MA C H MA N N H E IM i s
a t a c t i c p l a t f o rm t o
n o u r i s h t h e o n g o i n g
p r o c e s s o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n
w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e
c o n v e r s i o n p r o c e s s o f
t h e e x -mi l i t a r y b a s e s i n
Ma n n h e im.
MA C H MA N N H E I M
p r o p o s e s t o e n r i c h t h e
p r o c e s s a s a c o n v e y o r
b e t w e e n t h e p u b l i c
a dmi n i s t r a t i o n , l o c a l
b u s i n e s s e s a n d c i t i z e n s
i n i t i a t i v e s , a n d i n t h e
e n d i n v o l v i n g t h e w h o l e
c i v i l s o c i e t y .
2. MACH
MANN
H E I M
Urban Innovation Platform
Empowering Mannheim’s Citizens
2
3. CONTENT
I. Mach Mann Heim – Introduction p. 4
II. Process of conversion – p. 7
Goals and aims for a new urban
utopia – Theoretical background
Agents p. 9
Resources p. 10
Governances p . 11
III. Urban Innovation Platform – p. 12
Methodologies for an open
participation process
3
Architecture p. 15
Platform p. 18
Urban Participation p. 19
Program p. 22
A d d e d v a l u e – R e t u r n s f o r p. 33
Mannheim
I V. T i m e l i n e p. 38
V . T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Te a m p. 40
VI. Open Glossary p. 46
4. I. mach mann heim
I ntroduction
MACH MANN HEIM is Baracks or other vacant
a tactic platform to spaces in Mannheim.
nourish the ongoing The Platform is the
process of participation digital space where all
within the context of the the actors in Mannheim,
conversion process of the region but also
the ex-military bases in f u r t h e r a w a y, s u c h a s
Mannheim. from other countries
MACH MANN HEIM
proposes to enrich the Why building only
process as a conveyor 1000 ideas when
between the public we could build a
4 administration, local space for all?
businesses and citizens
initiatives, and in the
end involving the whole in Europe can share
c i v i l s o c i e t y. their knowledge,
experiences but also
The proposal foresees build up initiatives
three main components, t o g e t h e r, s e a r c h
operating on three for collaborations,
different levels – the funding and best/worse
Space, the Digital practices.
Platform and the The program will
Program. comprise toolkits to be
The Space is meant used during workshops
to be an open meeting in the Heim or in the
point for the citizens city streets. These will
where they can meet, be co-created by MACH
discuss, work together MANN HEIM in order to
and develop new ideas. foster new participation
This space could be the strategies among multi-
old Casino in the Turley actor meetings.
5. A process beeing
e c o n o m i c a l l y,
socially and
All the environmentally Our goal
components beneficial for is to
are to be create an
seen as part
Mannheim. open and
of the whole inclusive
MACH MANN HEIM process of citizens’
and enriched by the participation – that is
ongoing contributions e c o n o m i c a l l y, s o c i a l l y
all the people involved and environmentally
in the process, in the beneficial for
Conversion Process and Mannheim’s future
in the city of Mannheim. culture – a process
through which thousands
MACH MANN HEIM of citizens could work
finally represents the together to make
future urban community Mannheim the best place
of Mannheim. to be!!!
5
MACH
PUBLIC C I T I Z EN
ADMINISTRA-
MANN I N I T I AT I V E S
TION H E I M
I N I T I AT I V E S
a n d lo c a l
buiss n e s
Konversion Vo l k b a d C r e a t i v e
Department Cluster
Regional p l at f orm program Spinelli Baracks
Cooperation Citizens
Department Association
IHK
Rhein-Neckar University
space
Ve r e i n Z u k u n f t
Metropolregion
MVV
Creative, organizational guidance
of citizen’s empowerment in the
process of conversion.
6. I. mach mann heim
so c i a l f utur e
6 why
A city will be
creative if their
citizens are
creative.
Mannheim is currently strategies – in order to
facing new challenges in condition an innovative
the urban development and responsible
of the future vision of citizenship in Mannheim.
