Présentation de Tan Weiping, Deputy Director-General of the External Cooperation Department, China, à la Conférence Internationale d'Experts sur la mesure et les approches politiques pour améliorer l'équité pour les nouvelles générations dans la région MENA à Rabat, Maroc du 22 au 23 mai 2012.

1. Pro-equity social policies
for Children in China
------ through the view of
Poverty Alleviation and Development
Tan Weiping PH.D
Deputy Director General
Department of International Cooperation and Social Mobilization
State Council Leading Group Office for Poverty Alleviation and
Development (LGOP), P.R. China
Tel: + 86 10 84419687, + 86 13910803163
E-mail: tanweiping@cpad.gov.cn, tanwp@vip.sina.com

2. LGOP
1 Institutional function of LGOP
2 China’s success on poverty reduction
3 Factors behind China’
s success poverty reduction story
4 Challenges faced by China’
s poverty reduction
5 The student nutrition meal plan
6 Early childhood development in poor areas
7 Problems and challenges
2

3. 1 Institutional function of The State
Council Leading Group of Poverty
Alleviation and Development
（ 1 ） The State Council Leading Group of Poverty
Alleviation and Development
Founded:16th May 1986
Member: Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and
Technology, Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Ministry of
Health, and other 27 government ministries
Institutional function: Consulting and coordinating
body for the State Council
3

4. LGOP
Structural Map of LGOP
Team Leader: Vice
Premier Mr. HUI Liangyu
Ministry ofNational Development
People’s Bank of Finance and Reform
China Commission
State Council Ministry of
Ministry of
Leading Group Science and
Agriculture
Technology
Ministry of Education National Bureau
27 other ministries of Statistics
4

5. （ 2 ） LGOP (The State Council Leading Group Office
of Poverty Alleviation and Development )
Function: Executive Agency for the State Council
Leading Group
Task: propose policy plan and recommendation,
allocation plan for poverty reduction fund, mobilize
works for poverty reduction, guide local poverty
reduction efforts, undertake routine work assigned by
the State Council
5

6. LGOP
Organizational Chart for Government Departments
on Poverty Reduction on Different Levels
The State Council Leading Group
LGOP
Provincial (Autonomous
Region) leading group
Provincial
(Autonomous
Region) LGOP
Prefecture leading group
Provincial
(Autonomous
Region) LGOP
County leading group
County LGOP
Leadership
Guidance and Township poverty
Coordination reduction focal point
6

7. 2 China’s Success on Poverty Reduction
Through the 33 years after the reform, poverty
reduction in China achieved world renowned
success
（1）Poor Population substantially reduced
（2）Rural household income keeps increasing
（3）Infrastructure improved greatly
（4）Social development continues to grow
（5）
Regional economy accelerates pace of development
7

8. (1) Poor Population substantially
reduced
Rural population of absolute poverty has been
reduced from 250 million in 1978, to 14.79 million in
2007, its share in rural poor population reduced from
30.7% to 1.6%
Population of lower income reduced from 6.213
million in 2000 to 2.841 million, its share in rural
population reduced from 6.7% to 3%
8

9. LGOP
Poor Population substantially reduced
Population
（ 10,000
persons ）
30000
25000
20000 absol ut e
pover t y
15000 l ower
10000 i ncom e
5000
0
85
93
02
07
78
00
19
19
19
20
20
20
9

10. Dropping number of absolute poor and poverty
incidence
Num ber of absol ut e
Number of absolute poor Absolute poverty
poor （ 10,000 Absol ut e pover t y incidence （ %
persons ） i nci dence
）
35000 35
30000 30
25000 25
20000 20
15000 15
10000 10
5000 5
0 0
78
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
01
03
05
07
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
20
10

11. Poverty incidence in China
Amount of poor population under different poverty lines
90
80
70
$ 1.25 International poverty line
60
50
40
30
$ 1.08 poverty line
20
10
Poverty line set by the
0
Chinese government
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001 2005 2007
11

