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Elements of Form
                         Group 4

 the
       Butterfly Effect



Patterns
Patterns
The Wings
   A butterfly wing is made of a
   thin membrane webbed with
veins. Colourful scales cover the
membrane. They strengthen and
             stabilize the wings.

  A butterfly cannot regenerate
 lost scales. If a butterfly loses a
     lot of scales, the underlying
  membrane may become more
   prone to tears, and that could
            affect its ability to fly.
Scales
•   Scales - pigmented with melanins that give them blacks and browns.

•   Blues, greens, reds and iridescence are created by the microstructure of the scale.

•   Scales that comprised them contain photonic crystals whose atoms are spaced so
    precisely that only certain wavelengths of light can pass through.

•   The crystals are also saturated with fluorescent pigments that help them create specific
    wavelengths of light, visible to us as bright colours.

•   Tiny, mirror like structures known as distributed Bragg reflectors reflect this fluorescent
    light as well as all the other light the photonic crystal allows to pass through. The result:
    butterfly wings that transform ordinary sunlight into brilliant greens and blues incredibly
    efficiently.

•   The scales cling somewhat loosely to the wing and come off easily without harming the
    butterfly.
A patch of wing       Scales close up




A single scale    Microstructure of a scale
Polymorphism
•   Many species have developed deceptive appearances to fool would-be predators by
    taking on the look of other unpalatable species.

•   The researchers found that at least 18 genes in a tight area on one chromosome combine
    to create a so-called “supergene” that functions as a single switch to control wing pattern
    mimicking and create as many as seven different appearances.

•   These butterflies are the ‘transformers’ of the insect world, but instead of being able to
    turn from a car into a robot with the flick of a switch, a single genetic switch allows these
    insects to morph into several different mimetic forms.

•   Evolutionary strategy - mechanism for rapidly adaptable change.
Form
Structure

   •   Butterflies are flying insects with two pairs
       of scaly wings and two segmented, clubbed
       antennae.
   •   A three-part body (head, thorax and
       abdomen), 3 pairs of jointed legs,
       compound eyes, and a segmented
       exoskeleton.
Wings
Antennae




Butterflies use their antennae to sense the air for wind and scents.
Stages of development
Eggs
                     Shape : spherical or ovate

Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special
       glue (whose nature is unknown) which
 hardens rapidly. Each species of butterfly has
                      its own host plant range.

The same glue is produced by a pupa to secure
                    the setae of the cremaster.

This glue is so hard that the silk pad, to which
      the setae are glued, cannot be separated.

      The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most
    butterflies but eggs laid close to winter go
    through a diapause (resting) stage, and the
       hatching may take place only in spring.
Larvae & Caterpillars
Almost all of them are herbivorous
and some insect eating.
They mature through a series of
stages called instars.
At the end of each instar, the larva
moults the old cuticle, and the new
cuticle expands, before rapidly
hardening and developing pigment.
Development of butterfly wing
patterns begins by the last larval
instar.
Anatomy: three pairs of true legs
from the thoracic segments and up to
6 pairs of prolegs arising from the
abdominal segments. These prolegs
have rings of tiny hooks called
crochets that help them grip the
substrate.
Dangerous
                      defenses
        Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly
structures that provide protection while others
   are gregarious and form dense aggregations.
 Some species also form associations with ants
                      and gain their protection.
Pupa
• The larva transforms into a pupa (or chrysalis) by anchoring itself to a
  substrate and moulting for the last time.

• They make chrysalis make by secreting silk from 2 glands that are located
  inside of them. This thread will stick together and grow hard when fresh air
  touches them. Is often camouflaged so that predators cannot see them.

• Pupal transformation into a butterfly through metamorphosis inside the
  cocoon : pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of
  nutrients. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed
  from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so
  that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size.
The pupa may be covered in silk and
  attached to many different types of
  debris or may not be covered at all.

The pupa stays attached to the leaf by
  silk spun by the caterpillar before it
        spins the silk for the full pupa.
Wing development
•   Tiny developing wing disks can be found
    when larvae are dissected

•   Increase dramatically in size during the
    last larval instar and begin to develop
    patterns associated with several landmarks
    of the wing.

•   Near pupation, the wings are forced
    outside the epidermis under pressure.
    Initially quite flexible and fragile, by the
    time the pupa breaks free of the larval
    cuticle they have adhered tightly to the
    outer cuticle of the pupa.

