F M Donepezil 10mg N = 273 F F M M Placebo N = 153 Donepezil 5mg N = 271 F M Donepezil 10mg N = 158 F F M M Placebo N = 162 Donepezil 5mg N = 157 F F F F M Donepezil 10mg N = 157 Burns et al. 1999 55 75 95 M M Donepezil 5mg N = 154 Rogers et al. ages M M M M Donepezil 1mg N = 42 Donepezil 3mg N = 40 Donepezil 5mg N = 39 Placebo N = 40 N = 161 sex F study quality Rand Char Blind Analy ADAS-cog MMSE SIB other ADCS-ADL DAD PDS other NPI other CIBIC GDS CDR ADCS-CGIC QoL Rogers & design, size & follow-up 1mg 3mg 5mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10 mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10 mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10mg Rand Char Blind Analy Rand Char Blind Analy Rand Char Blind Analy 55 75 95 ADAS-cog MMSE SIB other ADCS-ADL DAD PDS other NPI other CIBIC GDS CDR ADCS-CGIC QoL author location no. of centres outcome measures used cog func be glo cog func be glo
  • 13. Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation Common evidence presentation issues - examples
  • 15. GOfER (Graphical Overview for Evidence Reviews
  • 16. Mean task time (% of total task time) Error Bars: 95% CI 20% 15% two-sample t(69) = 4.4 p < 0.001 10% 5% 0% Report COGS
  • 18. 1996 ? 0yr 1 2 0 baseline MMSE 10 20 30 1998 (A) N = 473 Rogers et al. 1998 (B) N = 468 N = 818 Greenberg et al. 2000 N = 60 2000 N = 268 Mohs et al. 2001 N = 431 Placebo N = 217 0yr 1 2 0 10 20 30 F F M Donepezil 10mg N = 214 F M Placebo N = 129 F F M Donepezil 5mg N = 134 Homma et al. F M Donepezil 5mg (D) group 1 (p-D-p-p) N=30 group 2 (p-p-D-p) N=30 Placebo (p) F F M M Placebo N = 274 F M Donepezil 10mg N = 273 F F M M Placebo N = 153 Donepezil 5mg N = 271 F M Donepezil 10mg N = 158 F F M M Placebo N = 162 Donepezil 5mg N = 157 F F F F M Donepezil 10mg N = 157 Burns et al. 1999 55 75 95 M M Donepezil 5mg N = 154 Rogers et al. ages M M M M Donepezil 1mg N = 42 Donepezil 3mg N = 40 Donepezil 5mg N = 39 Placebo N = 40 N = 161 sex F study quality Rand Char Blind Analy ADAS-cog MMSE SIB other ADCS-ADL DAD PDS other NPI other CIBIC GDS CDR ADCS-CGIC QoL Rogers & design, size & follow-up 1mg 3mg 5mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10 mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10 mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10mg Rand Char Blind Analy Rand Char Blind Analy Rand Char Blind Analy 55 75 95 ADAS-cog MMSE SIB other ADCS-ADL DAD PDS other NPI other CIBIC GDS CDR ADCS-CGIC QoL author location no. of centres outcome measures used cog func be glo cog func be glo
  • 19. Title Gender M Able Baker et al. Ages Sites Features Outcomes Design F 500mg N=22 2010 N=50 M F Dogg's Hamlet 2009 M F Echo Bazaar 2006 M F Control N=28 N=150 ? N=25
  • 20. FLOODS AND STORMS AIR QUALITY AND DISEASE Weather at all time scales determines the development, transport, dispersion and deposition of air pollutants, with the passage of fronts, cyclonic and anticyclonic systems and their associated air masses being of particular importance. This information graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of air pollution, and shows how both the amount of air pollution, and our exposure to it, may increase in the future. Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This information graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future. CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE URBANISATION The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes. This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms, cyclones and extreme weather events. The number of people living in cities is growing, particularly in low income countries. The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing temperatures to rise around the world. These higher temperatures can affect weather systems, causing extremely high or extremely low winds. Rising temperatures also affect the amount of water in the atmosphere. 1900 1950 2005 POLLUTION SOURCES GLOBAL TRENDS Investigating the use of information graphics to explain the effects of climate change on health, compared to textual presentation. FLOODS AND STORMS There is increasing evidence of the importance of mental disorders as an impact of disasters. Prolonged impairment resulting from common mental disorders (anxiety and depression) may be considerable. Studies in both low- and high-income countries indicate that the mental-health aspect of flood-related impacts has been insufficiently investigated. A systematic review of post-traumatic stress disorder in high income countries found a small but significant effect following disasters. There is also evidence of medium- to long-term impacts on behavioural disorders in young children. Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk (including where they live, age, income, education and disability) and on broader social and environmental factors (level of disaster preparedness, health sector responses and environmental degradation). Poorer communities, particularly slum dwellers, are more likely to live in flood-prone areas. In the USA, lower-income groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina, and low-income schools had twice the risk of being flooded compared with the reference group. High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health burden from weather disasters, such as settlements along the North Sea coast in north-west Europe, the Seychelles, parts of Micronesia, the Gulf Coast of the USA and Mexico, the Nile Delta, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bay of Bengal. Environmentally degraded areas are particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and coastal flooding under current climate conditions. Future vulnerability to climate change EVAPORATION Drowning by storm surge is the major killer in coastal storms. Global warming and changes in land use (like urbanisation) affect how much water is carried in the air. THE NILE DELTA FLOODS SOUTH ASIA MICRONESIA THE GULF COAST LATIN AMERICA HEALTH IMPACTS SURFACE RUN-OFF LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY Urbanisation can affect how much excess water can be absorbed into the ground. Sometimes, the shape of the land can make areas vulnerable to flooding. Those living in Low lying places (especially those with high density) In the USA, lower-income groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. BAY OF BENGAL (particularly at risk from storm GULF OF GUINEA SEYCHELLES surges) Those with limited ability to escape Such as children, the infirm, or those living in sub-standard housing. INFECTIOUS DISEASES Deaths recorded in disaster databases are from drowning and severe injuries. VENEZUELA 1999 30,000 DEAD MOZAMBIQUE 2000/2001 1,813 DEAD CHINA 2003 130m AFFECTED Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed, particularly affecting women. TOXIC CONTAMINATION From storage or from chemicals already in the environment: Oil FOREST FIRES As well as producing greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, that lead to global warming, the burning of fossil fuels for energy releases small particles into the air, called particulate matter (PM). The amount of air pollution breathed in by people depends on: — Wind / circulation of air — Topography — Housing characteristics — Activity patterns In urban areas, transport vehicles are the key sources of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that lead to ground-level ozone. Burning fossil fuels for transport also releases other gasses and particles. Naturally-occuring forest fires mean that toxic gaseous and particulate air pollutants are released into the atmosphere. ALLERGIC RHINITIS Hazardous waste The number of forest fires is affected by: — Raised temperatures — Atmospheric moisture PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) OTHER TOXIC GASSES Many different kinds of combustion, both artificial and natural, can cause particles of solid matter can become suspended in the air. PM is known to affect morbidity and mortality. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of bright sunshine with high temperatures. As well as ozone, other toxic gasses such as carbon monoxide can have effects on human health. PNEUMONIA Insufficiently investigated, but may include: Post-traumatic stress Behavioural disorders in children Anxiety? Pesticides Heavy metals PM generation is affected by: — Raised temperatures — Atmospheric moisture OZONE Severe allergies can limit quality of life. MENTAL HEALTH Particularly in places with poor sanitation: Diarrhoeal diseases Cholera Cryptosporidiosis Typhoid fever URBAN TRANSPORT Ozone generation is affected by: — Bright sunlight — Raised temperatures — Low winds — Atmospheric moisture One-quarter of the world’s population resides within 100 km distance and 100 m elevation of the coastline. VULNERABLE PEOPLE Poorer communities DEATH & INJURY COPD ASTHMA Particularly affects children. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can affect quality of life, and is increasingly common, particularly in children. OTHER DISEASE Other Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are also caused by air pollution. BURNS & SMOKE INHALATION forest fires can have direct effects on health. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY Depression? OZONE MODELS FUTURE CHANGES CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH CASE STUDY 2: USA If human activity continues to warm global temperatures, countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding. Studies in industrialised countries indicate that densely populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise. ASSUMPTIONS Global temperature rise Global Sea level rise Increase in monsoon rains Increase in monsoon discharge into rivers NEW ORLEANS (USA) 2°c 4°c 30cm 100cm 18% 33% 5% 10% LIKELY EFFECTS People affected 4.8% 57% Flooding depth 30–90cm 90–180cm 1.5–3m below sea level now Mid-range estimate of 48 cm sea level rise by 2100 plus subsidence 2.5–4m below This would mean that sea level by 2100 a storm surge from a Category 3 hurricane (estimated at 3 to 4 m without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above areas that were heavily populated in 2004. PM MODELS Future emissions are, of course, uncertain, and depend on assumptions of population growth, economic development, regulatory actions and energy use. Changes in concentrations of ground-level ozone driven by scenarios of future emissions and/or weather patterns have been projected for Europe and North America: FUTURE CHANGES The risk of