APES Chapter 5

1. 1.25.13
• Test on Tuesday
• Quizlet due Tuesday
• Homework: Read 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

2. Review
• Describe the processes that create a rain shadow
• On a map identify regions of the globe that are affected by
rain shadows
• Explain how abiotic conditions determine the characteristics
of a biome

3. Chapter 5
Evolution of Biodiversity

4. Objectives
• Describe the importance of biodiversity.
• Differentiate between species richness and species
evenness.
• Utilize Shannon’s index to calculate species diversity.

5. Question
• Why does a healthy lawn need 4 types of grass?

6. Levels of Biodiversity
• Does anyone recall the 3
levels of biodiversity?
• Ecosystem
• Species
• Genetic

7. Levels of Biodiversity
• In general, will greater
biodiversity be found on
tended land or untended
land?
• Why?

8. Levels of Biodiversity
• Of the three levels of
biodiversity, which one
ultimately determines the
other two?

9. Richness vs. Evenness
• Why is the number of
species on earth not a
useful indicator of local or
regional diversity?
• Species aren’t distributed
evenly over the face of the
earth.

10. Richness vs. Evenness
• If you had to define
SPECIES RICHNESS vs.
SPECIES EVENNESS, how
would you do it?

11. Richness vs. Evenness
• Richness: The number of
species in a given area
• Gives a sense of the
biodiversity in an area

12. Richness vs. Evenness
• Evenness: Relative
proportions of individuals
within the different species
• Are there equal numbers of
many species?
• Is the area dominated by
one species?

13. Richness vs. Evenness
• High Evenness
• All species have a
relatively equal number of
individuals

14. Richness vs. Evenness
• Low evenness
• One species has many
individuals
• Other species have only a
few

15. Richness vs. Evenness
• Could an ecosystem have
low evenness and still be
rich?
• If two areas have the same
richness ...
• The more even ecosystem
is considered more diverse

16. Shannon’s Index
• Used to calculate the biodiversity present in an area
• H = -∑ pi ln (pi)
• Shannon’s Index = [(% A X (ln % A)) + (% B X (ln % B))]
• Example: 3 Species: Species A 75%, Species B 15%, Species
C 10%
• Calculate the Shannon’s Index for each sample on the next
slide

17. Sample 1 Sample II Sample III
Species A 24 48 24
Species B 20 40 20
Species C 7 14 7
Species D 3 6 3
Species E 3
Species F 1
Index

18. Sample 1 Sample II Sample III
Species A 24 48 24
Species B 20 40 20
Species C 7 14 7
Species D 3 6 3
Species E 3
Species F 1
Index 1.15 1.15 1.36

19. Why is BD Important
• Get out a sheet of paper
• Write a D on the top of
your paper
• Walk around and write
down the names of 3
people

20. Why is BD Important
• Everyone remain standing
• I am the disease
• When your name is called
sit down
• How many are left
standing?

21. Why is BD Important
• 2D
• N - Noble Fir
• C - Western Cedar
• M - Vine maple
• H- Hemlock
• W - Fir
• L - Pine

22. Agenda
• Garbage Patch projects due Tuesday
• Should have completed packet reading
• Completed lab will be due next Friday

23. Reading Quiz
• Name 1 way in which evolution occurs
• How are artificial and natural selection alike, how are they
different?
• How does evolution lead to biodiversity?
• How does geographic isolation lead to reproductive
isolation?

24. Objectives
• calculate diversity values for sampled habitats, using three
indices: species richness, Shannon-Wiener, and Simpson’s
• Explain trade-offs involved in establishing biodiversity
reserves.
• Understand rationales for maintaining biodiversity when
possible.
• Understand subtle differences between the different ways of
measuring and defining biodiversity

25. Berlese Funnels
• What are some possible reasons for low microarthropod
captures?
• How could the experiment be altered to obtain better data?
• Use hand lenses and dissecting scopes to determine if you
have anything in your alcohol

26. Schedule
• Go outside and collect sticky traps
• Come inside and begin to crunch data
• Look at photos from yesterday
• Analyze trap catches and gather data
• Work through Berlese Funnel catches
• Start questions

27. Agenda
• Hope you turned in your garbage patch work
• Chapter 4 and 5 test tomorrow
• Lab due Friday

28. Objectives
• Explain the terms fundamental niche, realized niche, niche
generalist, and niche specialist.
• Relate environmental change to species distribution.
• Compare and contrast major mass extinctions

29. Question
• Is it better to be mediocre at many things or excellent at
one thing?

30. Niches
• How would you define
Range of Tolerance?
• The minimum and
maximum amount of any
factor that an organism
can handle

31. Niches
• Range of Tolerance
• At either end of the
spectrum an organism
may survive but not
thrive.

32. Niches
• Fundamental Niche
• The combination of all
ideal conditions for an
organism
• Determined by abiotic
factors

33. Niches
• How could biotic
conditions limit a species
range or survival?

34. Niches
• Realized Niche
• The combination of biotic
and abiotic conditions
under which an organism
survives
• Once realized niche is
determined distribution
can be understood.

35. Niches
• Some species can thrive
under a wide variety of
environmental conditions.
• Large Realized Niche
• Known as NICHE
GENERALISTS

36. Niches
• Some species can only
thrive only under a very
small set of conditions.
• Small realized niche
• Known as a NICHE
SPECIALIST

37. Niches
• Where do you think
generalists are likely to be
found?
• Specialists?

38. Niches
• We’ve seen that
environmental conditions
determine what lives
where.
• What do you think will
happen if the environment
changes?

39. Climate Change
• Organisms follow the
conditions.
• New areas are colonized by
new species.
• How do you think this
relates to disease
transmission?

40. Climate Change
• Malaria

41. Extinction
• 99% of species that have
ever lived are now extinct?
• How could environmental
change lead to species
extinction?
• No where to go.
• Polar Bears

42. Extinction
• The fossil record shows 5
mass extinctions
• During the last mass
extinction, 65 mya, 50% of
species were killed by a
meteorite impact.

43. Extinction
• We are currently in the
middle of the 6th mass
extinction.
• How do you think this
mass extinction is different
from the others?