1. E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

2. CONTENT
Introduction
• Motive
• Theoretical framework
• Context: Haiti
• Research question
• Delineation
• Method
Research
• Climate analysis
• Haitian architecture
• Sustainable building materials
• Fieldwork Haiti
• Proposed final result
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

3. MOTIVE INTRODUCTION
Ecological footprint building
Pressure on natural environment
• (Nonrenewable) Natural resources are being depleted
• Sustainability is a popular word
• Measuring sustainability
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

4. MOTIVE INTRODUCTION
Ecological footprint building
Pressure on natural environment
• Renewable forms of energy are widely available
• Pressure by materials and the indoor environment becomes largest
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

5. MOTIVE INTRODUCTION
January 12th 2010
Léogâne a 7.0 M Earthquake
• An estimated 220.000 casualties
• 1.000.000 homeless
• 250.000 buildings severely damaged
> A high need for resilient housing
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

6. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION
Post-disaster development
Resilience Urban Metabolism
Vulnerability Material flow analysis
Bioclimatic design
The objective is through sustainable use of materials in a bioclimatic and resilient (natural hazards) design, where passive thermal strate-
gies are used, to achieve a higher level of urban resilience in the post-disaster development process.
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION
Urban metabolism
• Cities
• Analyses flows of input and output of energy and ma-
terials
Objective: to reduce the city’s use of natural resources
and production of wastes while simultaneously improv-
ing its livability
Extended metabolism model of human settlement
Source: Newman, 1999
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

8. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION
Bioclimatic design
Architecture Architecture
Biology Biology
Technology
Building Climate Technology
Climate context
Climate responsive design Bioclimatic design
Source: Hyde, 2000
Architecture
• Focuses on the synthesis and the selection of cli-Biology • Starts with an analysis of the climate and then
mate responsive strategies to meet design objectives move to design synthesis
Design > Look for suitable climate strategy Climate analysis > Design
Climate Technology
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | JuneBuilding | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti
17th 2011
context

9. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION
Resilience Natural environment
The capability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from significant multi-hazard threats with
Spatially varied, with unequal distribution
minimum damage to public safety and health, the economy, and security. of opportunities and hazards
Source:Wilbanks (2007)
Opportunities, Hazards affecting
locations and human activities
resources for e.g. floods, drought,
human activities, earthquakes,
• Measured by community vulnerability e.g. agricultural hurricanes,
• Disaster risk R: land, water, miner-
als, energy sources,
volcanic eruptions,
diseases
sites for construc-
tion, places to live
RaH= HaH x Ea x VaH Source: Unesco and work
H = type of risk (man-made, natural)
a = geographic area affected by ‘h’ Social processes determine unequal access to
opportunities and unequal exposure to
E = exposure, number of people in ‘a’ hazards
V = vulnerability, ability to cope with ‘h’ in ‘a’
Class - Gender - Ethnicity - Age group -
• A tool to visualize risks is GIS (Geospatial Information System) Disability - Immigration status
Social systems and power relations
Social causation of disasters Political and economic systems at national and
international scales
Source:Wisner, 2003
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

10. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION
Post-disaster development
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Emergency relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction
0-6 months 6 months-2 years 5 years
Saves lives by: Providing essential ser- Objective is to build a
• deliver food and clean vices by analysing the safer and sustainable
water needs. lifelihood.
• improve sanitation • social and other infra-
• provide medical atten- structures are restored
tion and shelter • economy is revitalized
• prevent or minimize • clearance of debris
outbreaks of diseases
• support livelihoods
through cash-for-work
programs
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

11. HAITI INTRODUCTION
Population
• Country: 9.719.932 (July 2011 est.)
• Port-au-Prince: 2.143 million
(2010)
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

12. HAITI INTRODUCTION
Problems Haiti
Severely affected by outside influences and interests.
Scale
Ecological
• Deforestation, loss of biodiversity National
• Floodings, soil erosion, loss of fertile ground National/regional
Public safety and health
• Lack of clean water National
• Indecisive government National
• Low life expectancy
(women 55 years, men 53 years)
• Lack of resilient housing City/neighbourhood
Economical
• Poorest counrty in Western hemisphere
• High unemployment rates National
• Dependent on import of resources National
• 78% of Haitians live on less than $2/day
• Adult illiteracy is about 38%
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