infectious disease following flooding in high income countries is generally low, although increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases have been reported after floods. An important exception was the impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the USA in 2005, where contamination of water supplies with faecal bacteria led to many cases of diarrhoeal illness and some deaths. Flooding may lead to contamination of waters with dangerous chemicals, heavy metals or other hazardous substances, from storage or from chemicals already in the environment (e.g., pesticides). Chemical contamination following Hurricane Katrina in the USA included oil spills from refineries and storage tanks, pesticides, metals and hazardous waste. Concentrations of most contaminants were within acceptable short-term levels, except for lead and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in some areas. There are also health risks associated with long-term contamination of soil and sediment; however, there is little published evidence demonstrating a causal effect of chemical contamination on the pattern of morbidity and mortality following flooding events. Increases in population density and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters increase the probability of future disasters and the potential for mass human exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters. STORMS Extreme rainfall can overwhelm rivers and lakes, causing them to flood. THE NORTH SEA COAST Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades. In 2003, 130 million people were affected by floods in China. In 1999, 30,000 died from storms followed by floods and landslides in Venezuela. In 2000/2001, 1,813 died in floods in Mozambique. Improved structural and non-structural measures, particularly improved warnings, have decreased mortality from floods and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed, particularly affecting women. Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries, infectious diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems. Populations with poor sanitation infrastructure and high burdens of infectious disease often experience increased rates of diarrhoeal diseases after flood events. Increases in cholera, cryptosporidiosis and typhoid fever have been reported in low- and middle-income countries. Flood related increases in diarrhoeal disease have also been reported in India, Brazil and Bangladesh. The floods in Mozambique in 2001 were estimated to have caused over 8,000 additional cases and 447 deaths from diarrhoeal disease in the following months. RAINFALL Coastal regions are more vulnerable to flooding as sea levels rise. VULNERABLE PLACES Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. Floods result from the interaction of rainfall, surface runoff, evaporation, wind, sea level and local topography. In inland areas, flood regimes vary substantially depending on catchment size, topography and climate. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods. Windstorms are often associated with floods. In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Deaths recorded in disaster databases are from drowning and severe injuries. Deaths from unsafe or unhealthy conditions following the extreme event are also a health consequence, but such information is rarely included in disaster statistics. Drowning by storm surge is the major killer in coastal storms where there are large numbers of deaths. An assessment of surges in the past 100 years found that major events were confined to a limited number of regions, with many events occurring in the Bay of Bengal, particularly Bangladesh. SEA LEVEL ENERGY PRODUCTION AIR POLLUTION (AP) FLOOD CAUSES = 100m people in towns or cities These changes may affect air pollution in two main ways. First, it may mean that the atmospheric conditions are right for more air pollution to form. Secondly, it may change the patterns of air flow, meaning that more people are exposed to this pollution. Evidence for the health impacts of particulate matter is stronger than that for ozone. However, there are few models of the impact of climate change on pollutants other than ozone. These tend to emphasise the role of local abatement strategies in determining the future levels of, primarily, particulate matter, and tend to project the probability of air-quality standards being exceeded instead of absolute concentrations; the results vary by region. REFERENCE AREA assumed changes by 2050s TEMP. INCREASE EMISSIONS EFFECTS Knowlton New York et al., 2004 area, USA 1.6 – 3.2°C medium increase 4.5% more deaths Bell et al., 2007 1.6 – 3.2°C medium increase 0.6% more deaths 0.9 – 2.4°C no increase ozone + other AP - 50 cities, East USA Anderson England et al., 2001 & Wales (all models assume population constant at year 2000 level) There are no projections for cities in low- or middleincome countries, despite the heavier pollution burdens in these populations. Because transboundary transport of pollutants plays a significant role in determining local to regional air quality, changing patterns of atmospheric circulation at the hemispheric to global level are likely to be just as important as regional patterns for future local air quality.
