111028 p1 tridti_resized.

BANGKOK SYNERGY
Tridti Patarakiatsan

01 November 2011
Complexity studio
Graduation Lab Urbanism
TU Delft

[Krung-Thep]

BKKs
Bangkok Synergy
A model to preserve urban
heritages,integrated with
rapid mass transit system

BKKs 00

CONTENT

Introduction Bangkok was ... Bangkok is ... Bangkok will ...

Bangkok with the world 1782-1852 The consequences Confrontation
Bangkok with the satellite 1853-1885 Past assembled present The probable scenario
Bankok with Thailand 1886-1934 The challenge Repetitous experiences
Bangkok with its government 1935-1959 Conditions of MTS The desirable sc enario
Bangkok with London 1960-1990 Conditions of historic cores Research question
Bangkok with its portrait Urban growth The dual city Essential components
Bangkok with the reality Development planning system Relevant theories
Bangkok with built-up areas Urban development Project positioning
Transportation Possible intervention
The interrelation Bangkok in 2030
What is next?

Source : www.flickr.com

BANGKOK ‘S PROFILE BKKs 01

WITH THE WORLD

Shanghai Tokyo
13,447,000 12,790,000

Bangkok
10,161,694
Kuala lumpur Singapore
7,300,000 5,000,000

Jakarta
8,500,000

Bangkok Metropolitan Region[BMR]

Thailand
Source : www.mapofworld.com


WITH THE SATELLITE

40 km

20 km

Source : www.earth.google.com


WITH THAILAND

350%

0.3%

BMA:72%
20%
BMR:28%

99.7% 50%
BMA:80% 1%
BMR:20% 80%

50%

Area GDP Population Density

Source : Bangkok assessment report(2008), www.nationalgeographic.com

N
N
N BANGKOK ‘S PROFILE BKKs 01

GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES W
W
Regional and Bangkok
W
Vision
N
E
N
E
E
N

W W
First city W
CBD
Second city
W Commercial center
E
Third city Community center

S
S
S S

S
S

S

Source : Bangkok planning standard(2010)


WITH LONDON
Head

London, England BANGKOK, Thailand
Population : 7,825,200 Population : 10,161,694
Area : 1,572 sq.km. Area : 1,568 sq.km.
Density : 4,978 people/sq.km. Density : 5,258 people/sq.km.

Source : UK office of National statistics


WITH ITS PORTRAITS
Bangkok’s icons
1. Siam paragon 1 2 3
2. Khaosan road
3. Traffic congestion
4. The grand palace
5. Jatujak outdoor market
6. Food vendors and motorcycle
taxi
7. Skyline
8. Suvarnabhumi airport
9. Bangkok rapid mass transit
system

4 5 6

7 8 9



WITH THE REALITY
Area 7,761.50 sq.km. Concentration of urban population
Inhabitants 11,971,000 ppl
Registered 5,695,956 ppl
Density 4,051 ppl/sq.m.
Non-Urban population :
Districts 50 42,802,000

Infrastructure
Airport 2 Urban population : 50 Districts
19,361,000 0 km. 10 km.
Port 1
Population of Bangkok Metropolitan :
Highways 6 11,971,000

Expressways 8
Subway 1
Rail system 4,346 km.
Population Density (person/sq.m.)
Bus 7,064 More than 30,000

Minivan 5,519 25,000 - 30,000
Population of Bangkok 20,000 - 25,000
Water bus 9 15,000 - 20,000
10,000 - 15,000

Facilities Density 5,000 - 10,000

Governance Paliament
Education 45 universities
Expo/ Conference 4
Park 16
Economic Stock market,
CBD, internat- Infrastuctures
Main Highway
ional offices Registered East-Asians Indian
Population (Thai) Toll way (Motor way)
International Embassies Non-registered Expressway
Population (Thai) Thai-Chinese Others Ring road
Metro

Infrastructure Airport link rail

Source : Department of Interior(website)


WITH BUILT-UP AREAS
Head

40x20 km. BMA landuse plan

Legend
Living
Low density residential area
(51.12%)
Medium density residential area
High density residential area
Commercial area
Industrial area Working & Facilities
Cargo area (7.74%)
Country-side &Agriculture protected area
Country-side &Agriculture area
Protected area
Governance area Landscape
Public space
(41.15%)

Source : Bangkok Comprehensive Plan

How did Bangkok
look in the past?