2020. A city will be creative
if their citizens are
The platform proposes creative.
the continuous
attendance of the A participatory process
process – elaborating of involving all agents in
prototypes, testing the most creatives ideas
ideas, evaluating f o r t h e c i t y.
7. I I . c o n v e rsio n pro c e ss
Can we
share citizen
innovation to
all the social,
economical,
enviromental
sustainability
with a Think +
Do tank?
why
The process of M ach M ann H eim
7
conversion in Mannheim connects all existing
is a longtime process initiatives in order
that has recently started. to strengthen the
In this moment it is communication and
crucial to question, creation process –
not only what the city creative clusters, citizen
administration imagines associations, high tech
to happen in the future, industries, open minded
but also to integrate public.
the citizenship into the The platform broadens
design and the actual the process by
development of their introducing an additional
future hometown. “layer” on top of the
current participation in
Thence how can we Mannheim.
constitute an inclusive,
participatory process of
all urban multiplier –
citizens, organizations,
companies and the
territory?
8. I I . c o n v e rsio n pro c e ss
open partcipation process
The platform
establishes a win-
win strategy in the
city development
process.
The Urban Innovation conversion by inducing a
Platform is an open relational collaboration
8 laboratory to create of all agents involved. ho w
and promote urban
innovation. It operates Think and re-think
relational, digitally
and spatially in order MACH MANN HEIM
to establish a win- enables on the one hand
win strategy in the city diverse input from the
development process outside and offers on the
by introducing the other hand the exchange
collaborative focus of ideas and input from
based on common ideas. internal experts.
It understands itself as
a place for the creation P rodu c e a n d
and expansion of new c o - produ c e
urban ideas.
The platform proposes to
K n owl e d g e s h a ri n g build an urban incubator
for innovative, local
The platform intends business. Through this
to discuss and unfold Mannheim can become
conflicts and alliances a city promoting urban
in the process of citizen start-ups.
9. I I . c o n v e rsio n pro c e ss
a g e n ts
ho w 9
MACH MANN HEIM to. An urgent question
aims to include all today is therefor how
the agents into the we can relate to the
detailed definition of other identities. How
the future Mannheim – our communities, our
including a map of all organizations and our
agents and a protocol institutions could build
of urban operations. stronger interrelations.
Nowadays social “city-
scapes” are formed Mapping Mannheim
by hybrid identities, agents is one of the
by us as individuals first steps to create
and also by the n e w, i n n o v a t i v e , u r b a n
communities we belong interrelations.
10. Apart from
monetary
I I . c o n v e rsio n pro c e ss
resources
it tends to
R E S O U R CE S bring together
all kind of
resources.
ho w
10
“Mannheim resources” is it tends to bring together
a step within the holistic the visible and the
strategy with the purpose invisible resources,
to detect all resources such as established
available in the city and knowledge, relational
make them transparent resources, affective and
to the citizens. Apart symbolic resources.
from monetary resources
11. I I . c o n v e rsio n pro c e ss
Gov e r n a n c e
ho w
11
The Urban Innovation The platform widely
Platform questions how analyses not only citizen
to identify and manage innovation, but also
the inter-relational engages with business
procedure within the new innovation and promotes
system of governance. organizational innovation
The laboratory plans to in public administration
test and evaluate new in order to establish a
methods of governance new overall “urban care”.
in relation with the
citizens, the public
institutions and the
private companies.
12. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
12
14. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
P rodu c tio n
within
the city – from
designing urban
voids to situating
institutions in
public space
I n t e r c o n n e c tio n
Transfer by
14 of strengthening ho w
MACH
innovation from MANN the cohesion
the citizen H E I M between citizen
initiatives initiatives, public
to the urban institutions and
space local business.
Cr e a tio n
of
prototypes
for citizens’
empowerment.
15. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
a r c h it e c tur e
A physical, spatial space with a diversity
structure as of utilisation – a space
representation of the where multiple actions
process of Mannheim’s can take place – as for
conversion is suggested example an exibition
in order to display all space - to show the
elaborated and realized process, an atelier - to
projects and activities. further develop ideas,
Further the architectural a “living room”, to
measure is meant to be organise the discussions
a contact point and a and workshops and a
drop-in center „kitchen“,
where citizens An open space a place to
ho w can get any in Mannheim socialise and 15
informations f o r e v e r y b o d y. e x c h a n g e . A
on the process place to think,
of Mannheim’s to produce to
conversion. Located make the information
close to the actual concerning the
conversion area it aims process of conversion
to link the administrative transparent to the
process with the local citizens and to share
citizens. It is a visible knowledge.
point of reference. The character of the
architecture needed is
Through this operation an open physical space
we are seeking to being able to promote
deepen the discussion the “new Mannheim”
with all corporative and to widen the use of
actors and to increase urban spaces.
the qualitative
complexity of the An open space in
process of conversion. M a n n h e i m f o r e v e r y b o d y.
We propose a physical
16. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
16
a kit c h e n
f or p e opl e
to so c i a lis e
17. e x h ibitio n
sp a c e to
s h ow t h e
r e sults o f
t h e pro c e ss
17
a t e li e r f or
a bi g livi n g
worki n g
roo m f or
dis c ussio n s
18. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
pl a t f or m
MACH MANN HEIM We propose a virtual
proposes a digital platform consisting
platform in order to of both, research and
connect all actors of the practice, in the fields
18 conversion process. of urban planning, ho w
Cities as well as whole project development and
regions are nowadays project management,
driven and connected transparency and
by digital networks. participation, social
The ongoing process innovation, crowd-
of strengthening the sourcing, gis, open
urban network between source, web 2.0 and web
Frankfurt and Stuttgart 3.0.
is mostly driven by The platform focuses
the virtual network on linking projects,
between Mannheim and communities,
Heidelberg. The region institutions, universities,
is already “best-practice” clusters, initiatives
in crossing borders and citizens by making
on the communal and actions and discussions
federal level and has transparent. The
just started to cooperate platform serves as a
with other cities and neutral zone and as
regions along the “Blue an open, participative
Banana” on an european area for discussion and
level. reflection.
19. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
U rb a n p a rti c ip a tio n
ho w 19
For future inhabitants
urban New tools and citizens,
participation are needed in consumer and
we recommend order to open p r o d u c e r, u s e r
to develop an the process a n d a c t o r,
experimental of urban needs to be
and innovative shifted. In
planning.
process order to enable
empowering this essential
the citizens in urban shift and to avoid only
decision-making. New strategical development
tools are needed in order or superficial consulting
to open the process we need to shape the
of urban planning and participation process
enable a participative with emphasis on
c o - c r e a t i o n o f t h e c i t y. the empowerment of
The relation between Mannheim’s citizens.
20. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
pro g r a m
20
22. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
P ro g r a m
T oolkit W orks h ops
During the first workshop Workshops will be
customized toolkit organized for citizens,
prototypes were already for local business and
produced and prepared for public administration,
for specific multi- as well as between and
stakeholder meetings. All f o r e a c h o t h e r. F u r t h e r
participants will conduct workshops involving
the activities suggested children and pupils are
in the toolkit creating suggested, integrating
new ideas, refining local businesses in
processes, and finally order to develop a new
22 contributing on diverse p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e c i t y. ho w
levels to the process This means to integrate
of conversion. A toolkit not only parents but
prototype as the result whole families in the
of the “Project Space participation process.
Workshop” is available
on request. The toolkit can
The toolkits will be tailored
be co-created with
representatives of
for specific
the creative class events.
in Mannheim and
will be tailored for All the results of the
specific events of the workshops will be
participation process. exhibited at the Urban
Although the toolkits Innovation Platform or at
will be customized for the prototypes within the
specific events they city showing what people
could be used as well for are working on.
a diversity of occasions
with minor changes.
23. U rb a n protot y p e s An essential goal is to
embrace a multitude of
Urban prototypes the different population
are being co-created groups in Mannheim who
as urban citizen are often excluded of
infrastructures in the the participation process
c i t y, a p p r o p r i a t i n g a n d (because of language,
sustaining public spaces economic resources,
in Mannheim. These minorities etc).
will serve as prototypes Therefor the information
for being tested and will be prepared to
evaluated within the be „accessible“ for
c i t y. T h e p r o t o t y p e s w i l l everyone by using
ho w be used to present the different communication 23
results of the conversion strategies.
process in urban
space. Furthermore,
diverse activities
with participants are
possible on the spot.