  • 27. 157 129 CONTROL A TEXT A 160 GRAPHIC A RISK GROUP A: STORMS & FLOODS 179 CONTROL B 142 166 TEXT B RISK GROUP B: AIR QUALITY GRAPHIC B
  • 28. Approval View Time 8 mins 6 5 4 3 mins KEY 3 157 157 129 129 160 160 149 177 MEAN & 95% CI SIG. (P < 0.05) N.S. (P > 0.05) TEXT A GRAPHIC A RISK GROUP A: STORMS & FLOODS 179 179 142 142 166 166 163 185 TEXT B GRAPHIC B RISK GROUP B: AIR QUALITY
  • 29. View Time 8 mins 6 mins* 3 3 mins mins KEY 157 157 129 129 160 160 149 177 MEAN & 95% CI SIG. (P < 0.05) N.S. (P > 0.05) TEXT A GRAPHIC A RISK GROUP A: STORMS & FLOODS 179 179 142 142 166 166 163 185 TEXT B GRAPHIC B RISK GROUP B: AIR QUALITY
  • 30. Memory 100% 80% 60% 0% KEY MEAN & 95% CI SIG. (P < 0.05) N.S. (P > 0.05) 159 157 130 129 CONTROL A CONTROL A TEXT A TEXT A 164 160 GRAPHIC A GRAPHIC A RISK GROUP A: RISK GROUP A: STORMS & FLOODS STORMS & FLOODS 179 179 142 142 CONTROL B TEXT B CONTROL B TEXT B 166 166 RISK GROUP B: RISK QUALITY AIR GROUP B: AIR QUALITY GRAPHIC B GRAPHIC B
  • 31. Risk perception (severity) 7 28 1 14 KEY MEAN & 95% CI SIG. (P < 0.05) N.S. (P > 0.05) 158 157 129 129 CONTROL A CONTROL A TEXT A TEXT A 160 160 GRAPHIC A GRAPHIC A RISK GROUP A: RISK GROUP A: STORMS & FLOODS STORMS & FLOODS 176 179 142 142 CONTROL B TEXT B CONTROL B TEXT B 161 166 RISK GROUP B: RISK QUALITY AIR GROUP B: AIR QUALITY GRAPHIC B GRAPHIC B
  • 33. Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation Common evidence presentation issues - examples
  • 35. 1996 ? 0yr 1 2 0 baseline MMSE 10 20 30 1998 (A) N = 473 Rogers et al. 1998 (B) N = 468 N = 818 Greenberg et al. 2000 N = 60 2000 N = 268 Mohs et al. 2001 N = 431 Placebo N = 217 0yr 1 2 0 10 20 30 F F M Donepezil 10mg N = 214 F M Placebo N = 129 F F M Donepezil 5mg N = 134 Homma et al. F M Donepezil 5mg (D) group 1 (p-D-p-p) N=30 group 2 (p-p-D-p) N=30 Placebo (p) F F M M Placebo N = 274 F M Donepezil 10mg N = 273 F F M M Placebo N = 153 Donepezil 5mg N = 271 F M Donepezil 10mg N = 158 F F M M Placebo N = 162 Donepezil 5mg N = 157 F F F F M Donepezil 10mg N = 157 Burns et al. 1999 55 75 95 M M Donepezil 5mg N = 154 Rogers et al. ages M M M M Donepezil 1mg N = 42 Donepezil 3mg N = 40 Donepezil 5mg N = 39 Placebo N = 40 N = 161 sex F study quality Rand Char Blind Analy ADAS-cog MMSE SIB other ADCS-ADL DAD PDS other NPI other CIBIC GDS CDR ADCS-CGIC QoL Rogers & design, size & follow-up 1mg 3mg 5mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10 mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10 mg 5mg Rand Char Blind Analy 10mg Rand Char Blind Analy Rand Char Blind Analy Rand Char Blind Analy 55 75 95 ADAS-cog MMSE SIB other ADCS-ADL DAD PDS other NPI other CIBIC GDS CDR ADCS-CGIC QoL author location no. of centres outcome measures used cog func be glo cog func be glo
  • 36. Time
  • 39. FLOODS AND STORMS AIR QUALITY AND DISEASE Weather at all time scales determines the development, transport, dispersion and deposition of air pollutants, with the passage of fronts, cyclonic and anticyclonic systems and their associated air masses being of particular importance. This information graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of air pollution, and shows how both the amount of air pollution, and our exposure to it, may increase in the future. Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This information graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future. CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE URBANISATION The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes. This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms, cyclones and extreme weather events. The number of people living in cities is growing, particularly in low income countries. The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing temperatures to rise around the world. These higher temperatures can affect weather systems, causing extremely high or extremely low winds. Rising temperatures also affect the amount of water in the atmosphere. 1900 1950 2005 POLLUTION SOURCES GLOBAL TRENDS Investigating the use of information graphics to explain the effects of climate change on health, compared to textual presentation. FLOODS AND STORMS There is increasing evidence of the importance of mental disorders as an impact of disasters. Prolonged impairment resulting from common mental disorders (anxiety and depression) may be considerable. Studies in both low- and high-income countries indicate that the mental-health aspect of flood-related impacts has been insufficiently investigated. A systematic review of post-traumatic stress disorder in high income countries found a small but significant effect following disasters. There is also evidence of medium- to long-term impacts on behavioural disorders in young children. Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk (including where they live, age, income, education and disability) and on broader social and environmental factors (level of disaster preparedness, health sector responses and environmental degradation). Poorer communities, particularly slum dwellers, are more likely to live in flood-prone areas. In the USA, lower-income groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina, and low-income schools had twice the risk of being flooded compared with the reference group. High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health burden from weather disasters, such as settlements along the North Sea coast in north-west Europe, the Seychelles, parts of Micronesia, the Gulf Coast of the USA and Mexico, the Nile Delta, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bay of Bengal. Environmentally degraded areas are particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and coastal flooding under current climate conditions. Future vulnerability to climate change EVAPORATION Drowning by storm surge is the major killer in coastal storms. Global warming and changes in land use (like urbanisation) affect how much water is carried in the air. THE NILE DELTA FLOODS SOUTH ASIA MICRONESIA THE GULF COAST LATIN AMERICA HEALTH IMPACTS SURFACE RUN-OFF LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY Urbanisation can affect how much excess water can be absorbed into the ground. Sometimes, the shape of the land can make areas vulnerable to flooding. Those living in Low lying places (especially those with high density) In the USA, lower-income groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. BAY OF BENGAL (particularly at risk from storm GULF OF GUINEA SEYCHELLES surges) Those with limited ability to escape Such as children, the infirm, or those living in sub-standard housing. INFECTIOUS DISEASES Deaths recorded in disaster databases are from drowning and severe injuries. VENEZUELA 1999 30,000 DEAD MOZAMBIQUE 2000/2001 1,813 DEAD CHINA 2003 130m AFFECTED Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed, particularly affecting women. TOXIC CONTAMINATION From storage or from chemicals already in the environment: Oil FOREST FIRES As well as producing greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, that lead to global warming, the burning of fossil fuels for energy releases small particles into the air, called particulate matter (PM). The amount of air pollution breathed in by people depends on: — Wind / circulation of air — Topography — Housing characteristics — Activity patterns In urban areas, transport vehicles are the key sources of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that lead to ground-level ozone. Burning fossil fuels for transport also releases other gasses and particles. Naturally-occuring forest fires mean that toxic gaseous and particulate air pollutants are released into the atmosphere. ALLERGIC RHINITIS Hazardous waste The number of forest fires is affected by: — Raised temperatures — Atmospheric moisture PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) OTHER TOXIC GASSES Many different kinds of combustion, both artificial and natural, can cause particles of solid matter can become suspended in the air. PM is known to affect morbidity and mortality. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of bright sunshine with high temperatures. As well as ozone, other toxic gasses such as carbon monoxide can have effects on human health. PNEUMONIA Insufficiently investigated, but may include: Post-traumatic stress Behavioural disorders in children Anxiety? Pesticides Heavy metals PM generation is affected by: — Raised temperatures — Atmospheric moisture OZONE Severe allergies can limit quality of life. MENTAL HEALTH Particularly in places with poor sanitation: Diarrhoeal diseases Cholera Cryptosporidiosis Typhoid fever URBAN TRANSPORT Ozone generation is affected by: — Bright sunlight — Raised temperatures — Low winds — Atmospheric moisture One-quarter of the world’s population resides within 100 km distance and 100 m elevation of the coastline. VULNERABLE PEOPLE Poorer communities DEATH & INJURY COPD ASTHMA Particularly affects children. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can affect quality of life, and is increasingly common, particularly in children. OTHER DISEASE Other Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are also caused by air pollution. BURNS & SMOKE INHALATION forest fires can have direct effects on health. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY Depression? OZONE MODELS FUTURE CHANGES CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH CASE STUDY 2: USA If human activity continues to warm global temperatures, countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding. Studies in industrialised countries indicate that densely populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise. ASSUMPTIONS Global temperature rise Global Sea level rise Increase in monsoon rains Increase in monsoon discharge into rivers NEW ORLEANS (USA) 2°c 4°c 30cm 100cm 18% 33% 5% 10% LIKELY EFFECTS People affected 4.8% 57% Flooding depth 30–90cm 90–180cm 1.5–3m below sea level now Mid-range estimate of 48 cm sea level rise by 2100 plus subsidence 2.5–4m below This would mean that sea level by 2100 a storm surge from a Category 3 hurricane (estimated at 3 to 4 m without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above areas that were heavily populated in 2004. PM MODELS Future emissions are, of course, uncertain, and depend on assumptions of population growth, economic development, regulatory actions and energy use. Changes in concentrations of ground-level ozone driven by scenarios of future emissions and/or weather patterns have been projected for Europe and North America: FUTURE