WHAT DID BANGKOK LOOK IN THE PAST? BKKs 02

1782-1852
Estrablishment of orginal Bangkok

Infrastructure Built up area
Built-up area Water

Source : : Committee for the Conservation and Development of Krung Rattanakosin and The Old Towns(2004)


1853-1885
1st modernization wave

Built-up area Water Road

Source : Committee for the Conservation and Development of Krung Rattanakosin and The Old Towns(2004)


1886-1934
City expansion with transportation structures

Built-up area Water Road Train



1935-1959
Road network development




1960-1990
Urban development and landuse change




URBAN GROWTH
A Establishment of Original B 1st Modernization wave C City Expansion withTransporta- D Road Network Development Suburb Development and
E Land use Change(1960- 990)
Bangkok( 782- 852)
1 1 ( 852- 885)
1 1 tion Structure( 886- 934)
1 1 ( 935- 959)
1 1 1

A B C D E

C

A
D

E

B

Source : www.flickr.com, R. Kanjanapanyakom(2008)


P L A N N I N SYSTEM
PLANNING G
PATTERN
Water-Based Transport
Governance
and Walking Period Transport Modernisation Period Modernisation Period
Stratigies (Rama I-IV) (Rama V-VIII) (Rama IX)
Areas
Establishment of Original 1st Modernization wave City Expansion withTransporta- Road Network Development Suburb Development and
Outcome Bangkok( 782- 852)
1 1 ( 935- 959)
1 1 Land use Change( 960- 990)
1 1
( 852- 885)
1 1

Governance Absolute Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy

Implementation/ Kings, Royal Government of Kings, Royal Government of Kings, Royal Government of Kings, Royal Government of Kings, Royal Government of
leader Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand

Master Plan - Chakri ‘s Dynastry Plan for Dusit Area Road network develop- Greater Bangkok’90
/Plans Revolution ment plan Social Economic Develop-
ment Plan 1960
General Plan’92

Vision Rebuilding of Modernization of Modernization of - -
Ayutthaya Bangkok Bangkok

Scope and
Coverage Old castle Bangkok Dusit Area Nationwide Bangkok

Planning tool Smoke control (temples and Height control(partially) Height control(partially) Building code, Zonning
factories) Minimun open space ratio,
Material control,
Height control

Developement Built of temples along canals, Foreign residences in BKK, Interest of EU on SE Asia, Financial from U.S.A, Industrailization, Greater
Military service for the Infrastructure, shophouses, King Rama V tour Europe, Public housing, Building Bangkok Plan, Urban plan
construction of general Open route to China, New political system, code, Commercial buildings code, 1st socio-economic
infrastructure Public facilities, Slave Import Dutch and Uk for immigrants development plan, FAR,
liberation planners Condominium, Zonning

Source : A. Kishiue et al.(2005)

100% WHAT DID BANGKOK LOOK IN THE PAST? BKKs 02

URBANUSE /
LAND DEVELOPMENT Transportation
TRANSPORT Water transportation
Water-Based Transport
Phrasing
and Walking Period Transport Modernisation Period Modernisation Period
50% (Rama V-VIII) Train
(Rama IX)
Physicle info. (Rama I-IV)
Public trans.
Establishment of Original 1st Modernization wave City Expansion withTransporta- Road Network Development Suburb Development and
Tram
Private vehi. Bangkok( 782- 852)
1 1 ( 852- 885)
1 1 ( 935- 959)
1 1 Land use Change( 960- 990)
1 1

King RAMA Road transportation
(I-IX)
Private vehicles
Year
( 700s- 900s)
1 1
A B C D E
Population
(200000 ppl)
Built-up area
( 000 ha)
1