12. （ 2 ） Rural household income keeps
increasing
From 1989 to 2008, net income for rural
household in the nationally focused poverty
county increased from 303 Yuan to 2611
Yuan
From 2003 to 2007, net income for rural
household in the nationally focused poverty
county increased from 1305 Yuan to 2278
Yuan, with five-year average annual growth of
9.04%, continuously higher than the national
average level of 7.47%
12

13. Rural household income keeps increasing in the
nationally focused poverty county
（ Yuan
）
5000
4500
4000
3500
nat i onal
3000 aver age
l evel
2500
nat i onal l y
2000 f ocused
pover t y
1500 count y
1000
500
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
13

14. LGOP
Net income growth rate for rural households in the
nationally focused poverty counties continuously
（%） higher than the national average level
14
12
10
nat i onal
8 aver age
l evel
6 nat i onal l y
f ocused
4 pover t y
count y
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
14

15. LGOP
（ 3 ） Rural infrastructure dramatically
improved
Changes in the nationally focused poor
villages from 2002 to 2008:
Road access 72.21% → 84.4% ；
Electricity 92.79% → 96.8% ；
Telephone 52.39% → 87.5% ；
Television and radio 83.68% →
92.9% 。
15

16. Rural infrastructure dramatically improved 2002
120% 2008
100% 96. 8%
92. 8% 92. 9%
84. 4% 87. 5% 83. 7%
80%
72. 2%
60%
52. 4%
40%
20%
0%
Road access El ect r i ci t y Tel ephone Tel evi si on and
r adi o
16

17. （ 4 ） Social development continues to
grow
From 2002 to 2008 ：
Percentage of kinder garden and pre-school education in
villages increased from 7.38% to 55.2%;
Percentage of rural medical facilities in villages increased
from 9.86% to 77.4%;
Percentage of qualified rural doctors and sanitary staff in
villages increased from 10.18% to 77.4%;
Percentage of qualified midwife in villages increased from
9.58% to 73.7%
17

18. 73.70%
qualified midwife
9.58%
qualified rural 77.40%
doctors and
10.18%
sanitary staff
2008
2002
rural medical 77.40%
facilities 9.86%
kinder garden 55.20%
and pre-school
7.38%
education
18

19. （ 5 ） Regional economy accelerates
pace of development
Industrial structure, employment structure
better adjusted in nationally focused poor
counties, accelerated development realized in
resource giant and tourism giant counties with
structure adjustment completed
19

20. Regional Allocation of Poor Population from
1981-2005
(WWW.WORLDBANK.ORG.CN)
20

21. Contribution to the world poverty
reduction
Based on the Chinese Government Standard on poverty, rural
population haunted with absolute poverty has been reduced from 85
million (9.6% of rural population) in 1990 to 14.79 million (1.6% of rural
population) in 2007. China is the developing country reaching the
poverty reduction dimension of UN MDGs. Even if applying the UN
MDG inherent international poverty line of $ 1 per person per day, rural
population living under this line has been reduced from 46% in 1990 to
10.4% in 2005. This also testifies the reach of China for poverty
reduction within the MDG context.
From 1990 to 2005 ， the world population living under the line of $1
/per day has been reduced to 1.4 billion with a reduction of 418 million
(23% reduction). The world poor population has increased by 58
million if China is excluded.
(“China’s Progress Towards the MDGs” jointly drafted by the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, China and UNDP)
21

22. 3 Development of poverty reduction in China
Growth of poverty reduction in the past 31 years can be
divided into three phases ：
（1）1978-1
985 institutional reform pushed poverty reduction;
（2）
1986-2007 national plans pushed poverty reduction;
（3）
2007-present “two-wheel ” mode for poverty reduction.
22

23. （1）1978-1985Institutional reform
pushed poverty reduction
Reform abolished the rural collectivism, set
up household based “two-leveled” operation
system ， freed the market and price of
agricultural products and markets, greatly
developed productivity
Also during this phase poor population
decreased from 250 million to 125 million
23

24. （2）1986-2007National plan pushed
poverty reduction
Divided into three phases
24

25. 1986-1993 starting phase ：
• found leadership organization
• confirm working scope
• set up criteria for poverty
reduction
• arrange exclusive fund
• accumulate working experience
Poor population reduced from 125
million to 75 million with an
annual reduction of 6.25 million
25

