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History of human civilization
Contents
 What is civilization?
 Mesopotamia; cradle of civilization
 Ancient Rome civilization
 Civilization across Indus river
 Most terrifying civilizations of the
  world
What is civilization?
   The word "civilization"
    comes from the Latin
    word. To be "civilized"
    essentially meant
    being a
    townsman, governed
    by the constitution
    and legal statutes of
    that community
Definition of civilization
   Civilization is defined as: highly
    organized society marked by
    advanced knowledge of
    trade, government, arts, science
    and often time written language
Features of Civilization
 1.)   cities
 2.)   well-organized central governments
 3.)   complex religion
 4.)   job specialization
 5.)   social classes
 6.)   arts and architecture
 7.)   public works
 8.)   writing
Mesopotamia:
   “The Cradle of
Civilization”
Earliest Civilization




   Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means “between the
   rivers”,
   specifically, the area between the Tigris River and
    Euphrates River (present day Iraq)
   Lasted for approximately 3000 years
History of human civilization
History of human civilization
Geographic Conditions


   Little rainfall

   Hot and dry climate

   Arid soil containing little minerals

   No stone or timber resources
History of Mesopotamia
 Over the centuries, many different
  people lived in this area creating a
  collection of independent states
 Sumer- southern part (3500-2000
  BCE)
 Akkad- northern part (2340 – 2180
  BCE)
 Babylonia- these two regions were
  unified (1830-1500 BCE and 650-
  500 BCE)
Religion
                                           Position of King was
                                            enhanced and supported by
                                            religion

gods were worshipped
at huge temples called                     Belief that gods lived on the
ziggurats                                   distant mountaintops

Polytheistic religion consisting          Each god had control of
of over 3600 gods and                       certain things and each city
demigods                                    was ruled by a different god

Prominent Mesopotamian gods                Kings and priests acted as
Enlil (supreme god & god of air)
                                            interpreters as they told the
                                            people what the god wanted
Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life)       them to do (ie. by
An (god of heaven)                         examining the liver or lungs
Enki (god of water & underworld)           of a slain sheep)
Shamash (god of sun and giver of
law)
Ziggurats
                    Large temples
                     dedicated to the god of
                     the city
                    Temple on top served
                     as the god‟s home and
                     was beautifully
                     decorated
Ziggurat of Ur -
                    Inside was a room for
2000BCE              offerings of food and
                     goods


                      Famous ziggurat was
                       Tower of Babel (over
                       100m above ground
                       and 91m base)
Ziggurats
States  included in
Mesopotamian
civilization
Sumerians
   social, economic and intellectual basis
   Irrigated fields and produced 3 main
    crops (barley, dates and sesame seeds)
   built canals, dikes, dams and drainage systems
   develop cuneiform writing
   invented the wheel
   Abundance of food led to steady increase of population
    (farm, towns, cities)
   first city of the world
   Developed a trade system with bartering: mainly
    barley but also wool and cloth for
    stone, metals, timber, copper, pearls and ivory
   Individuals could only rent land from priests (who
    controlled land on behalf of gods); most of profits of
    trade went to temple

   However, the Sumerians were not successful in uniting
    lower Mesopotamia
Akkadians
   Leader: Sargon the Great
   Sargon unified lower Mesopotamia (after conquering
    Sumerians in 2331 BCE)
   Established capital at Akkad
   Spread Mesopotamian culture
   However, short-lived dynasty as Akkadians were
    conquered by the invading barbarians by 2200 BCE
Babylonians                           KING HAMMURABI’S BABLYON

                                       (6th Amorite king) who
                                        conquered Akkad and Assyria
                                        (north and south)
                                       He build new walls to protect
                                        the city and new canals and
                                        dikes to improve crops
                                       Economy based on
                                        agriculture and wool / cloth
                                       individuals could own land
                                        around cities

                                         Hammurabi’s Legacy: law
                                          code

 • Babylonians reunited Mesopotamia
 in 1830 BCE

 • central location dominated trade
 and secured control

 • YET AGAIN, Mesopotamia was not
 unified for long…
Development
    Of
 WRITING
Development of Writing




 Pictograms: picture to show meaning
 Ideograms: signs to represent words /
  ideas
 Phonetics: signs to represent sounds

*Phonetics are the basis of most writing
  systems
Interesting Facts!
 Mesopotamia, specifically Babylon
  used a mathematical system based
  on sixty as all their numbers were
  expressed as parts of or multiples of
  sixty
 Some parts of the „base-sixty‟ system
  still remain today: 360 degrees in a
  circle, 60 seconds in a minute and 60
  minutes in 1 hour
Women in Mesopotamia
Rules for Women
   During the earliest period, the Sumerian women
    enjoyed the greatest social and sexual
    freedom, although their strongest and most
    respected positions were within the temple, as
    priestesses, caretakers.. Such sexual freedom
    did not extend throughout the society. Adultery
    was punishable by death and a woman's social
    "value" was based on the number of her
    children.
Legacies of Mesopotamia
 Revolutionary innovations emerged in
   Mesopotamia such as:
  codified laws
  ziggurats
  Irrigation
  Metal working, tools
  Trade
  transportation
  wheel
  Writing
  mathematics
  prosperous living based on large scale
   agriculture
History of human civilization
The ancient Roman civilization
developed:


 A written language
 A system of government
 Advances in arts and sciences
 A common culture
Physical Characteristics
Ancient Rome was….