Density
(25 ppl/ha)

Canal length
( 50 km)
1

100% Road length
(400 km)

Bus/
100 ppl

Trams/
100 ppl
50%
Rail route length Urban development
( 0 km)
1
Population
Rail route length
( km/10000 sq.km)
1 Urban area
Motorcycle/
10000 ppl Density

Car/10000 ppl A B C D E

Population
(200000 ppl)
Built-up area
( 000 ha)
1

TRANSPORTATION Density
(25 ppl/ha)

Canal length
( 50 km)
1

Road length
(400 km)

Bus/
100 ppl

Trams/
100 ppl
Rail route length
( 0 km)
1

Rail route length
( km/10000 sq.km)
1

Motorcycle/
10000 ppl

Car/10000 ppl

100%

Transportation
Water transportation

50% Train

Tram

Road transportation

Private vehicles

A B C D E

request from Westerns 1889 - Ratchadamnoen rd.

Transpor
Intrastructur
1906 - Road network plan
1990 - First automobile WHAT DID BANGKOK LOOK IN THE PAST? BKKs 02
1903 - Emerge of 4S area
1934 - First bridge
THE INTERRELATION
1782 - Define theOriginal
Establishment of
Palace, 1880s - trading firm, embas- 1887 - Class A residential area
City Expansion withTransporta-
1936 Network area 4300 ha,
Road
- urban Development 1960s - Large shopping
Suburb Development and
1st Modernization wave
Uban Developmetn

walled city(7 1852)
.23 km length)
Bangkok( 782-
1 sies 1885)
( 852-
1
by private investors 934)
tion Structure( 886-
1 1 Control 959)
( 935- of Townscape in BKK
1 1 center constructed 1
Land use Change( 960- 990)
1
1785 - 346 ha for BKK, 1851 - Urban area 640 ha 1890s - Hub of cargo 1947 - Lost of role of com- 1971 - population double,
1782temples, emerged of
built - 3 Canala and Chao 1880s -- Population 400,000
1854 Private sector in 1886 - 1892 Railway to Dusit
1897 - Palace moved mercial district
- Infrastructure development suburb development
1976- Inner ring road
Intrastructure Development

Phraya river district
commercial as transport Infrastructure firms from
1855 - Foreign 1919 - Removal of wall
1888 - Sathon rd., canal - Road network built of trade
- 1950s - prohibition 1979 - BKK sprawl,
1981 - Expressway
means - BKK double size
1840s Bowring Treaty (527 ,000 ppl) - Canal for irrigation Thialand
between China and 1992 - 4S became hish rise
Transportation and

1853 - Rama IV road, canal 1897 - Surawong rd, canal
1853 - Wall destruction along
1852 - Pradung Krungkasem 1861 - Silom canal to China,
1882 - Open trade 1894 - 1934 Tramway, 1951 - Commercializationppl,
- 1957 - pop. 1831000 of bd.
canals
canal 370000 migrants
1862 - Charoen Krung rd., Streetlight Railway of 4S changed to
Landuse
request from Westerns 1889 - Ratchadamnoen rd. commercial aspect
1906 - Road network plan
Priority 1990 - First automobile
+3 1903 - Emerge of 4S area
1934 - First bridge
+2

+1
1782 - Define the Palace, 1880s - trading firm, embas- 1887 - Class A residential area 1936 - urban area 4300 ha, 1960s - Large shopping
Uban Developmetn

walled city(7 km length)
.23 sies by private investors Control of Townscape in BKK center constructed
1785 - 346 ha for BKK, II
I 1851 - Urban area 640 ha IV
III 1890s - Hub of cargo
V 1947 - Lost of role of com-
VI VII VIII 1971 - population double,
IX
built temples, emerged of 1854 - Population 400,000 1897 - Palace moved to Dusit mercial district suburb development
commercial district 1855 - Foreign firms from 1919 - Removal of wall - 1950s - prohibition of trade 1979 - BKK sprawl,
1840s - BKK double size
1782 Bowring Treaty 1852 (527,000 ppl)1885 between China1934Thialand
and 1959 - 4S became hish rise
1992 1992
1853 - Wall destruction along 1882 - Open trade to China, - 1957 - pop. 1831000 ppl, bd.
canals 370000 migrants Landuse of 4S changed to
commercial aspect
Priority
Priority
+3 +3

+2
+2
+1
+1

I I II II III III IVIV VV VIVI VII
VII VIII
VIII IX IX

1782
1782 1852
1852 1885
1885 1934
1934 1959
1959 1992
1992

What is the
consequences
from the past?