13. RESEARCH QUESTION INTRODUCTION
In the context of urbanized Haiti, can locally available building materials in combination with passive thermal strate-
gies provide in a comfortable and resilient community?
Sub-questions:
• Which building materials, in the categories reusable, renewable, recyclable and biodegradable, are locally available or can be produced?
• Which passive thermal strategies are suitable for the urban setting (high density) in both the design of the neighbourhood and the house?
• Which natural hazards combined with the contextual cause a high risk?
• How can the design be resilient to natural hazards?
• Which construction joints can be made with sustainable materials?
Objectives: Scale
• Create employment/entrepreneurship National/neighbourhood
• Diminish solid waste flow by using sustainable building materials City
• Improve resilience of built environment Neighbourhood/House
• Improve street/outdoor climate Neighbourhood
• Improve indoor climate by using passive thermal strategies House
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

14. RESEARCH QUESTION INTRODUCTION
In the context of urbanized Haiti, can locally available building materials in combination with passive thermal strate-
gies provide in a comfortable and resilient community?
Why urbanized Haiti?
• Highest need for resilient housing
Why use local available or producible materials?
• To stimulate the economy by providing employment
• To restore the ecology
Why use passive thermal strategies?
• No energy use
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

15. DELINEATION INTRODUCTION
Urban Metabolism
• Diminish the solid waste flow by changing the building material input into reusable, re-
newable, recyclable and biodegradable materials
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

16. DELINEATION INTRODUCTION
Architecture Architecture
Biology Biology
Urban Metabolism
• Diminish the solid waste flow by changing the building material input into reusable, re-
newable, recyclable and biodegradable materials
Technology
Contextual bioclimatic design
Building • Using passive thermal strategies in Technology
relation to sustainable material use
Climate
Climate context
Architecture
Biology
Climate Technology
Building
context
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

17. DELINEATION INTRODUCTION
Architecture Architecture
Biology Biology
Urban Metabolism
• Diminish the solid waste flow by changing the building material input into reusable, re-
newable, recyclable and biodegradable materials
Technology
Contextual bioclimatic design
Building • Using passive thermal strategies in Technology
relation to sustainable material use
Climate
Climate context
Resilience
• Create a resilient community
• A design that is resilient to natural hazards
Architecture
Biology
Climate Technology
Building
context
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

18. DELINEATION INTRODUCTION
Architecture Architecture
Biology Biology
Urban Metabolism
• Diminish the solid waste flow by changing the building material input into reusable, re-
newable, recyclable and biodegradable materials
Technology
Contextual bioclimatic design
Building • Using passive thermal strategies in Technology
relation to sustainable material use
Climate
Climate context
Resilience
• Create a resilient community
• A design that is resilient to natural hazards
Post-disaster development
• A resilient community
Phase 1 Architecture
Phase 2 Phase 3
Emergency relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction
0-6 months
Biology 6 months-2 years 5 years
Saves lives by: Providing essential ser- Objective is to build a
• deliver food and clean vices by analysing the safer and sustainable
water needs. lifelihood.
• improve sanitation • social and other infra-
Climate Technology
• provide medical atten- structures are restored
tion and shelter • economy is revitalized
• prevent or minimize • clearance of debris
Building outbreaks of diseases
• support livelihoods
context through cash-for-work
programs
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

19. METHOD INTRODUCTION
• Steps towards the final goal of 1.
the design Classify local climate
• Generic method
2a. 2b. 2c.
Indigenous passive Building typologies Sustainable materi-
thermal strategies and materials use als produced
and material use similar climatic similar climatic
region region
2d. 3. 4. 2e.
Literature Passive thermal Design Sustainable Literature
strategies materials data-
base
5.
Contextual input
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

20. LOCATION:VILLA ROSA, PORT-AU-PRINCE INTRODUCTION
Villa Rosa
• Informal settlement, no landuse rights
• Built on one side of the hill, other side is St Marie (church com-
munity)
• High density
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