 Next to the Mediterranean Sea
 It covered parts of Europe, Asia
  and Africa
 A peninsula
 Rocky and mountainous
 Built on hills
 Next to the Tiber River
Representative Democracy
 Citizens (wealthy men) voted for
  representatives to make laws for
  them.
 Laws applied to everyone.



We use a representative
 democracy in America today!
Adaptations to the Environment

     Ancient Romans adapted to their
            mountainous land by

1.   Growing olives and grapes
2.   Having small farms on terraced hillsides
3.   Trading on the Mediterranean Sea
Jobs of the Romans

                Farmers

           Road builders

                Traders
Architecture
           Romans used
             arches
in buildings, bridges and aqueducts.
Aqueducts        were
designed to pump water in to
the city. The water was used
for humans and for irrigation.
Road Building
 The Romans created a network of
  paved highways. This joined the
    empire together and allowed
  soldiers to move swiftly from one
           area to another.
Roman Art
       Roman artists created:
             Pottery
             Jewelry
              Tools


  Mosaics were a special art form that used
            small pieces of tile, glass or stone.
Religion
 The Romans began by worshipping
  different gods and goddesses (like
      the Greeks), but eventually
          become Christians.
Ancient Romans also….

   Changed our calendar to 365 days
    and named the months

   Gave us 1/3 of our English language

   Used Roman numerals that we still
    see today on clocks, watches, and in
    books
        I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
The People of Ancient Rome



 Men were citizens
 Women were caretakers
 Boys were educated
 Girls learned handicrafts
Civilization across
    Indus river
The Harappan Civilization




       3300 BCE - 2400 BCE
Indus Civilization
      Map
Geographical
    conditions
 Flat plain formed by two
  rivers – the Indus and the
  Ganges
 Natural barriers of the
  Himalayas and the Hindu
  Kush mountains offered
  protection (Except Khyber
  and Bolan Pass)
 Seasonal winds called
  monsoons
 Unpredictable floods, Wet
  and Dry Seasons
Mohenjo-Daro
               Map




True or False: Mohenjo-Daro had a sophisticated water and sewage
                             system.
Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro
Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro
The Great Bath,
 Mohenjo-Daro
Bath Area, Mohenjo-Daro
Well, Mohenjo-Daro
A Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro
Granery, Mohenjo-Daro
pottery, Mohenjo-Daro
A Male Head, Mohenjo-Daro




        Dravidian
A Priest-King, Mohenjo-Daro
Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro
Public Well, Harappa
Drain, Harappa
Female Figures,
   Harappa
Burial Pottery, Harappa
Male Skeleton, Harappa
Female Skeleton with
   Child, Harappa
Harappan Writing




  Undecipherable to date.
Sanskrit
 writing
The
Caste                       Brahmins


System         Kshatriyas
 WHO IS…
 The mouth?
 The arms?                      Vaishyas

 The legs?
 The feet?
                       Shudras
What is a JATI?
History of human civilization
The Celts
They fought
battles and
came back by
collecting
hundred of
heads. They
bring them
home and
decorate
there houses
with them.
The reason for
all of these
head-chopping
was that the
Celts believed
that the head
held the
soul, and so if
you cut a dead
guy's head off
before all of
that juicy soul
leaked out of it.
The Celts
would
sometimes
paint
themselves
blue and
fight
completely
naked.
The Aztecs
The Aztecs
believed that
for every 52
years that
passed, the
world would
end unless the
gods were
strong enough.
And they
believe the best
way to toughen
up a god is with
a constant
human sacrifice
Most of the
sacrificing went
towards keeping
their Sun god
happy, and it took
place on top of giant
pyramid, so at least
the view was
probably pretty
good. Then they hold
a man and take out
his heart (which was
likely still beating).
Then, as if things
couldn't get any
worse, they'd throw
him down the
staircase.
The
 Spartans
They
were
very
cruel, th
ey don’t
hesitate
to kill a
person.
First they would
bathe the newborn
baby in wine, to
see if it was strong
enough to survive
and after that they
toss all imperfect
babies off the
cliff, letting them
splatter on the
rocks below.
Every single
  Spartan male
  was a soldier.
 Every other job
   was done by
  slaves. A man
didn't even get a
headstone when
    he died, he
didn't deserve it.
      The only
  Spartans who
    got marked
headstones were
  the ones who
       died in
  battle, during
  victory. And if
  you lost your
   shield during
 battle, you got
     the death
      penalty
There was an
occasion
every year
upon which
the young
Spartan men
were
encouraged to
sneak around
and murder as
many slaves
as they
could, without
having to feel
bad about it.
The Mongols
It is
estimated
that the
Mongols--
under
Genghis Khan
and others--
killed 40
million people
With swords.
See this
stadium? That's
100,000 people
there.
Now imagine
400 of those
stadiums, each
full of people.
During an
invasion of
India, a
Mongolian
general built
a pyramid in
front of the
walls of
Delhi out of
human
heads.