WHAT IS THE CONSEQUENCES FROM THE PAST? BKKs 03

THE CONSEQUENCES

Urban development Infrastuctures
1782-1852 Main Highway
1853-1885 Motor way
1886-1934 Expressway
1935-1959 Ring road
1960-1990 Metro


BKK model

. . ( ( ( ) ( )

Source : Reproduced from a map produced by BMA planning standard(2009)


PAST ASSEMBLED PRESENT

1782 Venice of the east: 1853 Foreign influences: an ending 1886 Modernizing Bangkok: Road net-
Life and transportation on Canals of monopoly of the government work, train and tram lines adopted
network and an emergence of foreigners from Europe
(Fernao Mendez Pinto 1554) (Tasaka T. 1998) (Pattanaek W. 2000)

1935 New towns in town: Rapid urban- 1960 Planning act: A plan for 2000 The two lines:
ization enclaves on infrastructure expressways and ring roads and Scatterded CBD and CSD were tied
node the period of high rise buildings up by the Sky train
(Kaothien U. 1997) (Amano K., Kishiue A. 2005) (McGrath B. 2009)

Source : Reproduced from a picture of R.Kanjanapanyakom(2008)


THE CHALLENGE
Urban development interrelates to infrastructure development
1st - 2nd period Urban Development interrealates with infrastructure develpment

1782-1885 Public transportation Urban Development leads infrastructure
Community-based development develpment

Urban Development follows with infrastructure
1886-2010 Private transportation
Resource-based development develpment

Mass transit transportation Using built infrastructure development to strengthen
2011-???? Civic-based development
the historic core


THE CHALLENGE
3rd- 5th period Urban Development interrealates with infrastructure develpment



the historic core


THE CHALLENGE
6th period Urban Development interrealates with infrastructure develpment



the historic core

WHAT DOES THE PAST EFFECT THE PRESENT? BKKs 03

CONDITIONS OF MTS
Planned

Weakness
- Not integrated with
local(mass)
- Expensive
Formal economic
- Commuters
- Segregated transport

Strength
- More and more people
using it
- Increasing develop-
Globalization
ment and investments
- Upgrading landuse and
price
- Fast, clean, unpoluted Mass transit system
- Linking with public facili-
ties Airport link

Sky train

Underground

WHAT DOES THE PAST EFFECT THE PRESENT? ?
BKKs 03

CONDITIONS OF HISTORIC CORES OF BKK
Unplanned

Weakness
- The consequence of
economic recession
caused people moving
Informal economic area
out of the
- Urban fragmentaion
- Lack of conectivity and
accessibility
- Market oriented

Strength
Localization
- High historic value and Urban development
cultural identity
1782-1852
- Tourists’ attraction
1853-1885

1886-1934

1935-1959

1960-1990


THE DUAL CITY [ ]
Plan - unplan

Formal - informal economic activities

Globalization - localization


What would
Bangkok be in
2030?

