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Libya and the Arab Spring




                         Presentation by

                       Ahmed Kraima
                               for
UWM School of Continuing Education Dean’s Distinguished Lecture
                        October 12, 2011
Tunisia December 17, 2010
TUNISIA
TUNISIA DEMOGRAPHICS


Area                     163,610
Population
  p                    10,629,186
                         , 9,
Unemployment                 13%
Unemployment (15-24)
      p y    ( 5 4)          3
                             30%
Per capita                 $9,400
TUNISIA Timeline


1881 - French occupy Tunis. Tunisia is a French
protectorate from 1883.
1934 - Habib Bourguiba founds the pro-
independence Neo-Dustour Party.
1956 -Tunisia becomes independent with Bourguiba
as prime minister.
1957 -Tunisia becomes a republic.
       T i i b               bli
TUNISIA Timeline


1981 - First multi-party parliamentary elections
since independence. President Bourguiba's party
wins by a landslide.
1987 - Bloodless palace coup: Prime Minister Zine
El Abidi B Ali has P id t B
   Abidine Ben      h President Bourguiba d l d
                                         ib declared
mentally unfit to rule and takes power himself.
1988-
1988 Referendum abolishing Presidency for Life. 5
                                              Life
year terms, limit of 2 terms.
TUNISIA Timeline


1989- As sole candidate, Ben Ali wins first term as
president by 99.3% of the vote. Ruling party wins all
114 seats in the National Assembly.
1994- Ben Ali wins second term by 99.9% of the vote
1999- Ben Ali wins a third term (only 94.1%)
2004- 4th term (94.5%)
2009- 5th term (89.6%)
TUNISIA Timeline


2010- December 17th: Mohammed Bouazizi, a fruit
seller sets himself on fire in protest.
2010- D December 28th: B Ali i a national TV
               b     8 Ben Ali, in       ti  l
address blames extremists and foreign media for the
unrest. Three governors from the Sidi Bouzid area
               g
are dismissed.
2011 - January 14th: Ben Ali declares Emergency
Rule tl i
R l outlawing gatherings of more th 3 people.
                   th i        f      than     l
Promises to hold parliamentary elections within 6
months. Flees to Saudi Arabia the same day. y
Egypt January 25, 2011
EGYPT
EGYPT DEMOGRAPHICS


Area                             1,001,450
Population
  p                             82,079,632
                                   , 79, 3
Population below poverty line   20%(2005)
Unemployment
      p y                             94
                                      9.4%
Unemployment (15-24)                   24.8
Per capita
      p                             $ ,
                                    $6,200
EGYPT Timeline


1956- July 23rd: Nasser ousts King Farouk.
1970- September 28th: Nasser dies and Sadat
 97       p
becomes president. Sadat eases some of the
restrictions, imposed on political parties/groups, by
Nasser.
1981- October 6th: Sadat assassinated.
 Mubarak b
 M b k becomes president. Declares “ national state of
                   id t D l            ti   l t t f
 emergency”
EGYPT Timeline


1987- October: Mubarak wins a second term, by
91% of the vote, in a national referendum. National
state of emergency renewed in 1988.
1993- October: Mubarak wins a third term with
96.3%
 6 %
1999- Mubarak, fourth term with 93.8%
1990’s - d i
      ’ dominated by political suppression,
                    db     li i l        i
especially of the Muslim brotherhood.
EGYPT Timeline


2002- September: Mubarak’s son, Gamal, elected
secretary-general of the ruling party (NDP). A major
step towards succeeding his father as the president.
2004- Crack down on Muslim Brotherhood (54
arrested i M ) Al Gh d part approved after 4th
     t d in May). Al-Ghad      t         d ft
application. Only two parties approved since 1977.
2005-
2005 Mubark wins fifth term (88.6) MB’s share
                                 (88 6) MB s
increases from 17 seats to 88.
EGYPT Timeline


2008- National emergency law extended until 2010
(Mubarak promised to abolish during his 2005
presidential campaign.
April 6, 2008- National strike day
January 25, 2011- Day of revolt
Libya: Prelude to a revolution
      February 17, 2011
LIBYA
LIBYA DEMOGRAPHICS

Area                            1,759,540
                                 ,759,54
Population                      6,597,960
Population below p
  p              poverty line
                       y             33
                                     33%?
Unemployment                         30%
Per capita
      p                           $ 4,4
                                  $14,400
LIBYA Timeline


1911- Libya is under Italian rule.
1942- Italians removed by Allies and country is
 94                       y                     y
divided between the French and the British.
Libya gains independence under King Idris.
1956- Oil exploration begins.
1961- Libya starts exporting oil for the first time.
1969- Gaddafi depose Idris in a bloodless coup.
LIBYA Timeline