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History of human civilization

  • 2. Contents  What is civilization?  Mesopotamia; cradle of civilization  Ancient Rome civilization  Civilization across Indus river  Most terrifying civilizations of the world
  • 3. What is civilization?  The word "civilization" comes from the Latin word. To be "civilized" essentially meant being a townsman, governed by the constitution and legal statutes of that community
  • 4. Definition of civilization  Civilization is defined as: highly organized society marked by advanced knowledge of trade, government, arts, science and often time written language
  • 5. Features of Civilization  1.) cities  2.) well-organized central governments  3.) complex religion  4.) job specialization  5.) social classes  6.) arts and architecture  7.) public works  8.) writing
  • 6. Mesopotamia: “The Cradle of Civilization”
  • 7. Earliest Civilization  Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means “between the  rivers”,  specifically, the area between the Tigris River and  Euphrates River (present day Iraq)  Lasted for approximately 3000 years
  • 10. Geographic Conditions  Little rainfall  Hot and dry climate  Arid soil containing little minerals  No stone or timber resources
  • 11. History of Mesopotamia  Over the centuries, many different people lived in this area creating a collection of independent states  Sumer- southern part (3500-2000 BCE)  Akkad- northern part (2340 – 2180 BCE)  Babylonia- these two regions were unified (1830-1500 BCE and 650- 500 BCE)
  • 12. Religion  Position of King was enhanced and supported by religion gods were worshipped at huge temples called  Belief that gods lived on the ziggurats distant mountaintops Polytheistic religion consisting  Each god had control of of over 3600 gods and certain things and each city demigods was ruled by a different god Prominent Mesopotamian gods  Kings and priests acted as Enlil (supreme god & god of air) interpreters as they told the people what the god wanted Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life) them to do (ie. by An (god of heaven) examining the liver or lungs Enki (god of water & underworld) of a slain sheep) Shamash (god of sun and giver of law)
  • 13. Ziggurats  Large temples dedicated to the god of the city  Temple on top served as the god‟s home and was beautifully decorated Ziggurat of Ur -  Inside was a room for 2000BCE offerings of food and goods  Famous ziggurat was Tower of Babel (over 100m above ground and 91m base)
  • 15. States included in Mesopotamian civilization
  • 16. Sumerians  social, economic and intellectual basis  Irrigated fields and produced 3 main crops (barley, dates and sesame seeds)  built canals, dikes, dams and drainage systems  develop cuneiform writing  invented the wheel  Abundance of food led to steady increase of population (farm, towns, cities)  first city of the world  Developed a trade system with bartering: mainly barley but also wool and cloth for stone, metals, timber, copper, pearls and ivory  Individuals could only rent land from priests (who controlled land on behalf of gods); most of profits of trade went to temple  However, the Sumerians were not successful in uniting lower Mesopotamia
  • 17. Akkadians  Leader: Sargon the Great  Sargon unified lower Mesopotamia (after conquering Sumerians in 2331 BCE)  Established capital at Akkad  Spread Mesopotamian culture  However, short-lived dynasty as Akkadians were conquered by the invading barbarians by 2200 BCE
  • 18. Babylonians KING HAMMURABI’S BABLYON  (6th Amorite king) who conquered Akkad and Assyria (north and south)  He build new walls to protect the city and new canals and dikes to improve crops  Economy based on agriculture and wool / cloth  individuals could own land around cities  Hammurabi’s Legacy: law code • Babylonians reunited Mesopotamia in 1830 BCE • central location dominated trade and secured control • YET AGAIN, Mesopotamia was not unified for long…
  • 19. Development Of WRITING
  • 20. Development of Writing  Pictograms: picture to show meaning  Ideograms: signs to represent words / ideas  Phonetics: signs to represent sounds *Phonetics are the basis of most writing systems
  • 21. Interesting Facts!  Mesopotamia, specifically Babylon used a mathematical system based on sixty as all their numbers were expressed as parts of or multiples of sixty  Some parts of the „base-sixty‟ system still remain today: 360 degrees in a circle, 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in 1 hour
  • 23. Rules for Women  During the earliest period, the Sumerian women enjoyed the greatest social and sexual freedom, although their strongest and most respected positions were within the temple, as priestesses, caretakers.. Such sexual freedom did not extend throughout the society. Adultery was punishable by death and a woman's social "value" was based on the number of her children.
