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4.1 macro invertebrates as ecological indicators-cn
1.
支持河流健康评估计划发展的一些 技术和背景信息
2.
大型无脊椎动物作为生态指标 • 大型无脊椎动物是最广泛应用的河流健康生物指标 –
在评价水质方面表现不错,特别是重金属、有机污染物 – 取样效率高 – “四海为家” – 类似的种类在世界的不同地方 都存在 • 但是: – 对于水文和物理量形态(地貌)的变化不很敏感 – 无法量化环境“商品和服务”,如渔业产量
3.
两个广义方法 • 多变量方法 –
RIVPACS, AUSRIVAS • 多度量方法 – IBI, SIGNAL
4.
多度量指标 (如 IBI,
SIGNAL) 1. 将描述某一站点大型无脊椎动物种群的构成和耐受 力的一些度量结合起来 2. 单独的或综合的度量得分与类似地理参照点的值相 比较 – 多度量方法取决于可以很好预测的关于不同大型无脊 椎动物分类单元(通常是目/科)相对于干扰梯度的 耐受力模式
5.
多变量指标 (如 RIVPACS,
AUSRIVAS) 1. 使用基于参照点的统计模型来“预测”评估站点的 生物群。 2. 观测值 (O)与预期值 (E)之间的差别 – (O/E) 作为 指标。 – 预测模型代替了使用参照值的本地化 – 初期开发需要大的数据序列,来建立和验证统计模型 – 比多度量方法难于转让
6.
AUSRIVAS (澳大利亚河流评估系统) • 作为覆盖澳大利亚全境的河流健康评估计划
– 将大型无脊椎动物作为指标 – 过很多年的发展 – 投入成百上千万澳元 – 仍在完善中 – 不是每个州都用 – 不是唯一的评估计划
7.
统计模型 Speces occurrence ~
env. Predictor 1 + env. Predictor 2…
8.
衡量损害 • 观测的/预期的度量考虑出现概率大于50%的分类
单元(基于站点的特点) • 这些分类单元观测的/预期的比例用来评估站点 的受损情况
9.
多度量方法(IBI型方法) • SIGNAL: 河流大型无脊椎
动物等级数– 平均水平 • 每一分类单元给予了“敏 感度”得分 (0-10) – 报告某一站点记录的所有分 类单元的平均得分
10.
计算SIGNAL得分需要的信息
11.
方法包括了取样建议
12.
手册介绍了详细的步骤
13.
所有实地评估所提供的详细的数据表
14.
技术细节 相对于 实施 •
澳大利亚使用了“多变量 ”(如 AUSRIVAS) 和 “多度量”打分体系 (如 SIGNAL, B-IBI) – 两种方法对于确定污染地点都很有效。 – 方法仍在完善支柱,尤其是沙漠生物区 每种方法的技术细节很重要,但是如果正确地应 用,两种方法都是有效的
15.
Chessman (2003) 新南威尔士州基础设施规划
和自然资源部 “我们认为,澳大利亚过于依赖生物评估的概念来评价北半球井灌地区的水污染问题。 有效评估人类对于澳大利亚内陆河大型无脊椎动物的影响需要对流量情势有更好的理 解,包括洪水和干旱顺序,微观栖息地的结构以及外来入侵物种。”
16.
减少结果中的差异 –
培训计划 – 人员认证 – 网络培训,数据报告等等 – 每一评估阶段都有质量保证/质量控制
17.
质量保证/质量控制–人员培训 • 现场和实验室的工作人员要接受合
适的培训和考试 • 环保署 (澳大利亚) 存有 20%的大 型无脊椎动物样本,以保证一致性。 • 发展标准操作规程 • 可能需要不同单位之间的协作 – 大 学,研究团体,中央和省级政府
18.
AUSRIVAS: 在线培训和认证
19.
澳大利亚的经验总结 • 河流健康监测和环境流量评估战略花费了很长时间才发
展完善起来 • 澳大利亚:15多年(美国:20多年) – 指标的变化 – 目标和打分体系的完善 • 技术细节很重要 • 培训和质量保证/质量控制对于计划的成功很重 要。
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