1970- Closure of American airbases in Tripoli and
Tobruk.
1971- Proposal to Federation of Arab Republic
(Libya, Egypt, and Syria) fails.
1972- Libya-Egypt merger fails.
1973- April 16th: In the city of Zuwara, Gaddafi
declares the “Cultural R
d l       h “C l      l Revolution” and founding of
                            l i ” df        di    f
the “Revolutionary Committees.”
LIBYA Timeline

1976- April 7th: Members of the students unions, at
 97     p                                        ,
the Universities of Benghazi and Tripoli clash
government sponsored student unions. Leaders of
the i d
th independent student union are arrested and
            d t t d t i                   t d d
jailed.
1977-
1977 Libya becomes “the Great Socialist People s
                        the                People’s
Libyan Arab jamahiriyah.”
1977
1977- April: The first anniversary of the Libyan
students uprising. Student leaders arrested and hung
in public (on national television. Gaddafi forms
death squads to hunt down Libyan dissidents.
Confrontation(s) with the West


1981- US shoots down two Libyan airplanes over the
Gulf of Sirt.
1984 - UK breaks diplomatic relations with Libya
over the shooting of a British police officer, outside
the Libyan embassy in L d
th Lib        b      i London.
1988- December 21st: The Lockerbie plane bombing.
1992- UN imposes sanctions against Lib
            i             i        i   Libya.
1996- Abu Salim massacre.
Warming up to the West
LIBYA Timeline


2004- March: Tony Blair visits Libya (first visit for
a British PM since 1943).
2006- May US restores diplomatic relations with
Libya.
2008- Silvio Berlusconi issues an apology, to Libya,
over Italian Occupation. Five billion dollar
investment as compensation
               compensation.
 September 2008- Rice visits Libya.
LIBYA Timeline

2009- Gaddafi visits Italy, elected chairman of the
     9                    y,
African Union, celebrates 40 years of power,
Lockerbie bomber released from prison on for
humanitarian reasons?
h      it i           ?
2009/2010- Reform efforts to ease the transfer of
power from Gaddafi to his son and to tame the
masses
Mothers of the victims of Abu Salim massacre hire a
lawyer and intensify the pressure on the government
February 15, 2011- Lawyer representing the Abu
         y 5,            y      p        g
Salim families is arrested for demanding that the
government address the massacre. A protest calling
for hi
f his release began in Benghazi fueled b calls f
          l    b      i B      h i f l d by ll for
demonstration transmitted through the internet,
signal the beginning of the revolution
                             revolution.