An essential goal is to
embrace a multitude of
the different popoulation
groups in Mannheim.
24. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
P ro g r a m
T oolkit
24
28. I I I . r e f ea n nn n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
U rb r e i c e s
P ro g r a m
U rban protot y pe
28
29. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
P ro g r a m
U rban protot y pe
29
30. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
P ro g r a m
U rban protot y pe
30
31. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
P ro g r a m
U rban protot y pe
31
32. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
P ro g r a m
U rban protot y pe
The BMW Guggenheim talents in the areas of
is an excellent urbanism, architecture,
example for a Public- art, design, science,
P r i v a t e - PA r t n e r s h i p t e c h n o l o g y, e d u c a t i o n ,
in combination with a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y, t h e
business integration. It Lab addresses issues of
offers on the one hand contemporary urban life
an urban think tank and through programs and
on the other hand a public discourse. Its goal
c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r. is the exploration of new
32 ho w
In addition the BMW ideas, experimentation,
Guggenheim constitutes and ultimately the
a public gathering space. creation of forward-
thinking visions for city
life.
The „Lab“ is a mobile
laboratory that travels
to cities worldwide.
Led by international,
interdisciplinary
teams of emerging
The goal is the
exploration of new ideas,
experimentation, and
ultimately the creation of
forward-thinking visions
for city life.
33. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
a dd e d v a lu e
Returns for the city metropolitan observatory
where citizens can see
The circularity of the the whole process. City
process makes a win-win will have a program for
s i t u a t i o n f o r e v e r y b o d y. applied innovation also
As a possible returns we in public administration.
can see: Public administration
could convert to a
For the citizens mediator and facilitator
Location-based for citizens that make a
experiences of the more cohesive social city
development of the and a more integrative
citizen science and
ho w and the MACH MANN sustainable 33
collaborative HE I M h a s j u s t social,
network for started !!! economic, and
the expanded environmental
innovative Mannheim.
practices will empower
the citizens’ activity For the local
and make a creative businesses
citizenship. The co- Existing industries (high
responsibility process tech, cars, etc) and local
will develop more businesses could gain
entrepreneurship by the process thanks to
with more resources, an empowered creative
acceleration of citizenship (=new
innovation and relevance ideas for companies),
for Mannheim. Better deals from the
public administration,
For the public connection to other
administration businesses in the
surrounding with whom
Mannheim will have a to collaborate.
34. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
a dd e d v a lu e
34
36. I I I . U rb a n i n n ov a tio n P l a t f or m
W h a t i f. . .
W h at i f w e
st a rt n ow
wit h so m e
pro g r a m
a n d d e v e lop
l at e r a
h olisti c
urb a n
i n n ov a tio n
36 pl a n f or
Mannheim???
w h a t i f w e build
a sp a c e f or
dis c ussio n s ,
works h ops ,
e x h ibitio n s
a n d ot h e r
a c tiviti e s ? ? ?
37. w h a t i f spi n e lli
would h a v e a n
ow n c itiz e n s
l a b , g uidi n g t h e
p a rti c ip a tio n ? ? ?
w h at i f
mannheim
had an
urb a n
i n n ov a tio n
lab
w h at i f e m pow e ri n g
MANNHE I M t h e c itiz e n s
W O uld
c o n tribut e
to t h e MACH
MANN HE I M
propos a l
wit h so m e w h at i f t h e
bud g e t i n t h e c a si n o i n 37
beginning???
t h e turl e y
b a rr a c ks
would
become the
n e w m e e ti n g
w h at i f . . . ? ? ?
poi n t i n t h e
pro c e ss o f
c o n v e rsio n ? ? ?