26. 1994-2000 development phase ：
Implement the “National Eight-Seven
Poverty Reduction Plan”
feed 80 million rural poor population in
about seven years
poor people reduced to 32.09 million
annual reduction of 6.13 million
26

27. 2001-2007 continuous
development ：
Implement “The China National Plan for Rural Poverty Reduction (2001-2010)”
The 16th National Representative Meeting of CCP
Concept for Scientific Development
Integrated Urban-Rural Development
Policy of encouraging industry to support agriculture and urban to help rural,
investing more in and taking less from the rural area
Implement the “re-payment” policy
Propose new poverty line on low income
Population of absolute poverty reduced from 32.09 million to 14.79 million
Population of low income reduced from 62.13 million to 28.41 million
3.88 annual reduction of poor population below low income line in the first two
years
8.6 million annual reduction of poor population below low income line in the
27
latter five years

28. （ 3 ） 2007-present
“two-wheel mode for poverty reduction”
2007 set up minimum living allowance system for rural
areas (national scope)
2008 found the new poverty reduction line passed by the
3rd meeting of the 17th national congress of CCP, poverty
reduction policy covers low-income population
2008 Vice Premier HUI Liang Yu announced on the 1st
meeting of the State Council Leading Group for Poverty
Alleviation and Development that China has begun its
“Two-wheel ” mode of poverty reduction with development
based approach and relief based approach combined.
28

29. 4 Factors behind China’s Success
Poverty Reduction Story
（ 1 ） reform and opening-up policy, institutional
innovation
（ 2 ） economic growth, strengthened economic
basis
（ 3 ） integrate urban and rural development,
implement re-payment policy
（ 4 ） development based poverty reduction
and self reliance
29

30. （ 1 ） Reform and opening up policy, institutional
innovation Poverty is not socialism ！
In December 1978, the 3rd Plenary
Meeting of the 11th Central Committee of
CCP, confirmed the strategic decision to
shift on economic construction
30

31. （ group photo of people who
took the lead in “Dabaogan”-
agricultural system of allowing
responsibility to individual ）
Specific plans driven
Institutional reform driven poverty reduction ：
poverty reduction ： identify development based
introduce reform and opening poverty reduction principle, Integrated urban rural poverty
up policy, scrap people’s “turning blood transfusion reduction strategy: economic
commune, establish to blood creation”, build the development, rural urban
household responsibility poor’s self development development is coordinated, a
system capacities. grand poverty reduction structure
31
has taken shape.

32. “two-wheel ” mode for
poverty reduction ：
set up minimum living
allowance system
Enhance poverty line
Implement two wheel mode
for poverty reduction
32

33. （ 2 ） economic growth strengthen
infrastructure
From 1978 to 2007, maintain average annual growth of 9.8%
for thirty years
Stable price, economic prosperity
Create abundant employment, 200 million rural labor turn on
non-agriculture posts
Agricultural infrastructure strengthened with outputs increased
remarkably
Feed 22% of world population with 9% land and 6% water
resources, ensure basic need for food and conditions for
structural adjustment
33

34. （ 3 ） Integrate urban-rural development
and implement repayment policy
Four kinds of subsidies, four kinds of waivers
Regulation for least purchasing price
Rural infrastructure construction (road, water,
electricity and gas)
Rural social development (education, medical)
Minimum living allowance system in rural areas
34

35. （ 4 ） Development based poverty
reduction and self reliance
two reflections
Economic development won’t tilt to the
poor by itself ；
Relief won’t improve the poor’s capacity for
development
Specific poverty reduction plans and measures are
necessary
Stick to the principle of development based poverty
reduction approach 35

36. Relation between development and relief
Relief is key to survival while development facilitates
development
Relief is temporary, development is permanent
relief heads for low, development pursue continuous
growth
Relief pertains only to material, development considers
capacity
Relief is to offer, development is to create
36

37. Increasing of the Central Government Fund
for Poverty Reduction
（ 1986 － 2009 ）
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
01986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
37

38. 3. Main methods for development
based poverty reduction
Government initiative
Social participation
Self reliance
Development based poverty
reduction approach
Scientific development
38