21. CLIMATE CONTEXT
General climate class Haiti:
Hot and humid
Biomes:
1. Tropical&subtropical moist broadleaf forests and > Hispaniolan moist forest
2. Tropical&subtropical coniferous forests > Hispaniolan pine forest
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

22. CLIMATE CONTEXT
Haitian Geology Hispaniola fault
• 5 mountain ranges
• Seismic activity
• Northeastern mountain range cuts of tradewinds
Lowlands Mountains Plateau
Northeast tradewinds
1-3 months of rain; less 7-9 months of rain;
than 750 mm annualy; very 1000-2000 mm annualy;
dry sufficient
4-6 months of rain; 10-11 months of rain; 12 months of rain; more
750-1000 mm annualy; dry 1500-2000 mm annualy; than 2000 mm annualy;
humid very humid
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

23. CLIMATE CONTEXT
Local climate Villa Rosa (Port-au-Prince) Mean min.
Temp. [°C]
Mean max.
Temp. [°C]
Precipitation
[mm]
Humidity [%]
at 07.00h
Humidity [%]
at 13.00h
Humidity [%]
Mean Wind [m/s] Sun [h/day]
Rad
[MJ/m²/day]
January 22,5 30,8 31,6 74 46 65 3,1 8,8 16,8
February 21,7 31,3 46,4 74 46 63 3,2 9 18,5
• Almost constant temperatures throughout the year March 22,4 32,3 72,6 73 47 64 3,2 9 19,6
April 22,8 32,9 168,3 74 50 68 2,9 8,5 20,8
• Two rainy seasons: April-June and August-October May 23,4 33,4 215,8 76 52 73 2,8 8,1 20,6
• Yearly precipitation: 1322 mm June
July
24,2
25,1
34,5
35
98,6
80,5
73
71
48
46
68
64
3,3
3,5
8,1
8,8
22,3
22,5
• Almost constant relative humidity 65-75 % August
September
24,4
24,1
35,1
34,1
151,2
166,7
75
79
50
52
68
73
3,1
2,8
8,7
7,8
21,5
19,2
• Windspeed of around 3 m/s October 23,7 33,2 171,3 80 54 76 2,4 7,3 17,3
November 23,2 32,2 85,8 78 52 72 2,6 8,2 15,9
• Between 7,5 - 9 hours sun a day December 22,3 31,2 32,9 75 48 68 2,7 8,2 15,7
1321,7
• Hurricane season from June-October
Climograph Port-au-Prince
250 40
35
200
Percipitation [mm]
Temperature [°C]
30
150 25
20 Precipitation [mm]
100 15
Min. Temp. [°C]
10
50 Max. Temp. [°C]
5
0 0
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