  • 24. Legacies of Mesopotamia Revolutionary innovations emerged in Mesopotamia such as:  codified laws  ziggurats  Irrigation  Metal working, tools  Trade  transportation  wheel  Writing  mathematics  prosperous living based on large scale agriculture
  • 26. The ancient Roman civilization developed:  A written language  A system of government  Advances in arts and sciences  A common culture
  • 27. Physical Characteristics Ancient Rome was….  Next to the Mediterranean Sea  It covered parts of Europe, Asia and Africa  A peninsula  Rocky and mountainous  Built on hills  Next to the Tiber River
  • 28. Representative Democracy  Citizens (wealthy men) voted for representatives to make laws for them.  Laws applied to everyone. We use a representative democracy in America today!
  • 29. Adaptations to the Environment Ancient Romans adapted to their mountainous land by 1. Growing olives and grapes 2. Having small farms on terraced hillsides 3. Trading on the Mediterranean Sea
  • 30. Jobs of the Romans  Farmers  Road builders  Traders
  • 31. Architecture Romans used arches in buildings, bridges and aqueducts.
  • 32. Aqueducts were designed to pump water in to the city. The water was used for humans and for irrigation.
  • 33. Road Building The Romans created a network of paved highways. This joined the empire together and allowed soldiers to move swiftly from one area to another.
  • 34. Roman Art Roman artists created: Pottery Jewelry Tools Mosaics were a special art form that used small pieces of tile, glass or stone.
  • 35. Religion The Romans began by worshipping different gods and goddesses (like the Greeks), but eventually become Christians.
  • 36. Ancient Romans also….  Changed our calendar to 365 days and named the months  Gave us 1/3 of our English language  Used Roman numerals that we still see today on clocks, watches, and in books I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
  • 37. The People of Ancient Rome  Men were citizens  Women were caretakers  Boys were educated  Girls learned handicrafts
  • 38. Civilization across Indus river
  • 39. The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE
  • 41. Geographical conditions  Flat plain formed by two rivers – the Indus and the Ganges  Natural barriers of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountains offered protection (Except Khyber and Bolan Pass)  Seasonal winds called monsoons  Unpredictable floods, Wet and Dry Seasons
  • 42. Mohenjo-Daro Map True or False: Mohenjo-Daro had a sophisticated water and sewage system.
  • 43. Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro
  • 45. The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro
  • 48. A Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro
  • 51. A Male Head, Mohenjo-Daro Dravidian
  • 56. Female Figures, Harappa
  • 59. Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa
  • 60. Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.
  • 62. The Caste Brahmins System Kshatriyas WHO IS…  The mouth?  The arms? Vaishyas  The legs?  The feet? Shudras What is a JATI?
  • 65. They fought battles and came back by collecting hundred of heads. They bring them home and decorate there houses with them.
  • 66. The reason for all of these head-chopping was that the Celts believed that the head held the soul, and so if you cut a dead guy's head off before all of that juicy soul leaked out of it.
  • 69. The Aztecs believed that for every 52 years that passed, the world would end unless the gods were strong enough. And they believe the best way to toughen up a god is with a constant human sacrifice
  • 70. Most of the sacrificing went towards keeping their Sun god happy, and it took place on top of giant pyramid, so at least the view was probably pretty good. Then they hold a man and take out his heart (which was likely still beating). Then, as if things couldn't get any worse, they'd throw him down the staircase.
  • 73. First they would bathe the newborn baby in wine, to see if it was strong enough to survive and after that they toss all imperfect babies off the cliff, letting them splatter on the rocks below.
  • 74. Every single Spartan male was a soldier. Every other job was done by slaves. A man didn't even get a headstone when he died, he didn't deserve it. The only Spartans who got marked headstones were the ones who died in battle, during victory. And if you lost your shield during battle, you got the death penalty
  • 75. There was an occasion every year upon which the young Spartan men were encouraged to sneak around and murder as many slaves as they could, without having to feel bad about it.
  • 77. It is estimated that the Mongols-- under Genghis Khan and others-- killed 40 million people With swords.
  • 78. See this stadium? That's 100,000 people there. Now imagine 400 of those stadiums, each full of people.
  • 79. During an invasion of India, a Mongolian general built a pyramid in front of the walls of Delhi out of human heads.