•   Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so
    hard and well-joined to the body that
    pupae can be picked up and handled
    without damage to the wings.                   Last instar wing disk
Prepare for take-off




     After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly
    cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly
emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating
   its wings with blood and letting them dry, during
  which time it is extremely vulnerable to predators.
                     Drying takes one to three hours.
Adult or Imago

    The adult, sexually mature,
           stage of the insect.

   The fore and hind wings are
          not hooked together.

            They have six legs.
Flight
•   Flight is driven primarily by action of the forewings.

•   Hind wings are thought to allow them to take swift, tight turns to evade
    predators.

•   In hotter climates butterflies can easily overheat, so they are usually active only
    during the cooler parts of the day, early morning, late afternoon or early
    evening. s to direct sunlight, which rapidly warms their flight muscles.

•   They rely on a variety of techniques, often employed in successive strokes, over
    the course of a flight.

•   These creatures use a number of "unconventional aerodynamic mechanisms” to
    generate force.

•   The butterflies appear to switch effortlessly among these mechanisms from
    stroke to stroke.
In preparation for flight, these cold blooded
 aerial acrobats expose their wings to direct
  sunlight, which rapidly warms their flight
                                     muscles.
Killer colours
         Host plants often have toxic
  substances in them and caterpillars
are able to sequester these substances
 and retain them into the adult stage.
This helps making them unpalatable
   to birds and other predators. Such
     unpalatibility is advertised using
    bright red, orange, black or white
 warning colours. This signal may be
        mimicked by other butterflies
(coevolution of insects and their host
     plants – evolutionary arms race).
Blending Options…
         Camouflage is also important
     defence strategies, which involves
         the use of coloration shape to
           blend into the surrounding
                          environment.
Butterflies2
Deception
Wing markings called eyespots are
present in some species.

It may have an auto-mimicry role –
causing ambush predators such as
spiders to approach from the wrong
end and allow for early visual
detection.

In others, the function may be intra-
species communication, such as
mate attraction.

Or may be an evolutionary anomaly.
Just another leaf…



     Basking is an activity which is
       more common in the cooler
      hours of the morning. Many
   species will orient themselves to
          gather heat from the sun.
A sweet foot
  A butterfly's sense of taste,
    200 times stronger than
   humans is coordinated by
    chemoreceptors on feet,
         which work only on
     contact, and are used to
 determine whether an egg-
laying insect's offspring will
     be able to feed on a leaf
   before eggs are laid on it.
Small Wonders
The exact size, length and weight
of a butterfly generally keeps
differing, but the average size of a
butterfly is anywhere between 0.5
to 1 inches, their length is usually
between 8 to 12 inches and weight
approximately 0.0001 ounce.
Ranju, Rishika, Sachin, Sarayu, Satyan, Shubham, Surbhit, Phalgun, Tigmanshu, Tushar,
                                     Varun, Vikas