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LIbya and the Arab Spring

  • 1. Libya and the Arab Spring Presentation by Ahmed Kraima for UWM School of Continuing Education Dean’s Distinguished Lecture October 12, 2011
  • 4. TUNISIA DEMOGRAPHICS Area 163,610 Population p 10,629,186 , 9, Unemployment 13% Unemployment (15-24) p y ( 5 4) 3 30% Per capita $9,400
  • 5. TUNISIA Timeline 1881 - French occupy Tunis. Tunisia is a French protectorate from 1883. 1934 - Habib Bourguiba founds the pro- independence Neo-Dustour Party. 1956 -Tunisia becomes independent with Bourguiba as prime minister. 1957 -Tunisia becomes a republic. T i i b bli
  • 6. TUNISIA Timeline 1981 - First multi-party parliamentary elections since independence. President Bourguiba's party wins by a landslide. 1987 - Bloodless palace coup: Prime Minister Zine El Abidi B Ali has P id t B Abidine Ben h President Bourguiba d l d ib declared mentally unfit to rule and takes power himself. 1988- 1988 Referendum abolishing Presidency for Life. 5 Life year terms, limit of 2 terms.
  • 7. TUNISIA Timeline 1989- As sole candidate, Ben Ali wins first term as president by 99.3% of the vote. Ruling party wins all 114 seats in the National Assembly. 1994- Ben Ali wins second term by 99.9% of the vote 1999- Ben Ali wins a third term (only 94.1%) 2004- 4th term (94.5%) 2009- 5th term (89.6%)
  • 8. TUNISIA Timeline 2010- December 17th: Mohammed Bouazizi, a fruit seller sets himself on fire in protest. 2010- D December 28th: B Ali i a national TV b 8 Ben Ali, in ti l address blames extremists and foreign media for the unrest. Three governors from the Sidi Bouzid area g are dismissed. 2011 - January 14th: Ben Ali declares Emergency Rule tl i R l outlawing gatherings of more th 3 people. th i f than l Promises to hold parliamentary elections within 6 months. Flees to Saudi Arabia the same day. y
  • 10. EGYPT
  • 11. EGYPT DEMOGRAPHICS Area 1,001,450 Population p 82,079,632 , 79, 3 Population below poverty line 20%(2005) Unemployment p y 94 9.4% Unemployment (15-24) 24.8 Per capita p $ , $6,200
  • 12. EGYPT Timeline 1956- July 23rd: Nasser ousts King Farouk. 1970- September 28th: Nasser dies and Sadat 97 p becomes president. Sadat eases some of the restrictions, imposed on political parties/groups, by Nasser. 1981- October 6th: Sadat assassinated. Mubarak b M b k becomes president. Declares “ national state of id t D l ti l t t f emergency”
  • 13. EGYPT Timeline 1987- October: Mubarak wins a second term, by 91% of the vote, in a national referendum. National state of emergency renewed in 1988. 1993- October: Mubarak wins a third term with 96.3% 6 % 1999- Mubarak, fourth term with 93.8% 1990’s - d i ’ dominated by political suppression, db li i l i especially of the Muslim brotherhood.
  • 14. EGYPT Timeline 2002- September: Mubarak’s son, Gamal, elected secretary-general of the ruling party (NDP). A major step towards succeeding his father as the president. 2004- Crack down on Muslim Brotherhood (54 arrested i M ) Al Gh d part approved after 4th t d in May). Al-Ghad t d ft application. Only two parties approved since 1977. 2005- 2005 Mubark wins fifth term (88.6) MB’s share (88 6) MB s increases from 17 seats to 88.
  • 15. EGYPT Timeline 2008- National emergency law extended until 2010 (Mubarak promised to abolish during his 2005 presidential campaign. April 6, 2008- National strike day January 25, 2011- Day of revolt
  • 16. Libya: Prelude to a revolution February 17, 2011
  • 17. LIBYA
  • 18. LIBYA DEMOGRAPHICS Area 1,759,540 ,759,54 Population 6,597,960 Population below p p poverty line y 33 33%? Unemployment 30% Per capita p $ 4,4 $14,400
  • 19. LIBYA Timeline 1911- Libya is under Italian rule. 1942- Italians removed by Allies and country is 94 y y divided between the French and the British. Libya gains independence under King Idris. 1956- Oil exploration begins. 1961- Libya starts exporting oil for the first time. 1969- Gaddafi depose Idris in a bloodless coup.
  • 20. LIBYA Timeline 1970- Closure of American airbases in Tripoli and Tobruk. 1971- Proposal to Federation of Arab Republic (Libya, Egypt, and Syria) fails. 1972- Libya-Egypt merger fails. 1973- April 16th: In the city of Zuwara, Gaddafi declares the “Cultural R d l h “C l l Revolution” and founding of l i ” df di f the “Revolutionary Committees.”
  • 21. LIBYA Timeline 1976- April 7th: Members of the students unions, at 97 p , the Universities of Benghazi and Tripoli clash government sponsored student unions. Leaders of the i d th independent student union are arrested and d t t d t i t d d jailed. 1977- 1977 Libya becomes “the Great Socialist People s the People’s Libyan Arab jamahiriyah.” 1977 1977- April: The first anniversary of the Libyan students uprising. Student leaders arrested and hung in public (on national television. Gaddafi forms death squads to hunt down Libyan dissidents.
  • 22. Confrontation(s) with the West 1981- US shoots down two Libyan airplanes over the Gulf of Sirt. 1984 - UK breaks diplomatic relations with Libya over the shooting of a British police officer, outside the Libyan embassy in L d th Lib b i London. 1988- December 21st: The Lockerbie plane bombing. 1992- UN imposes sanctions against Lib i i i Libya. 1996- Abu Salim massacre.
  • 23. Warming up to the West
  • 24. LIBYA Timeline 2004- March: Tony Blair visits Libya (first visit for a British PM since 1943). 2006- May US restores diplomatic relations with Libya. 2008- Silvio Berlusconi issues an apology, to Libya, over Italian Occupation. Five billion dollar investment as compensation compensation. September 2008- Rice visits Libya.
  • 25. LIBYA Timeline 2009- Gaddafi visits Italy, elected chairman of the 9 y, African Union, celebrates 40 years of power, Lockerbie bomber released from prison on for humanitarian reasons? h it i ? 2009/2010- Reform efforts to ease the transfer of power from Gaddafi to his son and to tame the masses Mothers of the victims of Abu Salim massacre hire a lawyer and intensify the pressure on the government
  • 26. February 15, 2011- Lawyer representing the Abu y 5, y p g Salim families is arrested for demanding that the government address the massacre. A protest calling for hi f his release began in Benghazi fueled b calls f l b i B h i f l d by ll for demonstration transmitted through the internet, signal the beginning of the revolution revolution.