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- 1. Development
Through the Lifespan
Chapter 2
Biological and
Environmental
Foundations
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- 2. Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genotype Phenotype
Genetic make-up Observable
of an individual characteristics of
an individual
Absolute Family
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- 3. Genetic Foundations
Chromosomes –
store and transmit
genetic information
Genes – segments of
DNA located along
the chromosomes
DNA – substance of
which genes and
chromosomes are
made
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- 4. Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex:
Terminology
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are
Autosomes
not sex chromosomes
23rd pair of chromosomes
Sex Determines sex
Chromosomes
XX = female, XY = male
Gametes Sex cells: sperm and ova
Zygote Sperm and ovum united
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- 5. Twins
Fraternal/Dizygotic
two zygotes, or fertilized
ova Corbis Royalty Free
Identical/Monozygotic
one zygote that divides
into two individuals
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- 6. Chromosomal Abnormalities
Down Syndrome
problems with the
twenty-first
chromosome
Sex chromosome
abnormalities © Carlos Santa Maria/Dreamstime.com
problems with the X
or Y chromosomes
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- 7. Reproductive Choices
Genetic counseling
Genetic testing
Prenatal diagnosis
and fetal medicine
Adoption
RubberBall Productions
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- 8. Reproductive Technologies
Donor insemination
In vitro fertilization
Surrogate mother
New technologies
RubberBall Productions
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- 9. Genetic Counseling
Helps couples:
assess chances of hereditary
disorders
choose best course of action
risks
family goals
Recommended when:
couple has had difficulties
aware of genetic problems
woman is over 35
RubberBall Productions
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- 10. Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling
Fetoscopy
Ultrasound
Maternal blood analysis RubberBall Productions
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
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- 12. Adoption
Trends
international adoption
older children
developmental issues
Exhibit some difficulties
Most fare well Stockbyte Royalty Free
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- 13. Environmental Contexts
for Development
Family
Socioeconomic status
and family functioning
Affluence
Poverty
Neighborhoods, towns,
and cities
Cultural context
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- 14. Family Influences
on Development
Direct
two-person relationships
Indirect
third parties
Adapting to change
changes from within
and outside the family RubberBall Productions
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- 15. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Social status
years of education
job prestige and skill
required
Economic status
income
Meetings and Presentations Royalty Free
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- 16. Socioeconomic Status
and Family Functioning
Timing and duration of family life
cycle
Values and expectations
Education, status of women
Communication and discipline
styles
Children’s cognitive Family Life
development
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- 17. Risks of Affluence
Alcohol and drug use
Anxiety
Depression
Unavailable parents
overscheduled
demanding
Modern Teen
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- 18. The Importance of Regularly
Eating Dinner as a Family
Figure 2.6
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- 19. Who Is Poor?
12.5% in United States
parents under age 25 with
young children
elderly living alone,
especially women
ethnic minorities
women
children Senior Lifestyles
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- 20. Homelessness
23% of homeless are families with
children
majority with children under age 5
poor school attendance
health issues
developmental delays
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- 21. Benefits of Strong Community
Ties for Children and Adults
Social interaction, activities
Cooperation to provide clean,
safe environment
Participation in important
tasks
Mutual assistance
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- 22. Extended Families
Three or more generations
living together
More common in many
minority cultures
Benefits
reduces stress of poverty Senior Lifestyles
assistance for all generations
emotional bonds, support
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- 23. Individualist and
Collectivist Societies
Individualist Collectivist
People define People define
themselves as themselves as part
separate from other of a group.
people. Stress group goals
Largely concerned over individual
with personal needs goals.
and goals.
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- 24. Genetic– Environment
Correlation
Passive correlation
Evocative correlation
Active correlation
niche-picking
Absolute Family
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Notas do Editor
- Find pic.
- Figure 2.5
- Figure 2.6