39. Yearly investment on poverty reduction
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
fund of central
government
106 114 122 130 137 144 167.34
(including funds for
employment as aids)
Interest subsidized
loans for poverty 185 185 185 90 142 124 141
reduction
Local cost sharing 33.4 35.4 44.2 46.1 55.7 65.6 49.24
Foreign investment 8.49 15.35 10.06 2.28 2.03 1.44 1.59
Total
332.89 349.75 361.26 268.38 336.73 335.04 359.17
(unit:100 million Yuan)
39

40. 4. Challenges faced by poverty
reduction in China
Large scale
Gravity of poverty
Return to poverty phenomenon
Income gap
Global financial crisis and
economic recession
40

41. Large scale
New poverty line implemented by
the Chinese government since
2008, increased to 1196 Yuan
with coverage of 40 million people
41

42. Poverty population （ in million 2005PPP ）
Poverty line 1.00 1.25 1.45 2.00 2.50
Area
East Asia, 179.8 336.9 388.6 748.3 987.2
Pacific
China 106.1 207.7 216.5 473.7 645.6
East Europe 16.0 23.9 30.9 50.1 69.5
Latin America 27.6 45.1 59.9 98.7 132.9
Mid-east and 6.2 14.0 23.2 58.0 94.3
north Africa
South-Africa 350.3 595.5 772.2 1091.6 1246.4
India 266.5 455.8 590.3 827.7 938.0
Sub-Sahara 299.1 384.2 442.0 551.0 609.9
Africa
Total 879.0 1399.6 1716.8 2597.8 3140.2
42

43. World Bank ： amount of poor population (unit: million)
43

44. Depth of poverty
i ncom per capi t a
e pover t y l i ne
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
The increasing pace of poverty line has long
lagged behind the growth rate of farmers’ income 44

45. Ratio of rural poverty standard to national per capita
income for rural population
Ratio to the
Net income Line for Ratio to the Line for national
for rural Lower national absolute average
population income average level poverty level
2002 2476 869 35.1% 627 25.3%
2003 2622 882 33.6% 637 24.3%
2004 2936 924 31.5% 668 22.8%
2005 3255 944 29.0% 683 21.0%
2006 3587 958 26.7% 693 19.3%
2007 4140 1067 25.8% 785 19.0%
45

46. Return to poverty manifest
Chinese poor areas are 5 times more prone to disaster
damage than the national average level
Among the 40.07 million Chinese poor population, two
thirds on the verge of returning to poverty
Return to poverty is more manifest now than ever
46

47. Income gap increases
47

48. 48

49. Impacts of global financial crisis and
economic recession
Coast export enterprises close
production or semi-closed
Employment difficulties
Migrant workers from poor areas
return
Price of agricultural products
decrease
Resource advantage of poor
counties hindered
Market fluctuation trigger poverty
return
Traditional, combined with newly emerged factors
increased unpredictability of poverty reduction work
49

50. Cabbage Sales
hardship for the Xia’Yi
county, Henan
Province
Earlier return of migrant
workers from Guizhou
Province
Financial crisis exacerbated employment
hardship for college graduates 50

51. 7 Plans for the future
Poverty reduction enters a new
phase
Long-term historical task
Goals
National strategy for poverty
reduction
New poverty line
Prioritized tasks
Focus of efforts
Important work areas
51

52. Poverty reduction enters a new phase
Poor population decreased greatly
Minimum living allowance system set up in rural
areas
New poverty line
Enters in the “Two-wheel ” phase of poverty
reduction which combines “poverty reduction and
relief”
52

53. “two wheel ” mode for poverty reduction
Traditional “relief” based poverty reduction-
agricultural society
Development based poverty reduction—reform and
opening-up
Set up minimum living allowance system—
industrialization, urbanization
Set up minimum living allowance system in rural
areas—industry facilitates agriculture, urban supports
rural
Two wheel mode resulted from urbanization
53

54. Long-term historical task
Poverty reduction in the new phase is a long-term
historical task requiring consistent efforts to ensure
welfare of people and success of the reform policy
Poverty reduction is not only to feed the hungry,
capacity building, income gap reducing and building
of harmonious society also need to be prioritized
Poverty can not be always perceived from
perspective of absolute poverty
54