40. V . MACH MANN HE I M i n t e r n a tio n a l t e a m
superwondergroup
STUDIOD3R
Connection to Jaro Eiermann
creative class in
Mannheim
Expertise of local/
regional dynamics
Local
architects
Share experience
with initiatives in
other cities in
Europe
40 w ho
Innovative citizen
participation
processes in Spain
Know-How
41. Bring European
Network of young
architects/planners
Part of European
creative debate
Share experience
with initiatives in
other cities in
Europe
w ho 41
International
architectural
expertise
42. V . MACH MANN HE I M i n t e r n a tio n a l t e a m
Daniela Patti M.Sc. Arch., doing a postgradual master
is an Italian researcher in the in curating and art education
Central European Institute at the University of Applied
o f Te c h n o l o g y , ( w w w . c e i t . Arts in Vienna. During her
at) in Austria, where she is studies she worked in several
responsible for the Smart City architectural offices and
project implementation and completed internships at
citizen involvement. Wulf&Partners, Otterbeck
She is also Ph.D. candidate Architekten, Stuttgart and
in the TU Wien, Landscape peripheriques architectes,
Dept, Lecturer in the Paris. After gaining a diploma
Università degli Studi Roma degree in architecture at
Tre, Architecture Faculty the University of Stuttgart
and Board Member of the in june 2008 she went to
Wonderland European Beijing for 4 month to work
Architecture Platform, with Synarchitects. Back in
responsible for the Project Germay she startet her work
Space activities. a t A I T / G K T, a n e d i t o r f o r
Wonderland Vienna architectural publications.
42 Partner at superwondergroup w ho
Esaú Acosta Pérez Co- Mannheim.
founder de VIC-Vivero
de iniciativasciudadanas Jaro Eiermann is studying
and partner de estudio Architecture at the Karlsruhe
S I C - e s t u d i o FA M ( 2 0 0 3 ) . I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y . H e
Architect for the ETSAM, is also currently working on
UPM en 2004. Sociologist by a transdisciniplinary project
UNED (2008). Máster en „Quartier Zukunft“ at the
Advanced architetcural I n s t i t u t e f o r Te c h n o l o g i c a l
projects 2012 by ETSAM Impact Assessment and
o n c r i t i t i c i s m a n d t h e o r y. System Analysis. His interest
Assitant professor on lies in the virtual domain
Carmen Espegel head of within the contemporary city
department (2010-2012)He is development. Furthermore he
a known lecturer national and is engaged in activities and
international and his work is initiatives between Karlsruhe,
also publicated all over the Mannheim and beyond.
world.
Leo Grosswendt Dipl.-Ing.
Franziska Bettac (Uni) studied architecture at
Dipl.-Ing.(Uni) studied the University of Stuttgart
architecture at the University and the State Academy of Art
of Stuttgart and the EALR and Design, Stuttgart.
M o n t p e l l i e r. S h e i s c u r r e n t l y During his studies he worked
43. in several architectural Radostina Radulova Dipl.-
offices such as Zach Zünd Ing.(Uni) studied at the
Architekten Zürich, m.b.a./s. Karlsruhe Institute of
and BlocherBlocher- Partners Te c h n o l o g y ( K I T ) a n d t h e
Stuttgart. He received Complutense University
a scholarship from the (ETSAM), Madrid. She
arkelstiftung and graduated received an honours grade
with a diploma degree in Architecture from the KIT
in architecture from the and got a Degree from the
University of Stuttgart. He Center of Applied Cultural
works also in the field of Studies, Karlsruhe. After
theater and performance. having worked for several
In collaboration with artists international offices, such
f r o m AT W G i e ß e n , s e v e r a l as Atelier JEAN NOUVEL in
performances/installations Paris, KOOPX in Shanghai
were set in scene. Partner and VONM in Stuttgart
at superwondergroup she is now doing a PhD at
Mannheim. the Karlsruhe Institute of
Te c h n o l o g y ( K I T ) i n t h e
Mauro Gil-Fournier Esquerra Chair for Urban Design
Co-founder of VIC-Vivero and Planning. Partner at
de iniciativas ciudadanas STUDIOD3R Mannheim.
and partner of estudio SIC -
e s t u d i o FA M ( 2 0 0 3 ) . A r c h i t e c t Wulf Kramer Dipl.-Ing.