CHANGES The risk of infectious disease following flooding in high income countries is generally low, although increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases have been reported after floods. An important exception was the impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the USA in 2005, where contamination of water supplies with faecal bacteria led to many cases of diarrhoeal illness and some deaths. Flooding may lead to contamination of waters with dangerous chemicals, heavy metals or other hazardous substances, from storage or from chemicals already in the environment (e.g., pesticides). Chemical contamination following Hurricane Katrina in the USA included oil spills from refineries and storage tanks, pesticides, metals and hazardous waste. Concentrations of most contaminants were within acceptable short-term levels, except for lead and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in some areas. There are also health risks associated with long-term contamination of soil and sediment; however, there is little published evidence demonstrating a causal effect of chemical contamination on the pattern of morbidity and mortality following flooding events. Increases in population density and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters increase the probability of future disasters and the potential for mass human exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters. STORMS Extreme rainfall can overwhelm rivers and lakes, causing them to flood. THE NORTH SEA COAST Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades. In 2003, 130 million people were affected by floods in China. In 1999, 30,000 died from storms followed by floods and landslides in Venezuela. In 2000/2001, 1,813 died in floods in Mozambique. Improved structural and non-structural measures, particularly improved warnings, have decreased mortality from floods and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed, particularly affecting women. Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries, infectious diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems. Populations with poor sanitation infrastructure and high burdens of infectious disease often experience increased rates of diarrhoeal diseases after flood events. Increases in cholera, cryptosporidiosis and typhoid fever have been reported in low- and middle-income countries. Flood related increases in diarrhoeal disease have also been reported in India, Brazil and Bangladesh. The floods in Mozambique in 2001 were estimated to have caused over 8,000 additional cases and 447 deaths from diarrhoeal disease in the following months. RAINFALL Coastal regions are more vulnerable to flooding as sea levels rise. VULNERABLE PLACES Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. Floods result from the interaction of rainfall, surface runoff, evaporation, wind, sea level and local topography. In inland areas, flood regimes vary substantially depending on catchment size, topography and climate. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods. Windstorms are often associated with floods. In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Deaths recorded in disaster databases are from drowning and severe injuries. Deaths from unsafe or unhealthy conditions following the extreme event are also a health consequence, but such information is rarely included in disaster statistics. Drowning by storm surge is the major killer in coastal storms where there are large numbers of deaths. An assessment of surges in the past 100 years found that major events were confined to a limited number of regions, with many events occurring in the Bay of Bengal, particularly Bangladesh. SEA LEVEL ENERGY PRODUCTION AIR POLLUTION (AP) FLOOD CAUSES = 100m people in towns or cities These changes may affect air pollution in two main ways. First, it may mean that the atmospheric conditions are right for more air pollution to form. Secondly, it may change the patterns of air flow, meaning that more people are exposed to this pollution. Evidence for the health impacts of particulate matter is stronger than that for ozone. However, there are few models of the impact of climate change on pollutants other than ozone. These tend to emphasise the role of local abatement strategies in determining the future levels of, primarily, particulate matter, and tend to project the probability of air-quality standards being exceeded instead of absolute concentrations; the results vary by region. REFERENCE AREA assumed changes by 2050s TEMP. INCREASE EMISSIONS EFFECTS Knowlton New York et al., 2004 area, USA 1.6 – 3.2°C medium increase 4.5% more deaths Bell et al., 2007 1.6 – 3.2°C medium increase 0.6% more deaths 0.9 – 2.4°C no increase ozone + other AP - 50 cities, East USA Anderson England et al., 2001 & Wales (all models assume population constant at year 2000 level) There are no projections for cities in low- or middleincome countries, despite the heavier pollution burdens in these populations. Because transboundary transport of pollutants plays a significant role in determining local to regional air quality, changing patterns of atmospheric circulation at the hemispheric to global level are likely to be just as important as regional patterns for future local air quality.