55. Gini co-efficient
Since the start of the reform, China’s Gini
coefficient has been ever increasing: 0.16 for
1978 and 0.4 plus for 1998.
In 2007, China’s overall Gini coefficient stood
at 0.48, with its urban Gini coefficient at 0.34
and rural figure at 0.37.
The World Bank’s World Development Report
2006 suggests that among 127 countries, 94
have lower Gini coefficients than China, only
29 have higher numbers among which 27 are
Latin American or African countries.
55

56. Figure 2.32: China ’s income inequality during its reform process
(Gini coefficient 1981-2005)
Adjusted on the basis of urban-
rural living cost differencies
Urban rural living cost
differencies
Adjusted on the basis
of regional living cost
differencies
Note: figures before the year 2001(including 2001) come from Chen and Ravallion(2004);
figures for 2001 onward come from World Bank assessment based on rural-urban household
surveies conducted by country statistics bureaus.
56

57. Figure 2.37: increasing urban inequality and rural inequality
(Rural Gini coefficient and urban Gini coefficient 1981-2005)
Rural areas
Gini coef ficient
Urban areas
Note: figures for 2003 come from World Bank assessment based on rural-urban
household surveies conducted by country statistics bureaus; other figures from Chen
and Ravallion(2004).
57

58. Goals
By 2020 ， eliminate absolute poverty
What is absolute poverty and signs of absolute
poverty?
Minimum living allowance is a “bottom-line”
institutional arrangement
To eliminate absolute poverty is a periodical goal,
while solving poverty is a long-term task
A practical goal: pace of income increasing in poor
counties faster than the national average level
58

59. National Strategy for Poverty Reduction
Previous strategies built on the base of agriculture provision and
support to industries
Grand poverty reduction consists of urban-rural integration and
repayment policy
Stick to the principle of development based poverty reduction
(basis for the strategy)
Minimum living allowance system connected with development
based poverty reduction is the core of the new strategy
Relations between specific poverty reduction programs and social
poverty reduction clarified
Specific poverty reduction programs, sponsored and targeted
poverty reduction programs, West east poverty reduction
cooperation, sector based poverty reduction programs
59

60. New poverty line
Previous two poverty lines
New line is the previous line for low income
A gradual process of increasing of poverty line
Start from the Chinese context
Height of level irrelevant to work performance and
results
Integrated with rural policies on other aspects
60

61. Prioritized tasks
“Outline for poverty reduction in rural
China （ 2001-2010 ）” prioritize solution to
absolute poverty as the main task
“Decisions on vital challenges to pushing
forward rural reform and development”
emphasizes the quickest solution for poverty
reduction and rural enrichment as the first
task
61

62. Focus of efforts
Priority given to self-development capacity building of
rural poor population
Minimum living allowance system in rural area targets
poor population of non-laboring capacity or losing
laboring capacity as focus of social relief and aids
Overlapping of target might incur but through different
functional channels
62

63. Important work areas
Comprehensive village development
The “rain and dew plan”
Industry led poverty reduction
immigration based poverty reduction
Comprehensive management for
specific poverty types
Poor villages damaged by the
Wenchuan earthquake
63

64. China child protection laws system
Constitution: The right to education is the citizen enjoys according to law,
states must provide equal education opportunities and conditions, in order to
obtain the equal opportunity of survival and development of fundamental rights.
Law on the Protection of Minors: Specifies a minors enjoy the right to
life, right to development, protected right, right of participation rights, state
according to the minors' physical and mental development characteristics, to
ensure the special priority protection, safeguard the legitimate rights and
interests of minors are inviolable.
Law of Mariage: protection of children 's right to life, intergenerational
support obligations to expand, strengthen the protection of the rights of children,
protection of illegitimate’s right
Maternal and infant health care law: neonatal disease screening
The compulsory education law: guarantee school-age children the right
to receive education
64

65. China child protection laws system
Constitution
Law on the Protection of Minors
Law of Mariage
Maternal and infant health care law
The compulsory education law
Law of Succession
Law of Adoption
Low of Teacher
Labor Law
Law of population and family planning
Law of woman-right Guarantees
Prevention of adult criminal law
The Development Outline for Chinese Women and Children 65

