This document summarizes key vitamins, their sources, deficiency manifestations, causes of deficiency, functions, and activation structures. It discusses the following vitamins: thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), ascorbic acid (C), cobalamin (B12), and folic acid. The summary provides essential information on the roles of each vitamin in metabolism and biochemical reactions in the body.

1. SourcesDeficiency
manifestation
Causes of deficiencyFunctionActivationstructureVitamins
Unpolishied
rice , cereals
and whole
wheat
(brown)
Beri-beri
Wet , dry and
infantile
Diet , presence of
enzyme thiaminase
in raw fish
Energy releasing reaction of
carbohydrate metabolism
Coenzyme thiamine
pyrophosphate (TPP ) IN
liver
A Pyrimidine
ring and a
thiazole ring
Thiamine
B1
All type of
food
Glossitis
,dermatitis and
cheilosis
Pototherapy ,
chronic alcoholics
Oxidation Reduction reaction
and electron transport chain
FMN :flavin
mononucleotide .
FAD: flavin adenine
dinucleotide IN liver
,intestine
Isoalloxazine
ring attached
to ribitol
Riboflavin
B2
Cereals, nuts,
milk, meat, fish
( Synthesized
endogenously
from
Tryptophan)
Pellagra is
characterized 3
D’s:
DermatitisDiarrhea
Dementia
Inadequate Diet
Vitamin B6
deficiency:
Chronic Alcoholics
Oxidation Reduction reaction in
carbohydrate, lipid and protein
metabolisms
NAD+
= Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide.
NADP+
= Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
phosphate in liver
Niacin B3
Meat, Fish,
Poultry,
Cereals, non-
citrus fruits,
Potatoes etc.
Neurologica
Dermatologica
Hematological
Isoniazid
inhibitspyridoxal
phosphate
formation.
Oral Contraceptive
Pills: Binds to
pyridoxal phosphate
and inactivate it .
B6 is closely associated with the
metabolism of Amino acid
Transamination.Decarboxylation.
Heme synthesis.
Deamination.
Production of Niacin
Pyridoxal Phosphate
(PLP)in the intestine
from all the three forms.
used to
collectively
represent
pyridoxine,
pyridoxal and
pyridoxamine.
they are
pyridine
derivatives
Pyridoxine
(B6)

2. Citrus Fruits
(Lemon and
Oranges)
Scurvy which is
characterized by:
Hemorrhages
under the skin,
bone fragility,
joint
pain.Poor wound
healing, frequent
infections.Spongy
and bleeding
gums, loosened
teeth
Collagen formation
Antioxidant Role
Fights infection.
Reduces the risk of cancer and
coronary artery disease.
Immunological Function
Does not have any
active coenzyme form
but acts as a strong
reducing agent.
C resembles a
carbohydrate
(hexose).
Ascorbic
Acid (Vit.
C)
Green Leafy
Vegetables
1-Macrocytic
Anemia
2-Neural Tube
Defects
B12 deficiency
Drugs: Methotrexate
(anti-cancer drug)
involved in One Carbon
Metabolism.
THF serves as acceptor or
donor of one carbon units
(formyl, methyl etc.) in a variety
of reactions involving amino acid
and nucleotide metabolism
It is then attached to
glutamate to form Folic
Acid. Active form is
Tetrahydrofolic Acid
(THF)
It is composed
of three
constituents.
Pteridine
linked with
para-
aminobenzoic
acid (PABA) is
called Pteroic
acid.
Folic Acid
Meat and
Meat
Products.
Megaloblastic
Anemia
Nervous
Manifestation
Vegetarians
Decreased
AbsorptionPernicious
Anemia
1. Synthesis of Methionine from
Homocysteine
2. Isomerization of Methyl
malonyl CoA
DeoxadenosylCobalamin
Methylcobalamin
corrin ring with
four pyrolle
rings and
COBALT at the
centre.
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin