Piloting promotion of low cost sanitary hardware for sustainable disposal of child and animal feces in rural Bangladesh
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WASH 2011 conference: Faruqe Hussain Research Investigator, Program on Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Sciences, ICDDR,B, Bangladesh
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Piloting promotion of low cost sanitary hardware for sustainable disposal of child and animal feces in rural Bangladesh
- 1. Piloting promotion of low cost sanitary hardware for sustainable disposal of child and animal feces in rural Bangladesh Faruqe HUSSAIN Research Investigator Program on Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Sciences ICDDR,B, Bangladesh
- 3. Human feces, including children’s, are the primary source of diarrhea causing organisms
- 4. Animal feces, especially chicken droppings and cow dung, also contain diarrhea causing organisms
- 5. In Bangladesh, children and animals indiscriminately defecate and their feces contaminate the local environment
- 6. There is lack of sanitary facilities in rural household
- 9. Give the community a voice
- 10. Help design a larger intervention or program based on the findings* The Manoff Group
- 12. Design functional and acceptable
- 13. Quick and easy to clean/maintain
- 14. Sustainability of the hardware
- 17. Number of children <3 and domestic animals
- 19. Feces disposal practices (child & animal)
- 20. Latrine type and facility
- 21. Availability and accessibility of water
- 23. Captured initial reactions
- 24. Answered their questions
- 25. Offered choice of potty model
- 26. Counted required no. of potties and sani- scoop and different potty models Introductory group discussion
- 28. Alerted mothers to possible problems occurring during potty-training Hardware distribution Follow up visits
- 30. Problems
- 32. Feces collection and disposal practices
- 34. Other challenges
- 35. Addressed any persistent problems
- 38. Grip
- 39. Removable potRabbit headed Duck headed Chair shaped
- 41. Lifted edges
- 42. Angle
- 43. Weight
- 44. Front edge
- 45. Handle
- 46. ThicknessMen’s agricultural hoe Women’s sani-scoop My daughter says, “My father has one scoop (agricultural hoe) and now I have my own (sani) scoop”.
- 47. Hardware price
- 49. Observation
- 51. Potty introduction process
- 52. Sani-scoop use
- 53. Hardware cleaning and maintenance
- 55. Animal shaped/toy for children
- 56. Child can hold the ear as grip
- 57. Mother can add water to removable pot before child defecates
- 58. Can remove the pot when child uses the potty to sit on or play with
- 60. Barriers to potty use Barriers Solutions Size for too young children Mothers had to hold them Younger children frightened Parents allowed them to play to make the potty familiar Scabies on child’s buttock Initiated potty-training when cured
- 61. Problems with Sani-scoop Handle became faulty Front edge of the plate is thick
- 62. Acceptability
- 64. Removable pot of potty makes it easier to collect and dispose of feces
- 65. Potty can be covered and cleaned easily
- 66. Feces can be carried easily to nearby or distant latrine or pit using both hardware
- 69. Flies land on feces and then on food
- 72. Fewer baths for children
- 73. No need to search for straw or leaves
- 75. Children have less chance to find animal feces to put in mouth
- 76. Courtyard is free from feces
- 80. No (less) feces visible in household and neighbors appreciate
- 81. Children develop ‘good’ habits
- 82. Build new social norms
- 84. Hardware use was not consistent
- 85. Non-health benefits of hardware use can be used to promote sustainable behavior, alongside health related benefits that people mentioned.
- 87. Peter J. Winch
- 88. Elli Leontsini
- 89. Leanne Unicomb
- 90. Dorothy Southern
- 91. Stephen P. Luby
- 92. Gates Foundation
Notas do Editor
- Welcome ! I will be talking about process and share the findings the ‘piloting low cost sanitary hardware and the sustainable child and animal feces disposal behavior among rural communities in Bangladesh’
- Diarrhoea kills a large number of children every year.Human and animal feces are the primary sources of diarrheal pathogens.Like many other countries, children <3 defecates indiscriminately and their feces contaminates the local environment because feces are disposed of unsafe ways. Though mothers use local tools to dispose of feces that does not provide safe disposal facilities.
