2. EMBEX Profile
Training
Embedded Training
VLSI Training
PLC & SCADA
Training
Project Training
Industrial Training
Products
Training Kits
Project
Boards
Development
Kits
Consumer
Products
Services
Circuit Design
PCB Design
Firmware
Development
Embedded
Testing
3. Embedded system
An embedded system is a computer system
designed for specific task .It is a combination of
hardware and software
4. Why a microcontroller ?
A microcontroller is a single silicon chip with
memory and all Input/Output peripherals on it.
Hence a microcontroller is also popularly
known as a single chip computer.
6. Features of microcontroller
Normally, a single microcomputer has the following features :
Arithmetic and logic unit
Memory for storing program
EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage
RAM for storing variables and special function registers
Input/output ports .
Timers and counters
Analog to digital converter Circuits for reset, power up,
serial programming, debugging Instruction decoder and a
timing and control unit Serial communication port
Expanded interrupt handling capabilities
9. KEIL
U.S. company
Keil is first C compiler designed for the 8051.
Convert a High Level Language to object code.
A cross compiler is similar to the compilers but we
write a program for the target processor on the host
processor.
Keil is a German based Software development
company. It provides several development tools like
• IDE (Integrated Development environment)
• Project Manager
• Simulator
• Debugger
• C Cross Compiler , Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker
10. Proteus
Basically a simulation software
Used to check the feasibility of the hardware and software.
In Proteus we design the hardware as per our
requirement and use the software for simulation to obtain
the desired result.
If the simulation doesn't works then we check for
various options which should be used for running the project
properly.
11. Flashmagic
Flash magic is used to burn the program in the
microcontroller using communication kit.
we use the serial cable to burn the program in
microcontroller by setting up specified baud rate.
Baud rate stands for number of bits transferred by
serial cable per second . This serial cable is connected
to controller through a DB9 Connecter.
12. OrCAD
OrCAD is a suite of tools from Cadence for the design
and layout of printed circuit boards (PCBs). We are
currently using version 9.2 of the OrCAD suite.
OrCAD consists of two tools.
1) Capture is used for design entry in schematic form.
2) Layout is a tool for designing the physical layout of
components and circuits on a PCB.
18. ROBOTICS
A Robot is a mechanical
device which performs
automated physical tasks,
either according to direct
human supervision, a pre-
defined program, or a set of
general guidelines using
artificial intelligence
techniques.
19. Introduction:
It is a robot which traces or follows a specific path .The principle
of the line follower is based on sensing the background surface by
making use of IR sensor.
Basically IR sensor takes input by detecting the reflection
of the IR rays from the surface and accordingly gives its output to
the motors. The output of the sensors are not directly fed to the
motors instead a L293D IC is used in between the sensors output
and motors input.
22. IR Sensors:
Sensors are basically electronic devices
which are used to sense the IR changes that occur in their
surroundings. The change may be in color, temperature,
moisture, sound, heat etc. They sense the change and work
accordingly. In IR sensor there is emitter and detector.
Emitter emits the IR rays and detector detects it.
23. LM324
LM324 is a 14pin IC
Four independent op-amps compensated
in a single package.
Compare difference between input terminals.
Operated by a single power supply.
They can be used as amplifiers,
comparators etc.
24. MOTOR DRIVER IC (L293D)
L293D is a 16 pin IC
It is a dual H-bridge motor driver IC.
One H-bridge is capable to drive a dc motor
in bidirection.
L293D IC is a current enhancing IC as the
output from the sensor is not able to drive
motors itself so L293D is used for this
purpose. having two enables pins which
should always be remain high to enable both
the H-bridges.
30. C-code for line follower
#include<reg51.h>
sbit in1=P0^0; // Left Motor
sbit in2=P0^1;
sbit in3=P0^3; // Right Motor
sbit in4=P0^4;
sbit en1=P0^2; // Enable for Left Motor
sbit en2=P0^5; // Enable for Right Motor
sbit t1=P1^0; // Left Sensor
sbit t2=P1^1; // Centre Sensor
sbit t3=P1^2; // Right Sensor
void main()
{
t1=1;
t2=1;
t3=1;
en1=0;
en2=0;
if(t1==1 && t2==0 && t3==1)
{
en1=1; // Left Motor
in1=0;
in2=1;
31. en2=1; // Right Motor
in3=0;
in4=1;
}
if(t1==0)
{
en1=0; // Left Motor
in1=0;
in2=1;
en2=1; // Right Motor
in3=0;
in4=1;
}
if(t3==0)
{
en1=1; // Left Motor
in1=0;
in2=1;
en2=0; // Right Motor
in3=0;
in4=1;
}
}
32. 1) Being on a line…
The simplest case is when both sensors
are above a guideline and a robot
follows it going straight on. Being on line
WORKING
33. 2) Loosing a line…
Approaching a curve, a right sensor
looses contact with a line. The robot
unclutches its left engine, thereby it
begins to turn left to return to the line.
Loosing a line
34. Future scope in
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Due to their compact size, low cost and simple design
aspects embedded systems are very popular into
human lives and have become indispensable. They
are found everywhere from kitchen ware to space
craft.