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Butterflies2

  • 1. Elements of Form Group 4 the Butterfly Effect Patterns
  • 3. The Wings A butterfly wing is made of a thin membrane webbed with veins. Colourful scales cover the membrane. They strengthen and stabilize the wings. A butterfly cannot regenerate lost scales. If a butterfly loses a lot of scales, the underlying membrane may become more prone to tears, and that could affect its ability to fly.
  • 4. Scales • Scales - pigmented with melanins that give them blacks and browns. • Blues, greens, reds and iridescence are created by the microstructure of the scale. • Scales that comprised them contain photonic crystals whose atoms are spaced so precisely that only certain wavelengths of light can pass through. • The crystals are also saturated with fluorescent pigments that help them create specific wavelengths of light, visible to us as bright colours. • Tiny, mirror like structures known as distributed Bragg reflectors reflect this fluorescent light as well as all the other light the photonic crystal allows to pass through. The result: butterfly wings that transform ordinary sunlight into brilliant greens and blues incredibly efficiently. • The scales cling somewhat loosely to the wing and come off easily without harming the butterfly.
  • 5. A patch of wing Scales close up A single scale Microstructure of a scale
  • 6. Polymorphism • Many species have developed deceptive appearances to fool would-be predators by taking on the look of other unpalatable species. • The researchers found that at least 18 genes in a tight area on one chromosome combine to create a so-called “supergene” that functions as a single switch to control wing pattern mimicking and create as many as seven different appearances. • These butterflies are the ‘transformers’ of the insect world, but instead of being able to turn from a car into a robot with the flick of a switch, a single genetic switch allows these insects to morph into several different mimetic forms. • Evolutionary strategy - mechanism for rapidly adaptable change.
  • 8. Structure • Butterflies are flying insects with two pairs of scaly wings and two segmented, clubbed antennae. • A three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), 3 pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and a segmented exoskeleton.
  • 10. Antennae Butterflies use their antennae to sense the air for wind and scents.
  • 12. Eggs Shape : spherical or ovate Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special glue (whose nature is unknown) which hardens rapidly. Each species of butterfly has its own host plant range. The same glue is produced by a pupa to secure the setae of the cremaster. This glue is so hard that the silk pad, to which the setae are glued, cannot be separated. The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies but eggs laid close to winter go through a diapause (resting) stage, and the hatching may take place only in spring.
  • 13. Larvae & Caterpillars Almost all of them are herbivorous and some insect eating. They mature through a series of stages called instars. At the end of each instar, the larva moults the old cuticle, and the new cuticle expands, before rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar. Anatomy: three pairs of true legs from the thoracic segments and up to 6 pairs of prolegs arising from the abdominal segments. These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that help them grip the substrate.
  • 14. Dangerous defenses Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations. Some species also form associations with ants and gain their protection.
  • 15. Pupa • The larva transforms into a pupa (or chrysalis) by anchoring itself to a substrate and moulting for the last time. • They make chrysalis make by secreting silk from 2 glands that are located inside of them. This thread will stick together and grow hard when fresh air touches them. Is often camouflaged so that predators cannot see them. • Pupal transformation into a butterfly through metamorphosis inside the cocoon : pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of nutrients. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size.
  • 16. The pupa may be covered in silk and attached to many different types of debris or may not be covered at all. The pupa stays attached to the leaf by silk spun by the caterpillar before it spins the silk for the full pupa.
  • 17. Wing development • Tiny developing wing disks can be found when larvae are dissected • Increase dramatically in size during the last larval instar and begin to develop patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing. • Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure. Initially quite flexible and fragile, by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa. • Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings. Last instar wing disk
  • 18. Prepare for take-off After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating its wings with blood and letting them dry, during which time it is extremely vulnerable to predators. Drying takes one to three hours.
  • 19. Adult or Imago The adult, sexually mature, stage of the insect. The fore and hind wings are not hooked together. They have six legs.
  • 20. Flight • Flight is driven primarily by action of the forewings. • Hind wings are thought to allow them to take swift, tight turns to evade predators. • In hotter climates butterflies can easily overheat, so they are usually active only during the cooler parts of the day, early morning, late afternoon or early evening. s to direct sunlight, which rapidly warms their flight muscles. • They rely on a variety of techniques, often employed in successive strokes, over the course of a flight. • These creatures use a number of "unconventional aerodynamic mechanisms” to generate force. • The butterflies appear to switch effortlessly among these mechanisms from stroke to stroke.
  • 21. In preparation for flight, these cold blooded aerial acrobats expose their wings to direct sunlight, which rapidly warms their flight muscles.
  • 22. Killer colours Host plants often have toxic substances in them and caterpillars are able to sequester these substances and retain them into the adult stage. This helps making them unpalatable to birds and other predators. Such unpalatibility is advertised using bright red, orange, black or white warning colours. This signal may be mimicked by other butterflies (coevolution of insects and their host plants – evolutionary arms race).
  • 23. Blending Options… Camouflage is also important defence strategies, which involves the use of coloration shape to blend into the surrounding environment.
  • 25. Deception Wing markings called eyespots are present in some species. It may have an auto-mimicry role – causing ambush predators such as spiders to approach from the wrong end and allow for early visual detection. In others, the function may be intra- species communication, such as mate attraction. Or may be an evolutionary anomaly.
  • 26. Just another leaf… Basking is an activity which is more common in the cooler hours of the morning. Many species will orient themselves to gather heat from the sun.
  • 27. A sweet foot A butterfly's sense of taste, 200 times stronger than humans is coordinated by chemoreceptors on feet, which work only on contact, and are used to determine whether an egg- laying insect's offspring will be able to feed on a leaf before eggs are laid on it.
  • 28. Small Wonders The exact size, length and weight of a butterfly generally keeps differing, but the average size of a butterfly is anywhere between 0.5 to 1 inches, their length is usually between 8 to 12 inches and weight approximately 0.0001 ounce.
  • 29. Ranju, Rishika, Sachin, Sarayu, Satyan, Shubham, Surbhit, Phalgun, Tigmanshu, Tushar, Varun, Vikas