WHAT WOULD BANKOK BE IN 2030? BKKs 04

CONFRONTATION

Source : BMA mass transit master plan(2010)


THE PROBABLE SCENARIO

Secession Confliction Displacement
Spatial fragmentation Lifestyles Unintended economic eviction
Demograhic Generic city


REPETITIOUS EXPERIENCES
Secesstion

Weakness
local(mass)
- Expensive
- Commuters
Sathon Road
Secession
- Segregated transport Confliction Displacement
Spatial fragmentation
Aristocratic family Developers Government
Lifestyles
Local people Market
Unintended economic eviction

Strength
- More and more people Secession
Spatial fragmentation
Confliction
Lifestyles
Demograhic
Displacement
Generic city

using it
price
ties Airport link

Sky train

Underground


Confliction

Weakness
local(mass)
- Expensive
- Commuters
Suanlum night bazaar
Confliction
- Segregated transport Displacement
Lifestyles Unintended economic eviction
Aristocratic family Developers Government Local people Market

Strength
- More and more people Secession Confliction Displacement

using it

price
ties Airport link

Sky train

Underground


Replacement

Weakness
local(mass)
- Expensive
- Commuters
Nakornkasem
Displacement
- Segregated transport
Generic city Demograhic
Unintended economic eviction Lifestyles Spatial fragmentation
Displacement Confliction Secession
Aristocratic family Developers Government Local people Market
Generic city

Strength
- More and more people
using it
price
ties Airport link

Sky train

Underground

Secession
Secession Confliction
Confliction Replacement
Displacement



THE DESIRABLE SCENARIO

Secession Confliction Displacement

Preservation Enhancement Tranformation
Historic value Socio - economic sustainability Spatial fragmentation into
Cultural identity a coherent urban space


RESEARCH QUESTION

How to avoid the de-
struction of historic
areas when the mass
transit comes at the
same time enhancing
social cohesion and
economic viability?


ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS

How to avoid the destruction of historic areas when the mass transit comes
at the same time enhance social cohesion and economic viability?

SUB RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Preserve historic value, identity A
What is the historic value, cultural identity and
• Revitalization its potentials of the area?
• Maintain value, identity
• Develop potentials What are benefits and conflicts of the combination
B
of historic and new dynamics?
Enhance socio-economic sustainablity What are strategies for urban historic cores revitalization?
C
• Generate mutual benefits Are strategies related to TOD?
• Conflicts solved
• Positive gentrification What are the spatial indicators and key components
D
of urban vitality?
Transform Are there strategies to avoid indiscriminate gentrification
• Urban vitality E
and preserve lifestyles?

METHODOLOGY
Literature review| Historic research| Interview| Case study| Technical research

A
Context understanding
B
C
Tools for design
D
Implementation and evaluation E


RELEVANT THEORIES

Process

The dual city
Traditional Historic
Development Revitalization
Synergy

Urban Vitality
Social Polarization
Gentrification

MTS TOD
Development


PROJECT POSITIONING
Land use
management

Comprehensive Regional
integrated economic

Plan Build Use

Urbanism

Current
Desirable

Land use
management

Participate

Comprehensive Regional
integrated economic

Monitor Build
Urbanism


POSSIBLE INTERVENTION

Management Spatial Components

Nonlinear New Typology Openspace


SYNERGY[ ] MEANS...
Intervention
Enhancement Tranformation
Socio - economic sustainability Spatial fragmentation into
a coherent urban space

Management Spatial Components

+ +
Nonlinear New Typology Openspace

Spatial quality economic Social Function

Presearved identity,value Viability Positive Gentrification Mixed use
Amenities improved

Goal


BANGKOK IN 2030

Tools for decision
Policy Governance
makers and planners

A model of socio economic restructuring Redefine the role Pilot project integrated with
Policy of denification the network of Bangkok MTS
Land use, zonning changed
Specific project plan


WHAT IS NEXT?

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

Research
- Study on current conditions of Bangkok
and its potential
- Specified research in the field of design
- Technical research

Theoretical framework
- Relation of TOD and urban revitalization
- Spatial indicators of urban vitality
- Positive gentrification
- Conflicts between social and economic development

Design task
- Preliminary design proporsal
- Design proporsal
- Evaluation and reflection
- Possibility study
Literature study Implementation on vision Detailed design Specific project plan
Theory paper Strategy Design parameter Evaluation
Case study Design parameter Screnarios Conclusion
Interview
Analysis on existing layers
Statistic research
Vision
Design

Thank you


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