66. The student nutrition meal plan
From the beginning with the fall 2010 semester, the central and local governments
have improved the rural school meal subsidies standards, rural boarding students
from the primary school living allowance 2 yuan (Chinese money) per person per
day increased to 3 yuan RMB per person per day, junior high school students from
3 yuan to 4 yuan per person per day. The central finance for special expenditures
have reached 7.4 billion yuan, local form a complete set also reached 7.4 billion
yuan. Therefore, subsidy funds have exceeded 14 billion yuan. The grant funds are
mainly used for boarding school meals.
In 2011, Chinese State Council decided to carry out the pilot plan in minority areas
and poor areas to improve student nutrition meal. The first batch in Ningxia
autonomous region, about 31 rural communities in 11 counties was the pilot
implementation of "feeding" plan. On October 26, 2011, the State Council's
executive meeting decided from 2011 autumn semester beginning, starting the
implementation of compulsory education student nutrition improvement program in
the countryside. In the concentrated special difficult areas, about 680 counties,
approximately 26 million students have been improved nutrition meal allowance,
while boarding pupils subsidies reaching to 4 yuan per person per day and middle
school students to 5 yuan per day.
This subsidy policy has obviously effected to promote school meals, the nutrition
situation and physical quality of students. 66

67. Main measures
--- the student nutrition meal plan
Establishment of canteen: Boarding school lasting 5
days per week, the canteen is the essential facility for students
eating supply
The subsidy funds directly to the school, but
not to the parents of the students.
Governments at all levels have increased the
budget for boarding pupils feeding.
Establish a supervision mechanism, to ensure
the funds securely and effectively use.
67

68. Early childhood development in poor areas
China launched pilot program in 2009 September and 2011 April (in
Qinghai Ledu, Yunnan Xundian): The pilot project includes two parts: nutrition
intervention and early education, specifically in three stages, according to the
different crowd
Maternal nutritional supplements and" mother " school training. For
pregnant women to provide free multiple micronutrient nutrition and health
examination. In township hospitals and village clinics set up "the mother school", for
pregnant women and mothers of infants on nutrition knowledge training.
Infant nutrition intervention: soybean meal " nutrition package" – contains
aggrandizement of iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins and other11 kinds of nutrients for
infant food supplements
Early childhood education (3 to 5 years old): recruitment of teachers and
volunteers, provides convenient access for children in remote villages.
68

69. Problems and challenges
Children affected by migration. including the 27 million children
who have moved to cities with their migrant worker parents, but lack urban
residence status and access to basic social services; and the 55 million children
of migrant parents left behind in rural areas, often under inadequate care
conditions.
Children living in poor, rural and remote communities .
China’s huge population of 1.33 billion people means that it still has over 100
million children who are poor, as estimated by UNICEF using the World Bank’s
poverty measure of per capita consumption under US $2 per day. China
continues to rank fifth in the world for number of deaths of children under the
age of five (347,000 in 2009). The under-five mortality rate in rural areas is
around three times that in urban or coastal areas, due to poorer access to
quality health services and financial means. Access to education, clean water
and sanitation also lag in these areas.
69

70. Children affected by disasters . China is prone to a range of
natural disasters, with roughly 200 million people affected each year. The impact
of these disasters tends to be greatest on the poorest and most vulnerable, as
witnessed in 2010 in the Yushu earthquake, Zhouqu mudslide and southwestern
China drought emergencies, all of which struck poor areas where development
indicators lagged behind national averages, even before the emergency. The
Yushu earthquake and southwestern China drought also struck areas with large
ethnic minority populations .
Children and women affected by HIV/AIDS . Women
increasingly make up a greater proportion of people living with HIV/AIDS, from
15% in 1998 to 30% of the estimated 740,000 people living with HIV in China in
2009. Only 22.4% of the estimated HIV-positive pregnant women have access to
PMTCT services.
Other vulnerable children include street children,
unaccompanied children , working children and children
with disabilities .
70

71. Thanks!
71