24. HAITIAN ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT
Short history of Haiti
• Inhabited by Taíno Indians from around 600 AD
• Discovered by Columbus in 1492
• Colonized by Spanish, later the French
• 1804 Independence, Haiti
Lakou
A compound whereImplementations of Cailles
DIASPORA
AFRICAN
several families live
and share a Characteristics:
common space.- Front porch
- Materials: wood, metal, stucco walls > what is available
RURAL
Traditional lakous
revolve around -aCreole decorations (woodcarving, color)
Vodou temple. - Gabled roof
- One storey
Mud, straw, wood and thatch Mud, straw, wood and thatch
A thin, narrow building with a A thin, narrow building with a
gabled entrance, with plastered, gabled entrance, with plastered,
SLAVERY
stucco walls, a thatched roof, stucco walls, a thatched roof,
and shuttered windows. and shuttered windows.
Shotgun Yoruba Cailles Shotgun
Cailles (Mississippi
(Mississippi
(Haiti) (West Africa) (Haiti)
delta) delta)
Gingerbread house (late 1800s and early
1900s)
Plantation house Bricks are used in construction of the walls. The Plantation house
Adaptations of French and Victorian architectural Bricks are used in construction of
It exhibits a combination of Spanish colonial features and French house rests directly on the ground. styles to Haiti's Caribbean milieu. intricate lattice-
It exhibits a combination of Spanish colonial features and French house rests directly on the groun
COLONIAL
URBAN
architectural sophistication. The plan of the house fits entirely work, shiplap siding and ornamental voodoo patterns of the house fits entirely
architectural sophistication. The plan
within Spanish colonial tradition. The core module was symmetri- within Spanish colonial tradition. The core module was symmetri-
cal with a near-square salle in the center and narrow chambres of Many of the houses feature high ceilings for in the center and narrow chambres of
cal with a near-square salle
equal width on each end. enhanced ventilation in the Haitian heat, four-sided
equal width on each end.
roofs to better resist hurricane winds and expert
Spanish gold and silver French tobacco, indigo, cotton, and cacao carpentry that allows more flexibility in earthquakes.
Bohio hut Primary structure: wood Bohio hut Primary structure: wood
INDIGENIOUS
The general population resided in a circular building with a tall The general population resided in a circular building with a tall
Deforestation
central pole surrounded by an arrangement of shorter posts. It
central pole surrounded by an arrangement of shorter posts. It Roof: straw and palm leaves to reflect Roof: straw and palm leaves
housed about 10-15 men and their whole families. In addition the housed about 10-15 men and their whole families. In addition the
typical Taino village contained a flat court in the center of the heat typical Taino village contained a flat court in the center of the heat
village. It was a hierarchical society, with one cacique (rectangular village. It was a hierarchical society, with one cacique (rectangular
building) who was paid a tribute (tax) to oversee the village. building) who was paid a tribute (tax) to oversee the village.
Taíno
General population Caciques
AD 600 1492 1502 1697 1804 1825 Treaty with French 1915 1923 1934 1980 2006 2011 2031
HISPANIOLA SAINT DOMINGUE HAITI Occupation by USA
HISTORICAL TIMELINE
OLOGIES BUILDING MATERIALS BUILDING TYPOLOGIES
HISTORICAL TIMELINE BUILDING MA
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

25. HAITIAN ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT
Taíno, Bohio hut
Caciques (leader) house
• Rectangular shaped with a small porch
• Main structure by wooden poles
• Roofing with woven straw and palm leaves to reflect the heat
• High ceilings
General people house
• Circular shaped
• Main structure by wooden poles, one main pole in the centre
• Roofing with woven straw and palm leaves to reflect the heat
• High ceilings
• A hierarchical society
• Houses were built around a centre court
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

26. HAITIAN ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT
Plantation houses
• Main structure made of wood
• After the independence war almost all plantation
houses were lost
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

27. HAITIAN ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT
African slaves, Cailles
• Typology coming from West Africa (Yoruba)
• Adjusted to the Haitian climate and materials
• Porch was added for shading
• Walls of mud and wattle
• Thatched roofs and shuttered windows
Lakou
A compound where
several families live
and share a
common space.
Traditional lakous
revolve around a
Vodou temple.
A thin, narrow building with a
gabled entrance, with plastered,
stucco walls, a thatched roof,
and shuttered windows.
Yoruba Cailles Shotgun
(Mississippi
(West Africa) (Haiti)
delta)
Plantation house
It exhibits a combination of Spanish colonial features and French
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | fits entirely UE Haiti
architectural sophistication. The plan of the house
Platform
within Spanish colonial tradition. The core module was symmetri-
cal with a near-square salle in the center and narrow chambres of

28. HAITIAN ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT
Rural Haiti
Cailles
• Roof of metal sheeting
• Entrance doors on the sides of the house
Wattle and daub
• Wooden main structure
• Roof of palm leaves or metal sheeting
• One room
Materials
• Varying per region depending on availability: rock, wattle and daub
with mud or lime exteriors, palm leaves and local hardwoods
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

29. HAITIAN ARCHITECTURE CONTEXT
Gingerbread houses
• A vernacular typology in the urban area
• A melange of international influences and uniquely Haitian that began in 1881
• A timber frame as main structure, filled with brick and adorned with carved wood
• High ceilings and large openings onto vast porches
• Provide natural cross-ventilation
• In 925 the style of gingerbread houses came to an end when the mayor ordered all buildings to be made of masonry, reinforced con-
crete, or iron to prevent fire
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

30. SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS CONTEXT
Input from: Database properties
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS DATABASE
• fieldwork Reusables Product name/specie
• literature about • Application
solid waste Haiti Rubble from earthquake • Mechanical properties • Product name or specie
• Brick • Production time
• Application
Solid waste
• Plastics • Producing period
• Mechanical properties
Input from:
• biomes Renewables
• climatic region
• literature about Hispaniolan moist forest
agricultural waste Hispaniolan pine forest
Similar climatic region
Input from:
• fieldwork Recyclables
• climatic region
Input from:
• literature Biodegradables
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

31. FIELDWORK HAITI CONTEXT
On site information Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
Visiting other projects
What Exploring VR Mapping VR
1. Building typology and climatic information of reference projects:
• Climate strategy
WEEK 1
• Building materials used and structure 2d climate measuring VR 2d climate measuring VR
• Climatic behaviour
2. Building typology of Villa Rosa: Visiting other projects
• Climate strategy Mapping VR
• Building materials used and structure
WEEK 2
• Climatic behaviour Preparing WS WS Processing data WS
3. Diurnal local climate, indoor and outdoor 2d climate measuring VR 2d climate measuring VR 2d climate measuring VR
4. Comfort value of residents
5. Ranking of certain aspects of a house by importance (where do they want to spend Visiting other projects
money on) Mapping VR
WEEK 3
How:
1. Measuring with a portable meter, sketching and making photo’s 2d climate measuring VR 2d climate measuring VR 2d climate measuring VR
2. Measuring with a portable meter, sketching and making photo’s
3. 24 hour measurement with data logger Visiting other projects Processing data
4. Through a questionary Mapping VR Processing data
5. Through a workshop
WEEK 4
2d climate measuring VR 2d climate measuring VR Processing data
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

32. PROPOSED FINAL RESULT CONTEXT
National scale resource management today
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

33. PROPOSED FINAL RESULT CONTEXT
Effects of design Resources sustainable building materials
National scale renewables agricultural solid waste
• Creating employment
waste (rubble)
• Reforestation against soil Locally produced building materials
erosion (forest, plantations)
City scale Economical effects
• Diminishing solid waste by a Employment
Entrepreneurship
sustainable use of materials
Ecological effects
Neighbourhood scale Reforestation (plantations)
• A more resilient community Diminish solid wastes
Through crop diversity, fertile ground
• A better outdoor climate
(temperature, wind) with urban housing typology using passive thermal control
Sociological effects
Improvement thermal comfort (indoor and street)
House scale
• Resilient to future natural
hazards
• A thermally comfortable
space
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

34. PROPOSED FINAL RESULT CONTEXT
Reference project
Quinta Monroy residential development
designed by Chilean architect Alejandro Aravena of Elemental
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti

35. QUESTIONS?
URBAN METABOLISM
ECODESIGN
RESILLIENCE
THEORY
general
INDOOR COMFORT
OUTDOOR COMFORT IN SLUMS
PRACTICE
ClLIMATE AND SUSTAINABLE BUILD-
GEOLOGY ING MATERIALS
climate region
HUMID TROPICAL PASSIVE TECHNIQUES
BUILDING TYPOLOGIES Location specific
(Sub)tropical regions
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS DATA-
BASE
country
BUILDING TYPOLOGIES
AND MATERIALS
Loriane, Bob van Ursum RISK MAP
Through GIS ENTREPENEURSHIP
BUILDING MATERI-
ALS
city
Repairing/extending
RESILLIENT AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN FOR VILLA ROSA USER PHASE DEMOLITION
ANALYSING VILLA ROSA VISITING OTHER PROJECTS MAPPING VILLA ROSA (GIS) NEIGHBOURHOOD
Neighbourhood composition + Density (FSI, OSR, GSI)
+ Family structure
neighbourhood
CORDAID AREA MANAGER
Gabriella
PARTICIPATORY WORKSHOP PERCEPTION
PREPARATION PARTICIPA- Local people ranking most valuable
TORY WORKSHOP aspects for a house (electricity, comfort-
able, sanitation,...)
RESILLIENT AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN FOR A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE
house
LOCAL CLIMATE ANALYSIS
+ Measuring different building typologies (material use)
+ Measuring also the neighbourhood (narrow streets)
+ Interview residents
SCALE
TIME
E.J. de Visser | P2 Presentation | June 17th 2011 | Green Building Innovation | Platform UE Haiti