for the ETSAM, UPM in (Uni) studied architecture at
w ho 2004. Advanced studies of the University of Stuttgart,
43
a r c h i t e c t u r a l p r o j e c t ( 2 0 11 ) the State Academy of Art
on ETSAM Madrid where is and Design, Stuttgart and
teaching on Frechilla-Pelaez the TU Delft. During his
head of department 2010- studies he worked in several
2 0 11 . A c t u a l l y h e i s P h D architectural offices. Amongst
c a n d i d a t e o n t h i s u n i v e r s i t y. others at Behnisch
He is a known lecturer Architects Stuttgart and
national and international and m . b . a / s . I n J u n e 2 0 11 h e
his work is also publicated all received the diploma price
over the world. of the University of Stuttgart
for his thesis „Il faut être
Miguel Jaenicke Fontao absolument moderne“. Partner
Co-founder de VIC-Vivero at superwondergroup
de iniciativas ciudadanas Mannheim.
nd partner of estudio
S I C - e s t u d i o FA M ( 2 0 0 9 ) . Further participants
Architect by ETSAM, UPM
(2004). Advanced studies Anna Lugbauer
d e g r e e ( 2 0 11 ) b y E T S A M . Luc Knödler
(2009). PhD Candidate on Shirley Hottier
Planed and sustainable
territitory Master by UNAM
(20120) He is finishing
Phylosopy by UNED (2012).
44. citizens responsibl
mapping consumptio
collective
New consumption
mobile
concepts Digital
facilities
f or the density
mach mann
heim
urban technology
s y stem consumptio
free
internet
access Peer-to-Peer creative
(P2P) gastronomy
Connection
open
source urba
software countertr
bottom-up
participatory social learning
44
household and
budget
politics
education
Peer-to-Peer open source and
(P2P) data trannsparency
journalism
commons knowledge
exchange
micro
ruralization
environment
timebank a
service e
ecological
seed banks
fabrication and
production
e
recycling
and Permaculture
self-construction
45. sible car-
urban bike
ption sharing
systems
Bank of
comestible car-
goods and pedestrian pooling
spillover areas
mobility car-freedom
ption shared
housing and
leisure
an
rtrade
urban voids
walls
urban
collective
gardening
library
public
creation appropriation open culture
of new
greeneries
micro urbanism Culture
promenades 45
and sceneries cultural
micro-spaces
empowerment
co-housing book-
streetart crossing
visualization
playgrounds
decontrol of self-
ro-financing speculative organization
economies
society do it yourself
economy do it together
Do It With Others
and social
exchange
emotional
inteligence
responsible health and
economy slow living
ethical banking
culture
systems
shared services
co-working
46. V I . O p e n g loss a r y
O p e n S pa c e
Open Space is a place
where people can work
together based on di-
alog and relationship
with others. A space
for learning by doing.
It´s a catalytic conver-
ter of ideas to projects
and to create many di-
verse ideas.
46
47. U rb a n
e m pow e r m e n t U rb a n c itiz e n st a rtup
Urban empowerment Urban citizen start-ups
process to increase mean human organizations
the citizens‘ capability that design services and
in urban planing deci- products in extremely uncer-
sion making and a city tainty conditions. They have
design for driving po- great adaptation capacity
sitive changes of the for change and operate with
places they inhabit. minimum cost. The start ups
are used to develop tech-
nological projects but they
are easily transfered to the
urban and collective citizen
innovative actions. The ur-
ban citizen start-ups increa-
se the social riches through
empowered participation and
it does not only refer to pro-
duce consume.
47
Corr e spo n s a bilit y
Corresponsability equal
involvement with sharing
responsability process
in a collaborative way
involving institutions,
companies, organisa-
tions and individuals
and developing educa-
tional policies about the
urban.
48. MACH
MANN
H E I M
48 The way into Mannheim‘s new future!
49. Co n t a c t
Dipl.-Ing. Wulf Kramer
TEL
0621 - 39 18 17 23
m obil e
0176 - 3854 1956
EMA I L
wulf@superwondergroup.com
ADDRESS
Mittelstraße 42 49
D-68169 Mannheim