  • 44. Gapminder - Hans Rosling Japan GAPMINDER WORLD 2012 Israel Mapping the Wealth and Health of Nations Spain South Korea life expectancy in years Rich Sick 70 Micronesia Bangladesh Life Expectancy of the World North Korea Nepal Tajikistan Ghana Kyrgyzstan Laos Philippines 55 Niger Malawi 50 Burundi Mozambique Dem. Rep. Congo Nigeria Cameroon Zambia Sierra Leone 1 000 Afghanistan Lesotho 2 000 Kuwait Colour by region Angola income per person 100 1000 millions 2011 data for all 193 UN Members and for Hong Kong, Kosovo, Palestine, Puerto Rico and Taiwan. Documentation and pdf version for print at: gapminder.org/downloads/world-pdf Botswana Equatorial Guinea Free to copy, share and remix, but attribute to Gapminder Foundation. If you want to see more data visit: www.gapminder.org Chad Central African Rep. Guinea-Bissau 500 South Africa Mali Qatar Brunei United Arab Emirates 3 or 10 less Uganda Guinea Somalia Zimbabwe Congo, Rep. Burkina Benin Faso Cote d'Ivoire Rwanda Luxembourg Size by population Gabon Namibia Mauritania Kenya Togo USA Taiwan Denmark Liechtenstein Kazakhstan Kiribati Timor-Leste Djibouti Liberia Singapore Turkmenistan South Sudan Senegal Tanzania Gambia Bhutan Sudan Ethiopia Russia Ukraine India Comoros 60 Ireland Nauru Tuvalu Papua New Guinea Haiti Indonesia Fiji Mongolia Bolivia Sao Tome and Principe Cambodia Eritrea Iraq Moldova Uzbekistan Yemen Myanmar Norway Sweden Canada China Pakistan 65 Australia Brazil Solomon Islands Madagascar Bosnia and H. Income per Person of the World Poor Puerto Rico Mexico Uruguay Barbados Czech Rep. Poland DominicaCroatia Belize Syria Grenada Serbia Vietnam Slovak Rep. Panama Ecuador Montenegro ArgentinaAntigua Bahamas &Barbuda St.Lucia Macedonia Bahrain Cape St. Kitts Sri Lanka Thailand Libya Palestine Estonia Venezuela Verde & Nevis Tunisia Armenia Seychelles Malaysia Hungary Nicaragua Peru Romania Mauritius Egypt Dom.R. Georgia Jordan Saudi Colombia Turkey Latvia Honduras Oman Iran Paraguay Samoa Jamaica Arabia Lebanon Algeria Lithuania Palau Bulgaria Morocco Tonga El Salvador St.Vincent and G. Vanuatu Guatemala Suriname Belarus Azerbaijan Guyana Trinidad and Tobago Kosovo Maldives Albania Iceland San Marino Hong Andorra Switzerland Kong France Netherlands New Zealand Austria Greece Cyprus UK Germany Chile Portugal Finland Belgium Malta Slovenia Cuba Costa Rica Healthy 75 Italy map layout by Paolo Fausone 80 Monaco Swaziland 5 000 Version 11 September 2012 10 000 20 000 in US Dollars (GDP/capita, PPP$ inflation adjusted, log scale) 50 000
  • 46. Information graphics - visual presentation of E&HH data Evaluation - investigating the effects of visual presentation Common evidence presentation issues - examples
  • 47. ! w.stahl-timmins@exeter.ac.uk ! www.ecehh.org ! blog.willstahl.com ! Twitter: @will_s_t EUROPEAN UNION Investing in Your Future European Regional Development Fund 2007-13 EUROPEAN UNION Investing in Your Future European Regional Development Fund 2007-13