- Read as it isOur objectives were: To develop a sanitation and hygiene intervention to consistently and effectively remove child and animal feces from the environment. And to assess the feasibility and acceptability of behaviors and enabling hardware to design a larger intervention.
- We used the trial of improved practices methods commonly known as ‘TIPs’. wich is useful to: test the feasibility of hardware or new behavior at small scale. Community gives a voice/get feedback and we hear and count them The findings help to design a larger program and intervention
- The research questions we addressed through the trial are: Whether the hardware was safe to use If the design of the hardware was acceptable, feasible, and sustainable? if the hardware contributes to sustainable safe feces disposal practices.
- We conducted the trial in 3 rural communities with 37 households.Our study populations were mothers of at least one child aged 7-36 months of age.The trial period was 2 months.Why 7-36 months?There are variations among countries and cultures of when to initiate potty-training Suggested age is 17 – 24 months Earlier initiation has better outcome Difficult to break previous habits when older Most children complete potty-training by 27-36 months
- We did a preliminary assessment on sanitation behavior, during the assessment we counted children <3 and animals, decided on household selection.We showed the hardware, offered choices (potty models) and asked them to provide feedback during the introductory group discussion.
- then we distributed hardware and alerted mothers to possible problems occurring during potty-training: fear and constipation We conducted 5 follow up visits to obtain feedback on benefits and challenges
- We were interested to look at the initial problems of using the hardware, the reasons for liking and disliking the hardware in the initial visits. Then we looked at the actual practices with the hardware including perceived barriers and benefits.Lastly we tried to identify any persistent problems need to solve and sought further recommendations
- Theses are our different potty models we described as ‘rabbit headed, duck headed and chair shaped’.The basic differences of the models are in: Shape (animal or object/furniture) Grip and removable pot facility
- ICDDR,B redesigned sani-scoop (in right) has originated from the traditional hoe (in left) and the basic differences between these two device are shown here.
- Range of price of potty models and sani-scoop.Sani-scoop price varies as we made with ICDDR,B color and logo but the households may not need so.
- We used semi-structured interviews, observation and group discussions to collect data.
- Based on the feedback we found that the community preferred the ‘rabbit headed’ potty as best model.It’s durable, toy shaped, convenience to use and dispose of feces and maintain the hardware
- We can see pictures of caring of hardware: potty is being dried in the roof of a kitchen and sani-scoop in a bamboo pole.
- Size of the potty, children's fear at the beginning and scabies on buttock were the only barriers reported by the mothers of the children.
- We found fewer problems with sani-scoop but are managable easily. Household head can fix the handle and thinner plate makes the scoop sharpen and less expensive.
- Both the hardware was acceptable due to its physical structure, useful function and convenience to use.
- Mothers of young children found the hardware enabled them to conveniently collect and dispose of feces. Potty is feasible for its removable pot, lid and cleaning facility.Sani-scoop allows easy and stable carrying.
- The most common cleaning place of hardware
- Health related perceived benefits of the hardware use was that it reduces fecal transmission by flies.
- Non-health related perceived benefits were prominent than the health benefits.The major benefits were the hardware saved time, made the feces collection and disposal easier.Children have less chance to soil them and less chance to find animal feces as mothers scoop feces from courtyard.Regular use of hardware make the courtyard free from feces, foul smell or flies.
- We found some changes in behaviors of children, their mothers and community’s view. Children defecation, feces collection and disposal method has been changed. Now children defecate in potty (a designated place) and mothers collect feces using the hardwarea nd dispose of feces in latrine and specific pits.Community and neighbors now appreciate and encourage the use of hardware as they found the consequences positive.
- After 45 days from the last follow up visit, that is on the 75th day we had a quick visit to the community and found more than 80% household were still using the hardware.
- Caregivers found the hardware acceptable, feasible and beneficial for children and households. But they did not use it consistently.It could be useful to highlighting non-health benefits to promote sanitary hardware and sustainable behavior change.And lastly we found, the size of potty (the model we provided)is unique and remaining challenge.
- We acknowledge a great many people who supported us to conduct the trial in different stages.